TAMARA STODDARD V CITIZENS INSUR CO
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STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TAMARA STODDARD,
FOR PUBLICATION
January 29, 2002
9:20 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v
No. 225493
Oakland Circuit Court
LC No. 99-013449
CITIZENS INSURANCE COMPANY OF
AMERICA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Updated Copy
April 12, 2002
Before: Murphy, P.J., and Neff and Hoekstra, JJ.
NEFF, J.
Plaintiff, Tamara Stoddard, appeals as of right the trial court's order granting summary
disposition in favor of defendant, Citizens Insurance Company of America, in this breach of
contract action following defendant's denial of plaintiff 's claim for uninsured motorist coverage.
We reverse.
I
This appeal stems from plaintiff 's claim for uninsured motorist coverage under plaintiff 's
husband's commercial automobile insurance policy. On October 11, 1996, while driving a
vehicle owned by her employer, Ciba Vision, plaintiff was involved in an automobile accident
with an uninsured motorist. Ciba Vision, did not carry uninsured motorist coverage on the
automobile plaintiff was driving. Plaintiff filed a claim under Citizens' insurance policy
covering her husband's landscaping business, Stoddard's Lawn Shapers, a sole proprietorship, on
the basis that she was an insured under the policy's uninsured motorist endorsement. When
defendant denied her claim, plaintiff filed a breach of contract action against defendant. The trial
court granted summary disposition for defendant, concluding that plaintiff was not entitled to
uninsured motorist coverage because the accident did not involve the vehicle covered under
defendant's policy:
The policy states in the schedule of coverages that the uninsured coverage
applies only for covered autos as described in item three of the declaration. The
only vehicle listed there is a 1995 Ford pick up. Thus, the vehicle which Plaintiff
was driving is not a vehicle for which the uninsured coverage applies.
We disagree.
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II
This case presents an issue of first impression concerning uninsured motorist coverage
under Michigan's no-fault insurance system. Stated simply, the issue is whether the automobile
policy's uninsured motorist protection follows the person (the insured) or the vehicle (the
covered auto). Defendant argues that under the policy at issue, the only vehicle covered for
uninsured motorist protection is a 1995 Ford pick-up, which was not involved in the accident;
thus, there is no coverage. Plaintiff argues that under the terms of the policy, uninsured motorist
protection is provided to an "insured," she is an "insured" under the policy, none of the
exclusions to the uninsured motorist coverage apply, and, thus, she is entitled to coverage.
III
This Court reviews de novo as a question of law a trial court's grant of a motion for
summary disposition. Ardt v Titan Ins Co, 233 Mich App 685, 688; 593 NW2d 215 (1999).
Because uninsured motorist coverage is not required by statute, the language of the insurance
policy determines the conditions of coverage. Auto-Owners Ins Co v Harvey, 219 Mich App
466, 470; 566 NW2d 517 (1996). An insurance policy that is clear and unambiguous must be
enforced in accordance with its terms. Id. at 469. Where the terms of an insurance policy are
ambiguous, the ambiguity must be construed against the insurer and in favor of the insured. Id.
If a fair reading of the entire contract of insurance leads to a conclusion that there is coverage
under particular circumstances, and another fair reading results in a conclusion that there is not
coverage under the same circumstances, the contract is ambiguous. Auto Club Ins Ass'n v
DeLaGarza, 433 Mich 208, 213; 444 NW2d 803 (1989).
A
Historically, in Michigan, uninsured motorist protection was considered "portable," that
is, it followed the person. Consequently, uninsured motorist protection covered bodily injury of
the insured whenever the claim involved an uninsured motorist, whether the claimant was in the
covered auto, in another vehicle, or injured as a pedestrian: "The insured and family members
are covered not only when occupying the covered vehicle, but also when in another automobile,
and when on foot, on a bicycle or even sitting on a porch." Bradley v Mid-Century Ins Co, 409
Mich 1, 24; 294 NW2d 141 (1980). However, this law evolved before no-fault insurance and
was based on a Michigan statute that mandated uninsured motorist coverage unless rejected in
writing, which was repealed in 1973 after Michigan adopted no-fault insurance. Id. at 23, 50-52.
Because uninsured motorist protection was statutorily required in policies for all persons
"insured thereunder," the courts' view was that the statute and underlying public policy dictated
that all persons insured for public liability under a policy have fully portable uninsured motorist
protection. Id. at 34, 36. Now that the statutory mandate no longer exists, this rationale no
longer applies, and uninsured motorist protection is generally a matter of the parties' contract,
i.e., the insurance policy terms. Rohlman v Hawkeye-Security Ins Co, 442 Mich 520, 522, 525;
502 NW2d 310 (1993). We therefore must look to the provisions of the policy at issue to
determine the extent of uninsured motorist coverage.
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B
The uninsured motorist endorsement in the policy at issue provides:
A. COVERAGE
1. We will pay all sums the "insured" is legally entitled to recover as
compensatory damages from the owner or driver of an "uninsured motor vehicle."
The damages must result from "bodily injury" sustained by the "insured" caused
by an "accident". The owner's or driver's liability for these damages must result
from the ownership, maintenance or use of the "uninsured motor vehicle."
* * *
B. WHO IS AN INSURED
1. You.
2. If you are an individual, any "family member."
3. Anyone else "occupying" a covered "auto" or a temporary substitute for
a covered "auto." The covered "auto" must be out of service because of its
breakdown, repair, servicing, loss or destruction.
4. Anyone for damages he or she is entitled to recover because of "bodily
injury" sustained by another "insured."
C. EXCLUSIONS
This insurance does not apply to any of the following:
1. Any claim settled without our consent.
2. The direct or indirect benefit of any insurer or self-insurer under any
workers' compensation, disability benefits or similar law.
"Bodily injury" sustained by:
a. You while "occupying" or when struck by any vehicle owned by you
that is not a covered "auto" for Uninsured Motorists coverage under this Coverage
Form;
b. Any "family member" while "occupying" or when struck by any vehicle
owned by that "family member" that is not a covered "auto" for Uninsured
Motorists Coverage under this Coverage Form; or
c. Any "family member" while "occupying" or when struck by any vehicle
owned by you that is insured for Uninsured Motorists Coverage on a primary
basis under any other Coverage Form or policy.
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The policy's Schedule of Coverages and Covered Autos lists "Uninsured/Underinsured
Bodily Injury" adjacent to a covered auto code of "07," referring to the Business Auto Coverage
Form codes, on which "7" equals "Specifically Described 'Autos,'" identified as "[o]nly those
'autos' described in ITEM THREE of the Declarations for which a premium charge is shown . . .
." The Business Auto Coverage Declaration reflects an uninsured/underinsured premium of $24
for only one vehicle, the 1995 Ford pick-up. Thus, defendant contends that the uninsured
motorist endorsement does not provide coverage in this case because the endorsement covers
only the 1995 Ford pick-up, which was not involved in plaintiff 's accident.
Defendant's contention is not supported by the terms of its policy. In fact, the policy
appears to be typical of the standard policy developed by the insurance industry when uninsured
motorist coverage was statutorily mandated, and portable, as described in Bradley, supra at 23
24:
The uninsured motorist endorsement was developed and the policy
language defining its scope was drafted in the 1950's by the insurance industry
and have become fairly standard. By 1968, legislation in 46 states required that
uninsured motorist coverage be offered with all automobile liability insurance
policies issued within the state. Most of the statutes, including Michigan's,
contain similar or identical language, requiring that the coverage be provided
unless expressly rejected in writing, without defining the scope of the coverage or
permissible exclusions and limitations.
Subject to a variety of exclusions and limitations, the standard
endorsement provides "family protection" for the insured and family members
against loss caused by an uninsured motorist without regard to whether the
covered vehicle is involved in the accident. The coverage is portable: The insured
and family members are covered not only when occupying the covered vehicle,
but also when in another automobile, and when on foot, on a bicycle or even
sitting on a porch.
The exclusions and limitations of the standard endorsement have been the
subject of much litigation and comment. The two most often encountered, the
"owned vehicle" exclusion and "other insurance" clause, have been dealt with by
courts across the country and held invalid by a clear majority as contrary to the
public policy of the uninsured motorist statutes. [Footnotes omitted.]
See also DeLaGarza, supra at 223, dissenting opinion of Riley, C.J., (citing 12A Couch,
Insurance [2d ed], § 45:634, p 127, with respect to a 1984 insurance policy, for the proposition
that an accident must involve an insured person or an insured vehicle to collect under uninsured
motorist coverage).
C
Reading the definitions and exclusions to the uninsured motorist coverage of the policy,
we find that it unambiguously provides coverage in circumstances beyond those involving the
covered auto, including the accident at issue. Under the definition of an "insured," the policy
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specifically limits liability for persons other than the named insured and family members to
anyone "'occupying' a covered 'auto' or a temporary substitute for a covered 'auto.'" If the policy
contemplated uninsured motorist liability only when the claim involved the covered auto, as
defendant contends, it would be unnecessary to otherwise limit liability for guests to those
occupying the covered auto. Defendant's reading of the policy renders part B, ¶ 3 redundant.
There would be no reason to distinguish between situations involving the named insured and
family members as opposed to other persons. Clearly, the policy was intended to follow the
named insured and family members when they were not occupying the covered auto and
sustained injury from an uninsured motorist.
Likewise, if the uninsured motorist coverage applied only when the covered auto was
involved there would be no need for the "owned vehicle exclusion"1 in part C, limiting liability
in circumstances where the named insured or a family member was not occupying the covered
automobile, but was in another owned vehicle that was not a covered auto under the policy.
Directly supporting our conclusion is a recent Maryland Court of Appeals case, Bushey v
Northern Assurance Co of America, 362 Md 626; 766 A2d 598 (2001), analyzing an almost
identical policy and the exact issues presented in this case and concluding that the policy
provided uninsured motorist coverage to the daughters of a sole proprietor under a commercial
automobile policy issued to his business, when the daughters were killed while using their
grandfather's vehicle, which was not a covered auto under the policy. As the Bushey court
concluded, id. at 636, if defendant's reading of the policy were correct, it would be unnecessary
to exclude from "[b]odily injury," an injury sustained by the named insured or a family member
in any vehicle owned by them that is not a covered auto, and there would be no need to
distinguish situations involving nonfamily members, as in part B, ¶ 3. See also Michigan Twp
Participating Plan v Pavolich, 232 Mich App 378, 383; 591 NW2d 325 (1998) (noting in dicta
that if the defendant qualified as the named insured, he could collect underinsured benefits even
if he was not occupying the covered auto at the time of injury).
The provisions of defendant's policy, particularly the uninsured motorist exclusions, belie
any intent that the uninsured motorist protection applies only when the 1995 Ford pick-up is
involved in the accident. Further, if defendant had intended to limit uninsured motorist liability
to circumstances involving the covered auto, it could have used limiting language similar to that
used in part A, ¶ 1, with regard to the uninsured motor vehicle: "liability . . . must result from
the ownership, maintenance or use of the 'uninsured motor vehicle'" (emphasis added).
DeLaGarza, supra at 215.
Even if the terms of the policy were considered ambiguous with regard to the covered
auto limitation, the result is the same. The policy must be interpreted in plaintiff 's favor; thus,
coverage would not be limited to accidents involving the covered auto. Harvey, supra at 469.
The trial court erred in granting summary disposition on the ground that plaintiff was not
driving the "covered auto."
1
Bradley, supra at 21.
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D
Finally, defendant apparently does not dispute that plaintiff is an "insured" under the
policy, although we found no Michigan case law addressing this point. The policy lists the
named insured as "Stoddard's Lawn Shapers, Tim Stoddard, DBA." It is undisputed that the
business is a sole proprietorship, owned by Tim Stoddard. The policy classifies the insured as an
"individual" on the Common Policy Declaration as well as the Schedule of Coverages and
Covered Autos. Even though the policy is a commercial automobile policy issued to a sole
proprietorship, we conclude that the policy language defining an insured as a "family member" is
applicable and operates to provide coverage to plaintiff. "Under Michigan law, the term
'individual' is recognized as designating a natural person and not including business entities such
as corporations." Harvey, supra at 470-471 (individual partner was not a first named insured on
an insurance policy issued to his partner, "d/b/a Eastern Equipment Company").
Our conclusion coincides with the decision reached by the Bushey court after an
extensive analysis of case law from other jurisdictions. See Bushey, supra at 636-643. The
Bushey court concluded that the "you" of the policy was not a business entity separate from
Bushey, where the policy identified the insured as "William Bushey t/a Bushey's Automotive
Repair." Id. at 636. As with the issue of coverage above, even if defendant's policy language
were viewed as ambiguous, the provisions must be read in favor of the insured. The policy thus
must be interpreted to include plaintiff, a family member, in the definition of an insured.
Reversed.
/s/ Janet T. Neff
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
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