NORMAN D SHINKLE V LINDA K SHINKLE
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
NORMAN D. SHINKLE,
FOR PUBLICATION
January 31, 2003
9:00 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 241222
Ingham Circuit Court
LC No. 97-094967-DM
ON REHEARING
Updated Copy
April 11, 2003
LINDA K. SHINKLE,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: Neff, P.J., and Hoekstra and O'Connell, JJ.
NEFF, P.J.
In this postjudgment divorce action, plaintiff appeals by leave granted an order of the trial
court denying his motion for discovery of an antenuptial1 agreement between his former wife,
Linda K. Shinkle (now Rodney), and her present husband, James Rodney,2 as a factor in child
support obligations for the parties' two minor children. We reverse and remand.
I
The parties divorced in 1998, and defendant married Rodney in June 2001. In December
2001, the trial court ordered a change of custody that resulted in split custody of the parties' two
teenage sons. The court referred the issue of child support modification to the friend of the court
for investigation and a recommendation. During the investigation by the friend of the court,
defendant made reference to financial arrangements under her antenuptial agreement to the effect
that she receives $50,000 a month from Rodney, purportedly to cover the couple's household
expenses. The friend of the court conciliator rejected plaintiff 's request to include the alleged
$50,000 monthly allowance in calculating child support. The conciliator found that plaintiff
failed to show any legal or factual basis for including the claimed money received under the
1
An antenuptial agreement is defined as "An agreement between prospective spouses made in
contemplation of marriage and to be effective upon marriage." Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed).
The terms "antenuptial agreement" and "prenuptial agreement" are synonymous.
2
It is undisputed that Rodney has no obligation for child support in this case. His interest in this
action pertains to his privacy concerns with respect to the antenuptial agreement.
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antenuptial agreement as income, such as that defendant allegedly receives the money pursuant
to a business arrangement with her husband rather than merely to cover her family's monthly
budget for household expenditures.
Plaintiff filed a motion in the circuit court to compel production of defendant's
antenuptial agreement to determine whether any money received under the agreement could be
considered income for purposes of child support. At a hearing on the motion, the trial court
asked plaintiff whether he could cite any case law stating that payments pursuant to a prenuptial
agreement are considered income. Plaintiff responded in the negative, but argued that discovery
of the agreement and its terms was necessary to determine what legal arguments could be made
for including the payments as income. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that the
antenuptial agreement was "not relevant and not reasonably calculated to lead to discoverable
evidence."
II
This appeal presents an issue of first impression: whether, and to what extent, plaintiff is
entitled to discover the provisions of defendant's antenuptial agreement with her new husband to
potentially claim that money allocated to defendant under the agreement is properly a factor in
calculating the parties' child support obligations. We hold that the antenuptial agreement is
subject to limited discovery following an in camera review and redaction by the trial court to
avoid disclosure of irrelevant confidential financial arrangements between defendant and her
new husband and his separate financial information. The in camera review shall be conducted
without counsel present, and the court shall issue an appropriate protection order limiting the use
and subsequent disclosure of the information released. Discovery is limited to the terms of the
agreement related to defendant's claimed monthly $50,000 allowance to determine whether the
alleged allowance should be considered in establishing child support pursuant to the Michigan
Child Support Formula Manual (West, 2001) (MCSF Manual).
III
This Court reviews a trial court's decision to grant or deny discovery for an abuse of
discretion. In re Pott, 234 Mich App 369, 372; 593 NW2d 685 (1999). We review questions of
law de novo. Burba v Burba (After Remand), 461 Mich 637, 647; 610 NW2d 873 (2000).
Preliminary questions of law affecting the admissibility of evidence are reviewed de novo.
People v Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 488; 596 NW2d 607 (1999).
IV
Michigan has long supported a policy of far-reaching, open, and effective discovery
practice. Pott, supra at 375-376. Discovery rules must be liberally construed to further the ends
of justice. Id. at 376. In general, "[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not
privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action . . . . It is not
ground for objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at trial if the information
sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." MCR
2.302(B)(1); Bauroth v Hammoud, 465 Mich 375, 378; 632 NW2d 496 (2001).
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Defendant allegedly receives $50,000 a month under her antenuptial agreement with her
new husband. The question is whether this claimed monthly receipt may be relevant to the
parties' child support obligations, thereby justifying discovery of the specific terms of the
antenuptial agreement.
The parents of a minor child have a duty to support that child. MCL 722.3; Macomb Co
Dep't of Social Services v Westerman, 250 Mich App 372, 377; 645 NW2d 710 (2002). In
determining the contributions to child support that divorced parents must make, courts are
generally required to follow the formula set forth in the MCSF Manual. Burba, supra at 643644. The formula is based on the needs of the child and the actual resources of each parent,
including the factor of parental income. MCL 552.519(3)(a)(vi); MCSF Manual, supra, p VI;
Burba, supra. "Actual resources" has been broadly applied to include certain parents'
unexercised ability to pay child support. Ghidotti v Barber, 459 Mich 189, 198; 586 NW2d 883
(1998). A court may deviate from the support formula only if application of the formula would
be unjust or inappropriate. MCL 552.605(2); Burba, supra at 643-644; Ghidotti, supra at 196.
Plaintiff argues that the discovery of information in defendant's antenuptial agreement
with her new husband would be relevant for purposes of determining defendant's actual or
imputed income under the child support formula or, alternatively, could be relevant in
determining if there was a reason for deviating from the child support formula. We agree.
The MCSF Manual contains a nonexclusive list of the types of income that are
considered in establishing child support. Included in the definition of income is:
(iii) An amount of money that is due to an individual as a debt of another
individual, partnership, association, or private or public corporation, the United
States or a federal agency, this state or a political subdivision of this state, another
state or a political subdivision of another state, or another legal entity that is
indebted to the individual. [MCSF Manual, supra, ยง II(A), p 3 (emphasis added).]
The MCSF Manual definition of income is derived from statute. MCL 552.602(j).3 The
primary goal of statutory construction is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Burba,
supra at 647. When a word is undefined in a statute, resort to the standard dictionary definition
is an appropriate means of determining its common and approved usage. Horace v Pontiac, 456
Mich 744, 756; 575 NW2d 762 (1998). The word "debt" is itself commonly understood to mean
"something that is owed or that one is bound to pay to or perform for another" or "a liability or
obligation to pay or render something." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (2d ed,
1997).
In Good v Armstrong, 218 Mich App 1, 5-6; 554 NW2d 14 (1996), this Court concluded
that a personal injury settlement was an amount "owed" to the defendant and fell within the
3
Further, the rules of statutory construction apply to administrative rules. Port Huron v Amoco
Oil Co, Inc, 229 Mich App 616, 631; 583 NW2d 215 (1998).
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definition of "income" for child support purposes under an earlier version of subpart iii, supra,
which used the phrase, "due to the payer under a support order as a debt . . . ." Although the
present case involves a later version of the statutory definition of "income," we find the
rephrasing inconsequential in this context. If anything, the Legislature's change of the phrase
"payer under a support order" to "individual" is a more expansive definition with regard to whom
the Legislature intended that the money must be due as a "debt."
Whether the monetary allowance defendant allegedly receives under her prenuptial
agreement is a "debt" owed and thus "income" under the MCSF Manual definition must be
determined from the particular provisions of the prenuptial agreement. Likewise, whether the
claimed monthly income renders the support formula unjust or inappropriate requires
consideration of the terms under which the income is received. We therefore conclude that the
antenuptial agreement is relevant to the subject matter at issue and falls within Michigan's broad
rules for discovery.
Nonetheless, we recognize that the circumstances of this case warrant adequate
safeguards to protect defendant's present husband's legitimate expectation of privacy in his
financial affairs. Pott, supra at 377; Fassihi v St Mary Hosp of Livonia, 121 Mich App 11, 16;
328 NW2d 132 (1982). By their nature, antenuptial agreements give rise to a special duty of
financial disclosure not required in ordinary contract relationships in order that the parties are
fully informed before entering such agreements. Rinvelt v Rinvelt, 190 Mich App 372, 378-379;
475 NW2d 478 (1991). We further recognize that the public policy underlying judicial
recognition of antenuptial agreements, to foster and strengthen marriage, would be undermined
should the confidentiality of the agreements' terms be subject to unrestricted invasion by former
spouses. See id. at 380-381.
We therefore remand this case to the trial court to conduct an in camera review of
defendant's prenuptial agreement before discovery of the relevant terms addressing defendant's
claimed receipt of the $50,000 monthly allowance. The trial court shall redact all information
from the antenuptial agreement except for terms bearing on monthly payments received by
defendant from her husband. This procedure both protects the married couple's privacy and
furnishes plaintiff with the necessary information to pursue any potential claim with respect to
child support.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not
retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Janet T. Neff
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Peter D. O'Connell
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