RALPH ORMSBY V METROPOLITAN BUILDING SERVICES
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
RALPH ORMSBY and KIMBERLY ORMSBY,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v
FOR PUBLICATION
January 24, 2003
9:00 a.m.
No. 233563
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 98-008608-NO
CAPITAL WELDING, INC.,
Defendant/Cross-DefendantAppellee/Cross-Appellee,
and
MONARCH BUILDING SERVICES, INC.,
Defendant/Cross-PlaintiffAppellee/Cross-Appellant,
Updated Copy
April 11, 2003
and
METROPOLITAN BUILDING SERVICES and
RITE AID OF MICHIGAN,
Defendants-Not Participating.
Before: Kelly, P.J. and Jansen and Donofrio, JJ.
KELLY, P.J.
In this negligence case, plaintiff1 appeals an order granting summary disposition in favor
of defendants Capital Welding, Inc., and Monarch Building Services, Inc. Monarch cross
1
Because plaintiff Kimberly Ormsby alleged a derivative claim of loss of consortium, we use
the singular term "plaintiff" to refer to plaintiff Ralph Ormsby.
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appeals an order granting Capital's motion for summary disposition of Monarch's cross-claim
against Capital. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
I. Basic Facts and Procedural History
The injury giving rise to this claim occurred while plaintiff, a journeyman iron worker
with fourteen years' experience, was working at a construction site owned by defendant Rite-Aid
of Michigan at which Monarch was the general contractor and Capital a subcontractor that, in
turn, subcontracted with plaintiff 's employer, Abray Steel Erectors.
Rite-Aid and Monarch had a written contract (Rite-Aid/Monarch contract) that set forth
Monarch's obligations. In relevant part, the contract provided that Monarch was "solely
responsible for all construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures for
coordinating all portions of the Work under the Agreement" and "responsible for initiating,
maintaining and supervising all safety precautions and programs in connection with the Work."
The contract also provided that Monarch must take "all reasonable precautions for safety of, and
shall provide all reasonable protection to prevent damage, injury or loss to . . . all employees on
the Work and all other persons who may be affected thereby" and "shall erect and maintain, as
required by existing conditions and progress of the Work, all reasonable safeguards for safety
protection." The contract also provided that Monarch agreed to "not load or permit any part of
the Work to be loaded so as to endanger safety."
Similarly, Monarch and Capital had a written contract (Monarch/Capital contract) that set
forth Capital's obligations. This contract provided, in relevant part: "The Subcontractor shall
take reasonable safety precautions with respect to performance of this Subcontract, shall comply
with safety measures initiated by the Contractor and with applicable laws, ordinances, rules,
regulations and orders of public authorities for the safety of persons or property in accordance
with the requirements of the Prime Contract." The Monarch/Capital contract also provided that
Capital would indemnify Monarch against claims arising from the performance of Capital's work.
Plaintiff, the foreman on the site, began work on the single-story steel-framed structure
the day before his injury occurred. Because one side of the building had already been erected,
plaintiff was instructed to erect the other side. Plaintiff began construction by standing up
columns, making the beams and "landing" the joists2 and the decking.3 Plaintiff loaded the
decking on the joists that had not yet been welded or bolted, but had been C-clamped in place.
2
A joist is "any number of small, parallel beams of timber, steel, reinforced concrete, etc., for
supporting floors, ceilings, or the like." Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2d
ed, 1998).
3
On appeal, plaintiff contends that he fell from joists and decking that were stacked by another
crew. However, his deposition testimony indicates that another crew landed the joists and
(continued…)
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Plaintiff testified that the joists supplied for the job were not manufactured to be bolted,
something he had not seen before. Alex Stadler, an employee of Capital and the site's project
manager, instructed plaintiff to fabricate lugs4 from angle iron to weld to the columns as a
substitute. At some point during the execution of this task, plaintiff stood on a bundle of decking
that had been loaded onto the joists. As he stood on the decking, he prepared the joists for
welding by spacing them. As he attempted to space a joist by hitting it with a sledgehammer, the
joists and decking on which he stood shifted, causing him to fall and sustain injuries. Plaintiff
testified that a mason was working "right below" him when the structure collapsed.
Plaintiff filed a complaint against Capital, alleging that it negligently failed to employ
careful management personnel, violated its nondelegable duty to provide a safe place to work,
retained control of and negligently supervised and inspected the workplace, failed to warn of
hazardous methods of work, incorporated defective or insufficient structural steel, and
acquiesced to unsafe construction activities, including loaded unwelded bar joists. Plaintiff later
amended the complaint to add identical claims against Monarch.
Capital moved for summary disposition of plaintiff 's claims pursuant to MCR
2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10). Capital argued that there was no genuine issue of fact regarding
whether Capital retained control over the work performed and whether the work was inherently
dangerous. With respect to whether Capital retained control, Capital argued that Abray retained
control over plaintiff 's work, that the Monarch/Capital contract did not establish that Capital
retained control, and that plaintiff could not establish that Capital retained control because
plaintiff was not injured in a common work area.
Plaintiff argued that Capital was liable on the basis of the Monarch/Capital contract
provision that Capital "shall be solely responsible for all construction means, methods,
techniques, sequences and procedures." Plaintiff also argued that the evidence demonstrated that
Capital "dictated the means and methods of erecting the steel." Plaintiff further argued that the
activity was inherently dangerous.
The trial court granted Capital's motion. Combining the retained control and common
work area theories, the trial court determined that "the retained control theory applies only in
situations involving 'common work areas.'" The trial court found that (1) plaintiff failed to allege
that his injury occurred in a common work area and (2) "there is no evidence that other
subcontractors would work on the erection of the steel structure." The trial court also found that
plaintiff could not succeed with his retained control claim based on the Rite-Aid/Monarch and
Monarch/Capital contracts because he was not a third-party beneficiary of those contracts. The
(…continued)
stacked the decking on the other side of the building, but that plaintiff landed the joists and
stacked the decking on the side where he was working and from which he fell.
4
A lug is "a projecting piece by which anything is held or supported." Random House Webster's
Unabridged Dictionary (2d ed, 1998).
-3-
trial court also dismissed plaintiff 's inherently dangerous activity claim, finding that there was no
evidence suggesting that plaintiff 's work was other than "a routine construction job."
Monarch filed a cross-claim against Capital for indemnification based on the
Monarch/Capital contract. Monarch alleged: "In the unlikely event Cross-Plaintiff is found to be
liable to Plaintiff or any Co-Defendant, it would be entitled to full and complete expressed
contractual indemnification for any damages sustained by Plaintiff . . . including any judgment,
cost, interest and attorney fees." Pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), Capital moved for summary
disposition of Monarch's cross-claim for indemnification for Monarch's own liability. Monarch
also filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that
plaintiff, an employee of Abray, was injured by his own negligence; therefore, Capital was
contractually obligated to indemnify Monarch against plaintiff 's claims. The trial court granted
Capital's motion and denied Monarch's motion. The trial court found that the Monarch/Capital
contract obligated Capital to indemnify Monarch only for claims arising from Capital's
negligence. The trial court found that because Capital was dismissed from the case, Monarch
could not seek indemnification for claims arising only from Monarch's own negligence.
Monarch also filed a motion for summary disposition of plaintiff 's claims, arguing that
the trial court's previous ruling required it to grant summary disposition with respect to plaintiff 's
claims against Monarch. The trial court granted this motion for the reasons stated in its previous
order granting summary disposition to Capital.
Plaintiff moved for leave to amend his complaint to allege that his injuries occurred in a
common work area and that he was a third-party beneficiary of the Monarch/Capital contract.
The trial court denied this motion, ruling that the amendment would be futile in view of its prior
rulings.
II. Standard of Review
We review the grant or denial of a motion for summary disposition de novo. Haliw v
Sterling Hts, 464 Mich 297, 301-302; 627 NW2d 581 (2001). In reviewing a motion for
summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the court must consider the affidavits,
pleadings, depositions, admissions, and documentary evidence filed in the action or submitted by
the parties in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Haliw, supra at 302.
Summary disposition may be granted if the evidence demonstrates that there is no genuine issue
with respect to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Id. Summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by
the pleadings alone; the motion may not be supported with documentary evidence.
III. General Contractor Liability
Generally, the employer of an independent contractor is not liable for harm caused to
another by the subcontractor or its servants. Groncki v Detroit Edison Co, 453 Mich 644, 662;
557 NW2d 289 (1996) (Brickley, C.J.); Hughes v PMG Building, Inc, 227 Mich App 1, 5; 574
-4-
NW2d 691 (1997); Signs v Detroit Edison Co, 93 Mich App 626, 632; 287 NW2d 292 (1979); 2
Restatement Torts 2d, § 409, p 370. However, there are circumstances under which an employer
can be directly liable for its failure to exercise reasonable care.
The three exceptions implicated in this appeal are: (1) when the general contractor retains
control over the work, Phillips v Mazda Motor Mfg (USA) Corp, 204 Mich App 401, 408; 516
NW2d 502 (1994); (2) where there are readily observable and avoidable dangers in common
work areas that create a high degree of risk to a significant number of workers, Funk v Gen
Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91, 104; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), overruled in part on other grounds
Hardy v Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc, 414 Mich 29; 323 NW2d 270 (1982); and (3)
where the work is inherently dangerous, Phillips, supra at 406.
A. Retained Control
The retained control exception departs from the law that a master is liable for the
negligence of his servant, imposing liability in circumstances that do not implicate a masterservant relationship.
"If the employer of an independent contractor retains control over the
operative detail of doing any part of the work, he is subject to liability for the
negligence of the employees of the contractor engaged therein, under the rules of
that part of the law of Agency which deals with the relation of master and servant.
The employer may, however, retain a control less than that which is necessary to
subject him to liability as a master. He may retain only the power to direct the
order in which the work shall be done, or to forbid its being done in a manner
likely to be dangerous to himself or others. Such a supervisory control may not
subject him to liability under the principles of Agency, but he may be liable under
the rule stated in this Section unless he exercises his supervisory control with
reasonable care so as to prevent the work which he has ordered to be done from
causing injury to others." [Plummer v Bechtel Constr Co, 440 Mich 646, 660, n
17; 489 NW2d 66 (1992) (Levin, J.), quoting 2 Restatement Torts 2d, §§ 414,
comment a, p 387.]
Thus, where an employer retains less control than that of a master, but enough supervisory
control, the law may impose a duty to exercise this control with reasonable care to prevent the
work from causing injury.
B. Common Work Area
Similarly, the common work area exception articulated in Funk imposes direct liability on
the general contractor because it is "'in a position to coordinate work or provide expensive safety
features that protect employees of many or all of the subcontractors.'" Funk, supra at 104,
quoting Alber v Owens, 66 Cal 2d 790, 796; 59 Cal Rptr 117; 427 P2d 781 (1967). In Funk, the
Supreme Court held that the general contractor had a duty "to assure that reasonable steps within
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its supervisory and coordinating authority are taken to guard against readily observable,
avoidable dangers in common work areas which create a high risk to a significant number of
workmen." Id. at 104. Later, in Plummer the Court cautioned this Court that the employer's duty
does not depend on the subcontractor's "behavior or fault." Plummer, supra at 656 (Levin, J.).
C. Inherently Dangerous
An employer can also be held directly liable for an injury that results from work that is
inherently dangerous. In the seminal case on this exception, our Supreme Court stated:
[This exception] is not applied to those cases where the injuries occur
which are collateral to the employment, like the dropping of material by the
servant of a contractor upon a person passing by, but where a duty is imposed
upon the employer in doing work necessarily involving danger to others, unless
great care is used, to make such provision against negligence as may be
commensurate with the obvious danger. It is this duty which cannot be delegated
to another so as to avoid liability for its neglect. [Inglis v Millersburg Driving
Ass'n, 169 Mich 311, 321-322; 136 NW 443 (1912).]
The doctrine is "'closely akin to, but not exactly the same as, strict liability.'" Bosak v
Hutchinson, 422 Mich 712, 726; 375 NW2d 333 (1985), quoting Vannoy v City of Warren, 15
Mich App 158, 163; 166 NW2d 486 (1968).
D. Common Work Area and Retained Control
With respect to the retained control and common work area exceptions, this Court has
applied them as two separate exceptions, but also, as one single exception. In this case, the trial
court found that a common work area was a required element of the retained control exception.
To determine the correct application of these exceptions, we look to Funk and its progeny.
In Funk, the Supreme Court discussed the liability of an owner and a general contractor
for failure to implement reasonable safety measures. Funk, supra at 100-105. In facts similar to
those in this case, the plaintiff climbed onto steel beams from where he hammered hooks. Id. at
100. When he attempted to remove roof slabs, he fell thirty feet to the ground and sustained
injuries. Id. As in this case, "The immediate cause of the accident was the manner in which [the
plaintiff] chose to complete the assigned task." Id. The plaintiff sued the defendant owner and
the defendant general contractor for failure to implement reasonable safety precautions for men
working over thirty feet above the ground. Id.
The Supreme Court addressed the liability of the owner and the general contractor
separately. In addressing the liability of the general contractor, the Court stated:
Placing ultimate responsibility on the general contractor for job safety in
common work areas will, from a practical, economic standpoint, render it more
-6-
likely that the various subcontractors being supervised by the general contractor
will implement or that the general contractor will himself implement the necessary
precautions and provide the necessary safety equipment in those areas.
* * *
We regard it to be part of the business of a general contractor to assure that
reasonable steps within its supervisory and coordinating authority are taken to
guard against readily observable, avoidable dangers in common work areas which
create a high degree of risk to a significant number of workmen. [Id. at 104.]
While the Court found that a general contractor could be liable if it failed to implement
reasonable safety measures under the circumstances quoted above, it went on to state: "This
analysis would not ordinarily render a 'mere' owner liable. In contrast with a general contractor,
the owner typically is not a professional builder. Most owners visit the construction site only
casually and are not knowledgeable concerning safety measures." Id. at 104-105. Then,
addressing whether the defendant owner, General Motors, could be held liable, the Court applied
the retained control theory to find liability because "General Motors exercised an unusually high
degree of control over the construction project from its very inception." Id. at 105. Thus, the
Court discussed the common work area exception with respect to the defendant general
contractor, but only applied the retained control exception to the defendant General Motors.
In Erickson v Pure Oil Corp, 72 Mich App 330, 336; 249 NW2d 411 (1976), this Court
opined that "[t]he frequently recurring use of the phrase 'common work area' in Funk suggests
that the Supreme Court desired to limit the scope of a general contractor's supervisory duties and
liability to injuries which occur in 'common work areas.'" Applying Funk's common work area
test to a claim of general contractor liability, this Court found that there was a genuine issue of
fact regarding whether the plaintiff 's injury occurred in a common work area. Id. at 336-338.
However, this Court went on to discuss the owner's liability stating:
Before an owner of a construction project can incur liability for an on-thesite injury to a subcontractor's employee one of two conditions must be met. First,
there is liability if the owner is negligent in its selection of the general contractor.
Second, the owner is liable if it retains sufficient control over the project so that it
can be said that the owner effectively controls the project and not the general
contractor. [Id. at 338 (citations omitted).]
Thus, this Court distinguished the retained control and common work area exceptions and
applied them separately.
Similarly, in Signs, this Court addressed general contractor liability based on retained
control even though it found that the plaintiff was not injured in a common work area. Signs,
supra at 635-642. The Court rejected the plaintiff 's argument that the general contractor was
liable under the four-part test of Funk because the evidence did not suggest that more than one
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subcontractor worked on the site. Id. at 635. However, the Court proceeded to discuss the
general rule of general contractor nonliability, noting that there are exceptions and exclusions.
"An employer may come within an exception to the rule and be vicariously liable. But, the
employer may also be within an exclusion to the rule and be personally liable." Id. at 638. The
Court recognized retained control, as set forth in 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 414, p 387, as an
exclusion from the general rule of nonliability. Signs, supra at 638, citing Misiulis v Milbrand
Maintenance Corp, 52 Mich App 494, 498-499; 218 NW2d 68 (1974). Ultimately, the Court
found evidence that the general contractor retained sufficient control over the site to give rise to a
duty to exercise reasonable care. Signs, supra at 640-642.
Departing from this line of cases, this Court then blended the retained control and
common work area exceptions. In Samhoun v Greenfield Constr Co, Inc, 163 Mich App 34, 45;
413 NW2d 723 (1987), this Court stated: "An owner or contractor may be subject to liability
when an employee of a subcontractor is injured if the owner or contractor sufficiently retains
control of the subcontractor's activities. This doctrine was introduced in Funk . . . ." This Court
proceeded to apply the four-part common work area test of Funk. Id. at 45-46.
In Plummer, our Supreme Court clarified that the retained control and common work area
exceptions are two distinct exceptions. In so doing, it referenced the purpose behind each
exception. Plummer, supra at 661-662, 667 (Levin, J.). With respect to the retained control
exception,
[t]he line drawn in the Restatement commentary seeks to differentiate between a
situation where the subcontractor "need not" follow the suggestions or
recommendations of the owner/general contractor . . . and a situation where the
right of supervision retained by the owner/general contractor is such that the
subcontractor is not "entirely free" to ignore suggestions and recommendations.
[Id. at 661-662.]
With respect to the common work area exception,
[t]he common work area formulation was an effort to distinguish between a
situation where employees of a subcontractor were working in isolation from
employees of other subcontractors and a situation where employees of a number
of subcontractors were working in the same work area. [Id. at 667.]
Thus, because the two exceptions derived from two different reasons for abrogating the general
rule of employer nonliability, it is appropriate to apply them as separate exceptions.
In Johnson v Turner Constr Co, 198 Mich App 478, 480; 499 NW2d 27 (1993), this
Court again addressed the retained control and common work area exceptions separately:
However, a general contractor may be held liable when it retains control of
the work. Furthermore, a general contractor may be found liable if it fails
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reasonably to guard against readily observable, avoidable dangers in the common
work areas that create a high degree of risk to a number of workers.1
_________________________________________________________________
1
This is true regardless of the amount of control the general contractor retained
because inherent in the general contractor-subcontractor relationship is the general
contractor's supervisory and coordinating authority wherein ultimate responsibility
for job safety in common work areas is placed. [Citations omitted.]
_________________________________________________________________
Although the opinion could have been clearer, this Court's separation of the two exceptions is
evident from the syntax and context and is further clarified by the footnote.
This Court also addressed the retained control and common work area exceptions
separately in Phillips, supra at 408. In addressing whether the general contractor and owner
could be liable under the common work area theory, this Court applied the Funk four-part test.
Id. at 407.
The common work area rule provides that a general contractor may be
liable for a subcontractor's negligence where the general contractor fails to take
reasonable precautions against "readily observable, avoidable dangers in common
work areas which create a high degree of risk to a significant number of
workmen." [Id. (citations omitted).]
In addressing whether the general contractor and owner could be liable under the retained control
theory, this Court applied a separate rule:
A general contractor or landowner may be held liable for a subcontractor's
negligence where the general contractor or landowner effectively retains control
over the work involved. There must be a high degree of actual control; general
oversight or monitoring is insufficient. [Id. at 408 (citations omitted).]
Similarly, in Groncki, the Supreme Court addressed the plaintiff 's allegation that a
defendant was "liable as a general contractor under this Court's decision in Funk." Groncki,
supra at 653 (Brickley, C.J.). In so doing, it set forth a four-part test that does not mention or
even implicate the retained control exception:
Thus, for there to be liability under Funk, there must be: 1) a general
contractor with supervisory and coordinating authority over the job site, 2) a
common work area shared by the employees of more than one subcontractor, and
3) a readily observable and avoidable danger in the common work area, 4) that
creates a high degree of risk to a significant number of workers. [Id. at 662.]
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Notably, the Court did not discuss the retained control exception in conjunction with this fourpart test or, for that matter, anywhere in its opinion.
In Hughes, supra at 8, this Court discussed the common work area exception, citing Funk
and the four-part test in Groncki without reference to retained control. After determining that the
plaintiff 's injury did not occur in a common work area, this Court discussed the theory behind the
common work area exception:
We thus read the common work area formulation as an effort to
distinguish between a situation where employees of a subcontractor were working
on a unique project in isolation from other workers and a situation where
employees of a number of subcontractors were all subject to the same risk or
hazard. See Plummer, supra at 667. In the first instance, each subcontractor is
generally held responsible for the safe operation of its part of the work. In the
latter case, where a substantial number of employees of multiple subcontractors
may be exposed to a risk of danger, economic considerations suggest that placing
ultimate responsibility on the general contractor for job safety in common work
areas will "render it more likely that the various subcontractors . . . will implement
or that the general contractor will himself implement the necessary precautions
and provide the necessary safety equipment in those areas." Funk, supra at 104.
[Id. at 8-9.]
Most recently, in Kubisz v Cadillac Gage Textron, Inc, 236 Mich App 629, 636; 601
NW2d 160 (1999), this Court discussed retained control as a "second main exception" to the
general rule of nonliability for the negligence of an independent contractor. This Court found
that there was an issue of fact regarding whether the defendant retained sufficient control over
the plaintiff 's work because the defendant's shop manager controlled the daily operations at the
site and admitted that he managed the development and manufacture of the vehicle that resulted
in the plaintiff 's injury. This Court did not apply or mention the four-part test in Funk or address
whether the plaintiff 's injury occurred in a common work area.
Nonetheless, this Court in Candelaria v BC Gen Contractors, Inc, 236 Mich App 67, 74;
600 NW2d 348 (1999), citing Plummer, supra, Groncki, supra, Hughes, supra, Samhoun, supra,
and Erickson, supra, and quoting Funk, stated "The doctrine of retained control applies only in
those situations involving 'common work areas.'" We believe there has been some confusion
regarding the analysis and language used in Candelaria. This may have led to what we consider
is the trial court's misapplication of Candelaria in the instant case.
It is not our understanding, and we do not believe, that Candelaria eliminated an
exception to nonliability by a general contractor or owner. Instead, we construe Candelaria as an
attempt to draw a distinction between the degree of retained control that would impose liability
on the employer under the retained control exception and the concept of "supervisory and
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coordinating authority," also a type of retained control as recognized in the first prong of the
four-part test enunciated in Funk in the analysis of common work area liability.
Specifically, Candelaria states the control necessary for an owner or general contractor to
be held liable pursuant to the retained control exception is as follows:
Although formulations such as "high degree of actual control" and
"dominant role" suggest a fact-specific inquiry, one clear rule can be gleaned from
Funk and its progeny. At a minimum, for an owner or general contractor to be
held directly liable in negligence, its retention of control must have had some
actual effect on the manner or environment in which the work was performed.
[Candelaria, supra at 76 (emphasis in original).]
On the other hand, clearly all that is required under the first prong of the Funk common work
area test is "supervisory and coordinating authority over the job site." Groncki, supra at 662.
We construe the distinction simply as the difference between active and passive control, meaning
that for direct liability under the retained control exception, the owner or general contractor must
not only possess "supervisory and coordinating authority over the job site," as is required for the
first prong of the Funk common work area test, but must actually exercise this authority and
affect the manner or environment in which the work is performed.
In other words, when the contractor's role is limited only to the right of "supervisory and
coordinating authority," e.g. passive control, then the remaining three parts of the Funk test for
common work area liability must also be established. We read the phrase "retained control" in
Candelaria in the context of passive involvement in an alleged common work area as contrasted
with retained control having an active or actual effect on the manner the work was performed.
The contractor's involvement in Candelaria was limited to "supervisory and coordinating
authority" without actual effect on the manner or environment in which the work was performed.
Accordingly, the plaintiff 's cause of action in Candelaria failed for want of a common work
area. Therefore, when the Court in Candelaria, supra at 74, stated, "The doctrine of retained
control applies only in those situations involving 'common work areas,'" we interpret this to mean
that retained control, only in those circumstances when that control amounted to "supervisory
and coordinating authority," must necessarily involve situations that implicate the common work
area exception.
IV. Analysis
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition of his claims
against Capital and Monarch that are based on exceptions to general contractor nonliability. We
agree in part.
A. Retained Control
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Plaintiff first argues that there was a genuine issue of fact regarding whether Capital and
Monarch retained control over his work.5 We agree with respect to Capital, but disagree with
respect to Monarch.
A general contractor must exercise a "high degree of actual control" to be liable under this
theory; general oversight or monitoring is insufficient. Phillips, supra at 408; see also Burger v
Midland Cogeneration Venture, 202 Mich App 310, 317; 507 NW2d 827 (1993); Samodai v
Chrysler Corp, 178 Mich App 252, 256; 443 NW2d 391 (1989). Plaintiff argues that the
Monarch/Capital contract demonstrates that Capital retained control over his work. However,
while a contractual obligation to control a work site is relevant in determining whether a general
contractor retained control, Plummer, supra at 671, the contractual obligation alone is not
sufficient, Samodai, supra at 256. The contractor must "retain at least partial control and
direction of actual construction work, which is not equivalent to safety inspections and general
oversight." Id. (emphasis in original). Therefore, plaintiff could not demonstrate retained
control through the Monarch/Capital contract provisions alone.
However, plaintiff also introduced other evidence demonstrating that Capital retained
control over his work. Plaintiff had only been working on the site for two days. On the second
day, he encountered a problem involving columns with missing lugs. Apparently, the steel
columns supplied by Capital had been incorrectly fabricated. Plaintiff testified that his
supervisor did not instruct him on solving this problem. Rather, Stadler, Capital's project
manager, gave plaintiff a piece of angle iron "and said, I want you to fabricate the lugs out of this
and weld them on the columns so that the columns can be made to go plumb." Plaintiff further
testified, "if the superintendent[6] on the job tells you they want something done, then you're
pretty much obligated to do that really." Thus, Stadler's direction to plaintiff had an effect on the
manner in which plaintiff performed his job. Viewing this evidence together with the contractual
obligations assumed by Capital, in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find that an issue of
fact exists with respect to whether Capital exercised actual control over the manner in which
plaintiff performed his work. Therefore, the trial court erred in granting summary disposition of
plaintiff 's claim against Capital, which claim was based on the retained control exception.
With respect to Monarch, plaintiff presented no evidence that it retained control. Plaintiff
argues that Monarch's construction superintendent, Scott Redding, and Monarch's project
manager, Larry Mendenhall, admitted that Monarch or its agents had primary safety and
supervisory duties responsibility. However, general oversight and safety standards alone are
insufficient to constitute retained control. Johnson, supra at 480. Therefore, the trial court did
not err in granting summary disposition of plaintiff 's claim against Monarch based on the
retained control exception.
5
Whether a general contractor retained control is generally a question of fact for the jury.
Phillips, supra at 408.
6
Plaintiff referred to Stadler as a "superintendent" rather that his correct title of project manager.
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B. Common Work Area
Plaintiff also argues that there was a genuine issue of fact regarding whether he was
injured in a common work area.7 We agree.
As noted above, the trial court held that plaintiff failed to state a claim under this theory
because he did not plead this theory or allege any facts to support it. Nonetheless, the trial court
ruled, "This Court finds that there was no common work area that created a high degree of risk to
a significant number of workers" and "there is no evidence that other subcontractors would work
on the erection of the steel structure." The trial court did not address each of the factors in the
common work area test. Although the trial court found that there was no "high degree of risk," it
did not first determine whether the evidence showed that there was a readily observable and
avoidable danger in the common work area. Therefore, it appears that the dispositive factor
addressed by the trial court was whether the evidence showed that plaintiff was injured in a
common work area. We limit our discussion and decision to this question because it is the only
one properly preserved for appeal. Fast Air, Inc v Knight, 235 Mich App 541, 549; 599 NW2d
489 (1999).
For a common work area to exist, there must be an area where the employees of two or
more subcontractors will eventually work. Groncki, supra at 663; Phillips, supra at 408. The
evidence demonstrated that Abray personnel and employees of other subcontractors would be or
had been working in the same area where plaintiff 's injury occurred. This evidence creates a
genuine issue of fact regarding whether plaintiff 's injury occurred in a common work area.
Therefore, the trial court erred in granting to Capital and Monarch summary disposition of
plaintiff 's claim based on the common work area exception.
On the basis of this determination, we also find that the trial court erred in denying
plaintiff 's motion, pursuant to MCR 2.118(A)(2), to amend his complaint to add the common
work area claim. The trial court's sole reason for denying plaintiff 's motion was that an
amendment would be futile in view of the trial court's prior ruling. Because we find that the trial
court erred in ruling that there was no genuine issue of fact regarding whether plaintiff 's injury
occurred in a common work area, plaintiff 's amendment to add a common work area claim
would not be futile.
C. Inherently Dangerous
Plaintiff also argues that there was a genuine issue of fact regarding whether the work he
performed was inherently dangerous. We disagree.
7
Whether an injury occurred in a common work area is generally a question of fact for the jury.
Groncki, supra at 663.
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The Restatement of Torts, 2d, defines inherently dangerous activity in two overlapping
sections. Bosak, supra at 726. Section 416 refers to "peculiar risk":
One who employs an independent contractor to do work which the
employer should recognize as likely to create during its progress a peculiar risk of
physical harm to others unless special precautions are taken, is subject to liability
for physical harm caused to them by failure of the contractor to exercise
reasonable care to take such precautions, even though the employer has provided
for such precautions in the contract or otherwise. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 416,
p 395.]
Section 427 refers to "special danger":
One who employs an independent contractor to do work involving a
special danger to others which the employer knows or has reason to know to be
inherent in or normal to the work, or which he contemplates or has reason to
contemplate when making the contract, is subject to liability for physical harm
caused to such others by the contractor's failure to take reasonable precautions
against such danger. [2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 427, p 415.]
From these sections derived the inherently dangerous rule:
[A]n employer is liable for harm resulting from work "necessarily
involving danger to others, unless great care is used" to prevent injury, . . . or
where the work involves a "peculiar risk" or "special danger" which calls for
"special" or "reasonable" precautions. . . . It must be emphasized, however, that
the risk or danger must be "recognizable in advance," i.e., at the time the contract
is made, for the doctrine to be invoked. [Bosak, supra at 727-728.]
Plaintiff argues that there was a genuine issue of fact regarding whether the work he
performed was inherently dangerous because the evidence demonstrated that he was working on
steel eighteen feet above the ground on an unstable surface with no protection against the risk of
falling. Generally, when evidence is presented respecting the hazardous elements of a job, the
determination of whether the job is inherently dangerous is a jury question. Burger, supra at
316. However, the mere fact that the job site is hazardous or involves risk of serious injury does
not necessarily create a question of fact regarding liability for breach of a nondelegable duty to
guard against injury from an inherently dangerous activity.
In this case, the evidence demonstrated that the danger arose because plaintiff improperly
stacked decking on the unwelded roof joists, rather than from a "peculiar risk" or "special
danger" involved in the work generally. See Kulp v Verndale Products, Inc (On Remand), 193
Mich App 524, 530-531; 484 NW2d 699 (1992). Additionally, plaintiff failed to present any
evidence that the danger of unwelded roof joists shifting was a danger recognizable at the time
the contract was made. Moreover, Monarch hired someone who was responsible and
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experienced in this type of work. Plaintiff was a journeyman ironworker with fourteen years'
experience. Abray was uniquely qualified as a company that erects steel structures. The work
plaintiff performed when he was injured was routine for his profession.
Plaintiff also argues that witnesses testified that they consider steel erection to be
inherently dangerous work. However, a layperson's use of the phrase "inherently dangerous" to
describe plaintiff 's work does not create an issue of fact regarding whether plaintiff 's work was,
under the legal definition, "inherently dangerous." Plaintiff failed to cite any testimony that the
work presented a peculiar risk or a special danger known at the time of contracting that called for
special or reasonable precautions. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting summary
disposition of plaintiff 's claim under the inherently dangerous exception.
V. Monarch's Cross Appeal
Monarch argues that the trial court erred in granting Capital's motion for summary
disposition of Monarch's cross-claim for indemnification against Capital. We disagree.
Monarch filed a cross-complaint against Capital alleging, "In the unlikely event CrossPlaintiff is found to be liable to Plaintiff or any Co-Defendant, it would be entitled to full and
complete expressed contractual indemnification for any damages sustained by Plaintiff . . .
including any judgment, cost, interest and attorney fees." Pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10),
Capital moved for summary disposition of Monarch's cross-claim for indemnification for
Monarch's own liability. The trial court granted Capital's motion finding, "There is no obligation
on the part of Capital to indemnify Monarch for damages arising from Monarch's own
negligence."
The indemnification agreement at issue, contained at paragraph 4.6.1 of the
Monarch/Capital contract, reads in relevant part:
To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Subcontractor [Capital] shall
indemnify and hold harmless the Owner [Rite-Aid], Contractor [Monarch],
Architect, Architect's consultants, and agents and employees of any of them from
and against claims, damages, losses and expenses, including but not limited to
attorney fees, arising out of or resulting from performance of the Subcontractor's
Work under this Subcontract, if such claim, damage, loss or expense is
attributable to bodily injury, sickness, disease or death . . . , but only to the extent
caused in whole or in part by negligent acts or omissions of the Subcontractor,
the Subcontractor's Sub-subcontractors, anyone directly or indirectly employed
by them or anyone for whose acts they may be liable, regardless of whether or not
such claim, damage, loss or expense is caused in part by a party indemnified
hereunder. [Emphasis added.]
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An indemnity contract is construed in the same fashion as are contracts generally. Triple
E Produce Corp v Mastronardi Produce, Ltd, 209 Mich App 165, 172; 530 NW2d 772 (1995).
"In construing any contract, whether one of indemnification or otherwise, the court will ascertain
the intent of the parties both from the language used and from the surrounding circumstances."
Zurich Ins Co v CCR & Co (On Rehearing), 226 Mich App 599, 607; 576 NW2d 392 (1997).
Accordingly, "if a contractual term is otherwise ambiguous or subject to more than one possible
construction within the four corners of the written instrument and the circumstances or relations
of the parties underlying the contract resolve that ambiguity, the Court must inquire into them in
performing its interpretive function." Id. In this case, the plain language of the indemnification
agreement unambiguously states that Capital was required to indemnify Monarch "only" against
claims arising from the "negligent acts or omissions of the Subcontractor, the Subcontractor's
Sub-subcontractors, anyone directly or indirectly employed by them or anyone for whose acts
they may be liable . . . ."
Capital argues that it is not clear for what Monarch is seeking indemnity, in light of the
fact that Monarch cannot be found liable under MCL 600.6304(4) for any damages that exceeded
its own fault. Kokx v Bylenga, 241 Mich App 655, 663; 617 NW2d 368 (2000). Indeed,
Monarch's argument on appeal is chiefly concerned with whether Capital must indemnify it
against claims arising from Abray's negligence. As discussed above, both the retained control
and common work area theories impose direct liability on the basis of negligence on the part of
the contractor for failing to implement safety measures. Thus, although in Monarch's view,
plaintiff himself caused his injuries, as a matter of law, Monarch must be found negligent for
plaintiff to succeed under the theories alleged.
Therefore, the trial court correctly determined that the contractual language did not
require Capital to indemnify Monarch against claims arising from its own negligence. Because
plaintiff only seeks to hold Monarch liable for its own negligence, the trial court did not err in
granting Capital's motion for summary disposition of Monarch's claim for indemnity against
Capital.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Pat M. Donofrio
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