Fuller v. State

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Gerald D. Fuller v. State of Maryland, No. 62, September Term, 2006. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE APPEAL: Petitioner, Gerald Davis Fuller, was found guilty of first-degree murder, and sentenced to imprisonment for the balance of his natur al life, in 1979. La ter that year, Fuller p led guilty to firstdegree rape and robbery with a deadly weapon, and was sentenced to imprisonment for the balance of his natural life, c oncurren t with the sen tence he w as then serv ing. Fuller has remained incarcerated since that time. Two years ago, Fuller filed a Petition for Commitment to the Alcohol and Drug A buse Ad ministration p ursuant to S ection 8-50 7 of the H ealth-Gen eral Article of the Maryland Code (1982 , 2005 Repl. Vo l., 2006 Supp.). The Circ uit Court for Baltimore City denied the petition , and Fu ller appe aled. The Court of Special Appeals concluded that the denial of Fuller s petition was n ot appe alable a nd dism issed the appea l. The Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that the denial of a petition under Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article is not appealable. The Court determined that because a petition for comm itment, unlike a motion for modification, initiates a statutory cause of a ction separa te from the conviction that can be filed repeatedly and because the General Assembly did not proactively and clearly confer the right of appeal to petitioners denied relief under Section 8-507, no right to appeal existed. IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 62 September Term, 2006 GERALD D. FULLER v. STATE OF MARYLAND Bell, C.J. Raker *Wilner Cathell Battaglia Greene Bloom, Theodore G. (retired, specially assigned), JJ. Opinion by Battaglia, J. Filed: March 13, 2007 *Wilner, J., now retired, participated in the hearing and conference of this case while an active member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, he also participated in the decision and adoption of this opinion. The case sub judice presents this Court with the task of determining whether an order denying an inmate commitment to a drug treatment program pursuant to Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article 1 is appealable. Because we hold that it is not, we shall affirm the 1 At the time Fuller filed his petition, Sectio n 8-507 o f the Hea lth-Genera l Article provided: (a) Applicab ility. Th is section app lies only to a defendant for whom: (1) No sentence of incarceration is currently in effect; and (2) No detainer is currently lodged. (b) In general. Su bject to the lim itations in this section , a court that finds in a criminal case that a defendant has an alcohol or drug depende ncy may com mit the defendant as a condition of release, after conviction, or at any other time the defendant voluntarily agrees to pa rticipate in treatm ent, to the Department for treatment that the Department recommends, even if: (1) The defendant did not timely file a motion for reconsideration under Maryland Rule 4-345; or (2) The defendant timely filed a motion for reconsideration under M aryland Rule 4-345 w hich was denied by the court. (c) Prerequisites. Bef ore a court commits a defendant to the Departm ent under th is section, the c ourt shall: (1) Offe r the defen dant the op portunity to rece ive treatmen t; (2) Obtain the written c onsent of the defen dant: (i) To receive treatment; and (ii) To have informatio n reported b ack to the co urt; (3) Order an evaluation of the defendant under § 8-505 or § 8-506 of this subtitle; (4) Consider the report on the defendant's evaluation; and (5) Find that the treatment that the Department recomm ends to be ap prop riate and nece ssary. (d) Services. (1) The Department shall provide the services required by this section. (2) A designee of the Department may carry out any of the Department s duties und er this section if appropriate funding is provided. (e) Admissio n to facility. (1) A court may not order that the (continued...) (...continued) defendant be delivered for treatment until the Department gives the court notice that an app ropriate treatm ent program is able to begin treatm ent of the d efendan t. (2) The Department shall facilitate the prompt treatment of a defenda nt. (f) Supervision of defendant. For a defendant committed for treatment under this section, a court shall order supervision of the defen dant: (1) By an appropriate pretrial release age ncy, if the defen dant is released pe nding trial; (2) By the division of parole and probation under appropria te conditions in accordance with §§ 6-219 through 6-225 of the Criminal Procedu re Article an d Maryland Rule 4-34 5, if the defendant is released on probation; or (3) By the Department, if the defendant remains in the custody of a l ocal correctio nal f acility. (g) Trans portatio n. A court may order law enforcement officials, detention center staff, Department of Public Safety and Correctional Serv ices staff, or sher iff's department staff within the appropriate local jurisdiction to transport a defendant to and from treatment under this section. (h) Withdraw al of consen t. The De partment sh all promptly report to a court a de fendant's w ithdrawal o f consen t to treatment and have the defendant returned to the court within 7 days for further proceedings. (i) Habeas corpu s. A defendant who is committed for treatment under this section may question at any time the legality of the commitment by a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. (j) Dura tion; ext ension ; termin ation. (1) A commitment under this section shall be for at least 72 hou rs and not more than 1 year. (2) On good cause shown by the Department, the court, or the State, the court may extend the time period for providing the necessary treatment services in increments of 6 months. (3) Except during the first 72 hours after admission of a defendant to a treatment program, the Departm ent may termin ate (continued...) -2- (...continued) the treatmen t if the Dep artment de termines tha t: (i) Continued treatment is not in the best interest of the defendant; or (ii) The def endant is no longer am enable to trea tment. (k) Release. When a defen dant is to be released from treatment under this section, the Department shall notify the court that ord ered the treatm ent. (l)(1) Leavin g facility w ithout a uthoriz ation. (1) If a defendant leaves treatment without authorization, the responsibility of the Department is limited to the notification of the court that ord ered the de fendant's trea tment as so on as it is reasonably possible. (2) Notice under this subsection shall constitute probable cause for a court to issue a wa rrant for the a rrest of a def endant. (m) Obligation s of Adm inistratio n. Nothing in this section imposes a ny obligation o n the Dep artment: (1) To treat any defend ant who knowin gly and willfully declines to consent to further treatment; or (2) In reporting to the court under this section, to include an assessment of a defe ndant's dan gerousne ss to one's self, to another individual, or to the property of another individual by virtue of a drug or alcohol problem. (n) Credit agains t senten ce. Time during which a defendant is held unde r this section for inpatient evaluation or inpatient or residential treatment shall be credited against any sentence imposed by the court tha t ordered the evaluation or treatmen t. (o) Authority o f court to o rder tre atmen t not lim ited. Th is section may not be c onstrued to limit a court's autho rity to order drug treatment in lieu of incarceration under Title 5 of the Criminal Law Article. Md. Code (1982, 2000 Repl. Vol., 2004 Supp.), § 8-507 of the Health-General Article. In 2006, th e Genera l Assemb ly amended Section 8-5 07, and as c urrently enacted, it provides in pertinent pa rt: (a) In general. S ubject to the limita tions in th is section , a (continued...) -3- judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. I. Introduction (...continued) court that finds in a criminal ca se that a defendant has an alcohol or drug dependency may commit the defendant as a condition of release, after conviction, or at any other time the defendant voluntarily agrees to participate in treatment, to the Department for treatment that the Department recommends, even if: (1) The defendant did not timely file a motion for reconsideration under Maryland Rule 4-345; or (2) The def endant timely filed a motion for reconsideration under M aryland Rule 4-345 w hich was denied by the court. *** (c) Reports of defendant s records. Immediately on receiving an order for treatment under this section, the Department shall order a report of all pending cases, warrants, and detainers for the defendant and f orward a copy of the report to the court, the defendant, and the defendant's last attorney of record. *** (e) Admissio n to facility. (1) A court may not order that the defenda nt be delive red for treatm ent until: (i) The Department giv es the court n otice that an a ppropriate treatment pr ogram is a ble to begin treatment of the defen dant; (ii) Any detainer based on an untried indictment, information, warrant, or complaint for the defendant has been removed; and (iii) Any sentence of incarceration for the defendant is no longer in effect. Md. C ode (19 82, 200 5 Rep l. Vol., 20 06 Su pp.), § 8 -507 o f the H ealth-G eneral A rticle. The 2006 amendments did not affect the issue presented in this case whether an order denying commitment under Section 8-507 is appealable. All references, therefore, to Section 8-507 are to the current provisions, unless otherwise noted. -4- In 1978 and 19 79, the Petitioner, Gerald Davis Fuller, was indicted for first-degree murder, first-degree rape, and robbery with a deadly weapon charges. On July 12, 1979, a jury found Fuller guilty of f irst-degree m urder, and h e was sen tenced to imprisonment for the balance of his natural life, with credit for time served. Later that year, Fuller pled guilty to first-degree rape and ro bbery with a deadly weapon, and was sentenced to imprisonment for the balance of his natural life, concurrent with the sentence he was then serving. Fuller remains incarcerated. Two years ago, Fuller, acting pro se, pursuant to Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article, filed a Petition for C ommitm ent to the A lcohol and Drug A buse Ad ministration w ith the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, in which he alleged that he had an untreated 38-year history of alcohol and drug abuse, and that he was both an alcoholic and a heroin user in a system which is infested with alcohol and drugs. Fuller contended that throughout his 27year incarceration, he had demonstrated a need for, and requested but received, only limited and inadequate care, supervision, and treatment for his substance abuse addictions and that this failu re had im peded his com plete reh abilitatio n. On March 15, 2005 , Judge C lifton J. Gor dy of the Circ uit Court fo r Baltimore City denied the petition.2 Fuller noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, presenting three 2 The Order provided: Upon the aforegoing Petition for Commitment to the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Administration, pursuant to Health General Article, Section 8-507 (B)(1)-(2), af ter a fair and full (contin ued...) -5- questions for review.3 Fuller contended, in addition to arguing tha t the judge a bused his discretion by denying Fuller s p etitio n and err ed by not articulating his reasoning, that the Court of Special Appeals had jurisdiction to entertain the appeal under either the final judgment rule or the collateral order doctrine. In a reported opinion, Chief Judge Joseph F. Mu rphy, writing for the court, he ld that the denial of Fuller s petition was not appealable and dismissed his app eal. Fuller v. State , 169 Md. App. 303, 900 A.2d 311 (2006). In reaching its conclusion, t he co urt determ ined that n othing in Section 8-50 7, or its leg islati ve histor y, reflected that a direct appeal would lie from the denial of a petition for commitment under Section 8-507 . Id. at 308-09, 900 A .2d at 314. Further, the court remarked that the denial of Section 8-507 petitions are similar to the denial of Rule 4-3454 motions for modification 2 (...continued) consideration of all the facts and circumstances it is this 7th day of March, 2005; ORDERED that Defendant s Petition for Commitment to the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Administration is hereby DENIED. 3 The questions presented to the Court of Special Appeals were: 1. Does this Court have jurisdiction to review the circuit court s denial of a petition for commitment pursuant to Health-General Article § 8-507? 2. Did the circuit court err by not articulating its reasons for denying the petition? 3. Assuming arguendo that the circuit c ourt correctly interpreted and applied the law, did it abuse its discretion by denying the petition? 4 Rule 4-345 states: (contin ued...) -6- of a sentence, and cited Costello v. S tate, 237 Md. 464, 206 A.2d 812 (1965), for the proposition that no direct appeal lies from the denial of a motion for modification of a sentence. The court also explicitly addressed the collateral orde r doctrine, de eming it inapplicab le to the case at bar because this Court no longer has jurisdiction to review the final judgments of conviction to which the order at issue is allegedly collateral . Fuller, 169 Md. at 310-11, 900 A.2d at 315-16. We granted Fuller s petition for writ of certiorari, which presented the following 4 (...continued) (a) Illegal Sentence. The court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. (b) Fraud, Mistake, or Irregularity. The court has revisory power over a sen tenc e in c ase o f fra ud, m istak e, or i rreg ularity. (c) Correction o f Mistake in A nnouncem ent. The court may correct an evident mistake in the announcement of a sentence if the correction is made on the record before the defendant leaves the courtroom following the sentencing proceeding. (d) Desertion and Non-support Ca ses. At any time before expiration of the sentence in a case involving desertion and non-support of spous e, children, or d estitute parents, the court may modify, reduce, or vacate the sentence or place the defendant on probation under the terms and conditions the court imposes. (e) Modification Upon Motion. (1) Generally. Upon a motion filed within 90 days after imposition of a sentence (A) in the District Court, if an appeal has not been perfected or has been dismissed, and (B) in a circuit court, whether or not an appeal has been filed, the court has revisory power over the sentence except that it may not revise the sentence after the expiration of five years from the date the sentence originally was imposed on the defendant and it may not increase the sentence. Md. Rule 4-345. -7- question for our review: Is a denial of a petition for commitm ent for substance abuse treatment pursuant to Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article an appealable order? Fuller v. State, 394 Md. 478, 906 A.2d 942 (2006). We shall hold that the denial of a petition for commitment for substance abuse treatment pursuant to Section 8-507 of the Health-Genera l Article is not an appealable ord er. II. Discussion Fuller contends that the Circuit Court s Order denying his petition for commitment under Section 8-507 is appealable as a final judgment under Section 12-301 of the Courts and Judicial Proceed ings Article 5 because the denial resolved the issue contained in the petition and left no further action for the circuit court to take. Alternatively, Fuller argues that the 5 Section 12-301 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article provides: Except as provided in § 12-302 of this subtitle, a party may appeal from a final judgment entered in a civil or criminal case by a circuit c ourt. The right of appeal exists from a final judgment entered by a court in the exercise of original, special, limited, statutory jurisdiction, unless in a particular case the right of appeal is expressly denied by law. In a criminal case, the defendant may appeal even though imposition or execution of sentence has been suspended. In a civil case, a plaintiff who has accepted a remittitur may cross-appeal from the final judgmen t. Md. Code (1 974, 200 2 Repl. Vol), § 12-301 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. Fuller conceded in his brief tha t none of th e exception s contained in Section 12-302 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article are applicable in the present case. -8- order was appealable under the collateral order doctrine be cause it conclusively determined an important issue, otherwise unreviewable, which is completely separate from the merits of the underlying ac tion. Fuller also analogizes the denial of his petition to the denial of a motion for modification of a sentence under R ule 4-345 (e), 6 contending that our decisions in State v. Kanaras, 357 Md. 170, 742 A.2d 508 (1999), and Herrera v. State, 357 Md. 186, 742 A.2d 517 (19 99), lead to the co nclusion tha t an appea l of the den ial of a mo tion to modify a sentence is appealable. F urther, Fuller suggests that the rationale for re fusing to allow appellate review of the denial of a motion for modification because the decision is discretionary was obviated by this Court in Merritt v. Sta te, 367 Md. 17, 785 A.2d 756 (2001). He also contends that the appeal of the denial of his petition is not barred by the Post Convictio n Proced ure Act. 7 6 Fuller also analogizes the denial of his Section 8-507 petition to the denial of a motion pursuant to Federal R ule of Crim inal Proced ure 35 (b), as serting it is the equiva lent of Ru le 4-345 (e). We, however, in Greco v . State, 347 M d. 423, 7 01 A.2 d 419 ( 1997) , analyzed Rule 4-345 (b), th e predece ssor to 4-34 5(e), in juxtaposition to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35 (b), and noted that, despite similarities in the language between the two rules, there are significa nt differ ence s betwee n the curr ent M aryland rule and its federal counte rpart, such that the federal rule and accompanying federal decisions do not embody the appropriate rationale for interpreting [the] Maryland rule. Id. at 434, 438, 701 A.2d at 424, 426. 7 Fuller does not contend, ho wever, that his Section 8-507 petition is a collateral challenge to his sentence under the Post Conviction Procedure Act, which established a comprehensiv e scheme providing a remedy for challenging collaterally the legality of incarceration under conviction of crime and sentenc e of de ath or im prisonm ent there for. Davis v. State, 285 Md. 19, 22, 400 A.2d 406, 407 (1979). Section 7-102 of the Criminal Procedure Article, entitled Right to begin proceeding, states: (contin ued...) -9- The State, conversely, argues that the Circu it Court s Order denying Fuller s petition for commitment under Section 8-507 is not appealable. The State contends that the denial of Fuller s petition did not constitute a final judgment because it did not determine and conclude Fuller s rights or deny him the means of further prosecuting or defending his rights. The State also argues that the collateral order doctrine is inapplicable because the denial of Fuller s petition did not resolve an im portant issue and that the issue was not comp letely separate from the merits of the underlying actio n. Additiona lly, the State maintains that the 7 (...continued) (a) In general. Subject to subsection (b) of this section, §§ 7-103 and 7-10 4 of this sub title and Sub title 2 of this title, a convicted person may begin a pro ceeding u nder this title in the circuit court for the county in which the conviction took place at any time if the p erson claim s that: (1) the sentence or judgment was imposed in violation of the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution or laws of the State; (2) the court lacked jurisdiction to impose the sentence; (3) the sentence exceeds the maximum allowed by law; or (4) the sentence is otherwise subject to collateral attack on a ground of alleged error that would otherwise be available under a writ of habeas corpus, writ of coram nobis, or other common law or sta tutory rem edy. (b) Requirem ents to begin proceedings. A person m ay begin a proceeding under this title if: (1) the person seeks to set aside or correct the judgment or sentence; and (2) the alleged error has not been previously and finally litigated or waived in the proceeding resulting in the conviction or in any other proceeding that the person has taken to secure relief from the person's conviction. Md. Code (2001), § 7-102 of the Criminal Procedure Article. -10- denial of Fuller s Section 8-507 petition is akin to the denial of a motion for modification, but that our decisions in Kanaras and Herrera did not alter the general rule that a sentence not alleged to be illegal is generally not appealable, citing Costello v. S tate, 237 Md. at 464, 206 A.2d at 812, and Wilson v. Sta te, 227 Md. 99, 175 A .2d 775 (1 961), as viab le. The State also argues that th e Post Co nviction Procedure Act precludes Fuller s appeal of the denial of his petition. In Maryland, the right to seek appellate review is statutory; the Legislature can provide for, or p reclude , the righ t of app eal. See Maryland Code (1974, 2002 R epl. Vol.), Section 12-301 o f the Cou rts and Judic ial Proceed ings Article ( The right o f appeal ex ists from a final judgment entered by a court . . . unless . . . the right of appeal is expressly denied by law. ); State v. Manck, 385 Md. 581, 596, 870 A.2d 196, 205 (2005), quoting State v. Green, 367 Md. 61, 77, 785 A.2d 1275, 1284 (2001) ( [Q]uestions of appealability have today become entirely govern ed by statutes. ); State v. Bailey, 289 Md. 143, 147, 422 A.2d 1021, 1024 (19 80) ( W e begin ou r considera tion by recogn izing that any righ t of appea l, in either a civil or crimina l case, must find its source in an act of the legislature. ). The statutory provision at issue, Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article, does not include any prov ision reg arding appea lability. An appeal, ordinarily, must await the entry of a final judgm ent. See Maryland Code (1974, 2002 R epl. Vol), Section 12-302 o f the Court and Judicial Proceedings Article. To be a final judgm ent, the decisio n must b e so final as to determine and conc lude rights involved, or deny the appellant means of further prosecuting or defending his rights and -11- interests in the subject matter of the proceeding. Sigma Reproductive Health Center v. State, 297 Md. 66 0, 665, 467 A.2d 483, 485 (1983); Gittings v. Sta te, 33 Md. 458 (1 871). One exception to the final judgment rule is the collateral order doctrine, that applies to a narrow class of orders, referred to as collateral orders, which are offshoots of the principal litigation in which they are issued and which are immediately appealable as final judgments without regard to the po sture of the case . Jackson v. State, 358 Md. 259, 26667, 747 A.2d 1 199, 12 03 (20 00) (cita tions om itted). The case sub judice raises the issue of whether the denial of a petition under Section 8-507 of the H ealth-G eneral A rticle is ap pealab le. Fuller and the State both assert that the denial of his Section 8-507 petition for commitment to a drug treatment program is analogous to the denial o f a motion for mod ification und er Rule 4-3 45 (e). Wh ile Fuller contends that the denial of a motion for modification is appealable, the State argues that t he denial of a motion to modify is no t directly appealab le when the motion does not challenge the legality of the sentence. Both Fuller and the State cite to our opinions in State v. Kanaras, 357 Md. at 170, 742 A.2d at 508, and Herrera v. State, 357 Md. at 186, 742 A.2d at 517. In Kanaras, we had th e occasion to explore th e interaction b etween the Post Conviction Procedure Act and the appealability of the denial of a motion to correct an allegedly illegal sentence under R ule 4-345 (a). Judge Jo hn C. Eld ridge, writing for this Court, elucidated that the appea l from a trial co urt s denial of a motion to correct an illegal sentence was not p recluded b y the Post Co nviction Pro cedure A ct, explicitly overruling Wilson, 227 Md. at 99, 175 A.2d at 776, which had held that a motion to correct an illegal -12- sentence under former Maryland Rule 744 (a), 8 the precursor to Rule 4 -345 (a), is a statutory remedy within the meaning of the Act, and thus the denial of such motion is not appealable,9 and reconciling Costello, 237 Md. at 469-70, 206 A.2d at 815, which cited Wilson for the proposition that the Post Conviction Procedure Act provides that no direct appeal lies from the denial of a motion by the trial court for modification or reduction of the sentence : The Court in Costello, howev er, did more than indic ate its 8 Maryland Rule 744 (a), as applied in Wilson, stated: The court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. Md . Rule 744 (a). 9 In reaching our conclusion in Wilson, we distinguished Roberts v. Warden of Maryland Penitentiary, 206 Md. 246, 111 A.2d 597 (1955), in which we had determined that the right to appeal the denial of a motion to correct an illegal sentence under Rule 10 (a) of the Maryland Criminal Rules of Practice and Procedure, the predecessor of Rules 744 (a) and 4-345 (a), existe d befo re the en actmen t of the P ost Co nviction Proced ure Ac t. Roberts, 206 Md. at 255, 111 A.2d at 601. Rule 10 (a) provided that [t]he Court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. Md . Criminal Rules of P ractice and Procedu re 10 (a). In Roberts, we relied upon Madiso n v. State, 205 Md. 425, 109 A.2d 96 (1954), in which we determ ined that an appeal lies fr om an or der overru ling a motio n to correct a n illegal sentence: In Maryland all judgments are under the control of the court during the te rm in whi ch th ey are entered, an during that time the court has inherent power to strike out or modify judg ments in both civil and crimina l cases. In this State no appeal lies from an order striking out a judgment, but an appeal lies from an order overruling a motion to strike out a judgment, as the liability of the def endant is the reby fixed an d determin ed, and if he had no right of appeal therefrom he would be without a remedy. Madison, 205 Md. at 431, 109 A.2d at 99. -13- views on the merits. It discussed in detail the merits, held that the trial judge had not erred in imposing sentence, and concluded: We have c onsidered all of the appe llant s contentions, and find no violation of any of his constitutional or legal rights. More significantly, instead of dismissing the appeal as was done in Brady and Wilson, the Court in Costello affirmed the trial court s judgment. Interestingly, the judge who had authored the Brady opinion for the Co urt dissented in Costello, not on the ground that the appeal should have been dismissed, but on the ground that the appellant had been illegally sentenced and that, therefore, the judgment below should be reversed. Kanaras, 357 Md. at 177, 742 A.2d at 513. In our determination that an appeal from the denial of a Rule 4-345 (a) motion to correct an illegal sentence was not precluded by the Post Conviction Procedure Act, we stated that our rule-making authority did not render the Maryland Rules equivalent to a statute enacted by the General Assembly, that a Rule 4-345 (a) motion was not an independent separate cause of action, and that a motion to correct an illegal sentence does not necessarily challenge the validity of incarceration: The reason for the non-appealability holdings . . . was the view that a motion to correct an illegal sentenc e, authorized by Rule 4-345(a), is a statu tory re med [y] . . . for challeng ing the valid ity of incarceration under sentence of . . . imprisonment within the meaning of subsection (e) of the Post Con viction Proc edure A ct, Art. 27, § 645A(e). As pointed ou t in the dissentin g opinion in Valentine, 305 Md. at 123 , 501 A.2d at 854 , however, a motion to c orrect an illegal sentenc e is not a statu tory remedy. Statutes are enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland. The Maryland Rules are adopted by the Court of Appeals. As the Wilson court n oted, the Maryland Constitution does provide that rules adopted by the Court sha ll have the force of law until rescinded, changed or -14- modified by the Court of Appeals or otherwise by law. Maryland Constitution, Art. IV, § 18(a). Nonetheless, the fact that the Maryland Rules have the force o f law doe s not mean that a rule is a statute . Furthermore, the language of the Post Conviction Procedure Act obviously refers to sep arate common law or statutory causes of action, such as habeas corpus or c oram no bis actions which are separate civil actions. It is doubtful that thi s Co urt's rule-making authority wou ld extend to the creation o f a separate cause of action. In any event, there is no indication in the language or history of Rule 4-3 45 that the c ourt intende d to create a separate c ause of ac tion. While a motion un der Rule 4-345 may be ma de at any time, it is part of the same criminal proceeding and not a wholly independent action. The R ule simply grants the trial court limited continuing authority in the criminal case to revise the sentence. In addition, subsection (e) of the P ost Conviction Proc edure Act refers to habeas corpus, coram nobis, or statutory actions for challenging the validity of incarceration . . . . A motion under Rule 4-345(a), h oweve r, is not specific ally or exclusive ly designed to challenge the validity of incarceration. There may be illegalities in a sentence which have nothing to do with the validity of the incarceration. Con sequ ently, we hold that the language of the Post Conviction Procedure Act does not prec lude an appeal from a circuit court s ruling under Rule 4-345. Kanaras, 357 Md. at 182 -84, 742 A.2d at 51 5-16 (citations omitted). Section 7-107 of the Post Conviction Procedure Act precludes appeals in cases in which a person challenges the validity of confinement under a sentence of death or imprisonment by seeking the writ of habeas corpus or the writ of coram nobis or by invoking a common law or statutory remedy other than this title. Maryland Code (2001), Section 7107 of the Criminal Procedure Article. Although the State asserts th at Fuller is challenging the validity of his incarceration, we agree with Fuller that he is not challenging the validity -15- of his incarceration but rather asking to serve part of his sentence in a Departm ent of He alth and M ental Hygien e facility where he wou ld receive b etter drug trea tment. In Herrera, decided the same day as Kanaras, we exercised appellate jurisdiction over the denial of a motion for modification of a sentence, under form er Rule 4-345 (b). H errera s motion for modification, however, had challenged the legality of his sentence, and upo n this premise we applied Kanaras to permit an appeal, stating that [u]nder our holdin g[] in . . . State v. Kanaras, supra, there was no illegality or infirmity in Herrera s sentence which required the Circuit C ourt to grant relief under Rule 4-345. Herrera, 357 Md. at 189, 742 A.2d at 519 (emphasis ad ded). Therefore, under our jurisprud ence the d enial of a m otion to correct an illegal sentence, in the form of a motion for modification, is appealable. Fuller equates the denial of a petition for commitment under Section 8-507 to the denial of a motion to correct an allegedly illegal sentence, and argues that we should sua sponte exercise appellate jurisdiction, relying upon Kanaras, 357 Md. at 170, 742 A.2d at 508. Here, howev er, there is no a ppellate jurisd iction. Fuller s S ection 8-50 7 petition is not akin to a motion to correct an illegal sentence, because it constitutes a statutory cause of action that is separate from his conviction.10 See Scott v. S tate, 379 Md. 170, 182 n.6, 840 A.2d 715, 722 n.6 (2004 ) ( We ob serve that . . . motions to correct an illegal sentence occur 10 As we have stated heretofore, we are analyzing the current provisions of Section 8507. Fuller would even have less of a basis to challenge the denial of his petition under the pre-2006 version of Section 8-507 based upon the analogy to a motion to correct an illegal sentence because Section 8-507 was only applicab le if (1) No sentence o f incarceratio n is currently in effect; and (2) No detain er is currently lodg ed. Md . Code (19 82, 2000 Repl. Vol., 2004 Supp.), § 8-507 (a) of the Health-General Article. -16- as part of the same criminal proceeding and not a wholly independent action . . . . ), citing Kanaras, 357 Md. at 183, 742 A.2d at 516. Fuller, nonethele ss, asserts that the denial of his Section 8-507 petition could be analogized to the denial of a motion for mo dification under Rule 4 -345 (e), and contends that such orders are a ppealable under our opinions in Kanaras, Herrera, and Greco v . State, 347 Md. 423, 701 A.2d 419 (1997). Conversely, the State argues that because our ho ldings in Kanaras and Herrera did not overrule Costello, the principal we iterated therein no direct appeal lies from the denial of a motion by the trial court for modification or reduction of the sentence remains authoritative. Costello, 237 Md. at 469-70, 206 A.2d at 815, citing Gleaton v. State, 235 Md. 271, 277, 201 A.2d 353, 356 (1964). We disagree with both Fuller and the State. We disagree w ith the State s rationale relying upon Costello and Gleaton, that a decision left to the discretion of the trial court judge is not reviewable on appeal, because that justification was obviated in Merritt, 367 Md. at 17, 785 A.2d at 756, in which we examined the appealability of the denial of a motion for a new trial. Judge Eldridge, again writing for this Court, stated: Initia lly, we flatly reject the State s argum ent . . . that the denial of a motion for new trial is absolutely unreviewable on appeal except for the situatio n where the trial judge has f ailed to exercise any discre tion. . . . [T]he Maryland case law governing appellate review of rulings on motions for new trials has changed and evolved over the years. Moreover, language from older cases has sometime s been carelessly repeated in more recent cases without taking into consideration the changes in the law. The State s argument in the cas e at bar, however, represents an effort to change the present law, to adopt a rule from the past, and to require that our most recent cases on the -17- subject be overruled. This we decline to do. The early opinions of this Court clearly took the position that a trial court s ruling on a motion for a new trial was not su bject to appella te review under a ny circum stances . . . . *** [T]he principle that rulings on motions for new trial were unreview able on appe al appears to have been simply an application of the mor e genera l rule, adhere d to by app ellate courts at an earlier time, that any trial court ruling on a discretionary matter was insulated from appellate review. Id. at 24-25, 785 A.2d at 760-61 (emph asis added). Nevertheless, we have alluded to the possibility that the denial of a motion for modification may be app ealable und er the final jud gment rule in dicta in Greco, 347 Md. at 423, 701 A.2d at 419. The issue presented in Greco was wh ether the trial co urt had jurisdiction to consider a motion fo r modification more than nine ty days after conviction, but within ninety days of the granting of a pre vious m otion fo r modif ication. We answered the question affi rmativel y, rejecting the ratio nale tha t trial judg es need to be p rotect[e d] . . . from continual and repeated requests to modify sentences. Id. at 436, 701 A.2d at 425. We further remarked, though, [i]f the motion is denied, the defendant is finished he or she may not file another motion for reconsideration. Id. (emphasis added ). The denial of a Section 8-507 petition for commitm ent, howe ver, is not ana logous to the denial of a motion for modification. Unlike a motion for modification, a petition for commitment does not affect the length of a sentence, only where a portion of it is to be served. It also initiates a statutory cause of action separate from the conviction, and may be -18- filed repeatedly at any other tim e the defen dant volun tarily agrees to par ticipate in treatme nt. These two characteristics render the Section 8-507 pe tition more a kin to habeas corpus actions, which came into being statutorily in Maryland in 1809. The original habeas corpus statute,11 derived from th e Eng lish com mon la w, In re 11 The habeas corpus statute provided: [I]f any perso n . . . shall be or stand committed or detained as aforesaid for any crime, or under any colour or pretence whatsoever, unless it be for treaso n or felony, pla inly expressed in the warrant of commitment, the prisoner or person detained, not being convict or in execution of legal process, or any one on his behalf, may comp lain to the chancellor, or any judge of the court of appeals, or of the county courts of this state, or to the chief justice of the court of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery for Baltimor e Coun ty, who, at the request of su ch prisoner or person detained, or other perso n on his be half . . . to award and grant a habeas corpus, to be directed to the officer or other person in whose custody the party committed or detained shall be, returnable immediately before the said chancellor, judge, or chief justice, and upon service thereof as aforesaid, the officer or person in whose custody the party is so committed or detained, shall, w ithin the times before respectively limited, bring the prisoner or person detained before the said chancellor, judge or chief justic e, before w hom the w rit is made returnable, or in case of his absence, before any other of them, with the return of the writ, and the true causes, if any, of the commitment or detaine r, and th ereupo n the ch ancello r, judge or justice, before whom the prisoner shall be brought, shall, within two days thereafter, discharge him or her from imprisonm ent, taking his or her recognizance, with security, in any sum, according to the direction of the chancellor, judge or justice, having regard to the circumstances of the prisoner and the nature of the offence, for his or her ap pearance in the county court the term following, or in some other court where the offence is properly cognizable, as the cause may r equire, and then also ce rtify the same w rit, (contin ued...) -19- Glenn, 54 M d. 572, 6 07, (18 80), w as similarly silent as to the appealability of denials of petitions for relief, as is Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article. In addressing the appealab ility of the denial of a petition for a w rit of habea s corpus u nder the statu te, this Court had held that there was no right to appeal its denial. Coston v. Coston, 25 Md. 500 (1866); In re Coston, 23 Md. 271 (186 5); Bell v. State, 4 Md. (Gill) 301 (1846). In Coston, In re Coston, and Bell, we opined that the denial of a habeas corpus petition was not appealab le because the decision was left to the discretion of the trial judge a rationale we later rejected in Merritt and because a denial was not a final judgment in as much as the petitioner had the ability to repeatedly apply for a writ of habeas corpus. In In re Coston, we stated: Among the reasons assigned for this con clusion are, th at the writ of habeas corpus, is a proceeding sum mary in its character, 11 (...continued) with the return thereof, and the said recogniza nce, into the s aid court where such appearance is to be made , unless it appe ar to the chancellor, judge or justice, that the party so comm itted is detained upon a legal process, under a warrant out of some court that hath jurisdictio n of crim inal matters, or by some warrant signed with the hand of any of the said judges or justices, or some justice of the peace, for such matter or offence for which by law the pris oner is not bailable, or if it shall appear that such person is detained without any legal warrant or authority, such chancellor, judge or jus tice, shall imm ediately release and discharge s uch perso n from su ch illegal dete ntion or restra int. 1809 Md. Laws, Chap . 125 (em phasis in origina l). The court of oyer and terminer referred to a court w ith the autho rity to hear felony and treason cases, and the court of gaol deliv ery referred to a court with th e authority to he ar all criminal c ases of tho se held in county jails. Black s Law D ictionary 288 (8th ed., 1999). -20- addressed to the discretion of the Judge or tribunal, to whom the application is made, so far as the discharge of the p arty is concerned; a proceeding where, in many cases, the evidence upon which the judgment is founded cannot be presented to the appellate court, and is not final and conclusive upon the party applying for the writ, as he may prefer a sim ilar applicatio n to any other Judge or court of the S tate. 23 Md. at 27 2 (emph asis added). See also B ell, 4 Md. (Gill) at 304 (remarking that the dismissal of a habeas corpus petition did not have any of the characteristics of an appea lable final judgment because it is not final and conclusive upon the party applying for the writ; as he may prefer a similar application, to any other Judge or Court of the State ). Late r, in Coston, 25 Md. at 500, we commented that the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus was not a final judgment because it does not deprive the petitioner of the right of petitioning again : Although the petition should be released by the order of the Judge or court to wh om he m ade applica tion, if that orde r is subject to revisio n and re versal b y an appe llate cou rt, the final judgme nt, to be of any avail, must deprive the petitioner of the right of petitioning a gain; whereas , the right of petitioning for a habeas corpus, is unlimited in its nature, and the application may be renewed toties quoties,[12] as long as the petitio ner is confined, and a Judge or court can be found to whom he may address his prayer for relief. Id. at 506 (emphasis ad ded). In 1945, however, the General Assembl y provided an aggrieved party with the statutory right to appeal the denial of a p etition for a writ of habeas corpus or from a final 12 Toties quoties is a Latin phrase meaning as often as. Black s Law Dictionary 1528 (8th ed., 1999 ). -21- order of the Court in habeas corpus proceedings: The aggrieved applicant may appeal to the Cou rt of App eals from the refusal to issue a writ or from a final order remanding him or dismissing the proceedings; and the Attorney General or the State s Attorney for Baltimore City or the County in which such application was presented may appeal on behalf of the State. 1945 Maryland Laws, Chapter 702; Maryland Code (1945), Article 42, Section 3C.13 This statutory enactment, providing a petitioner the ability to seek appellate review of a denial of a petition for habeas corpus, was analyzed by then-retired former Chief Judge Charles Marke ll in Review of Crimina l Cases in Maryland by Habeas Corpus and by Appeal, in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, when he stated: The Act of 1945 provided that the aggrieved applicant might appeal to the Cou rt of App eals from refusal to issue the writ or from a final order remanding him or dismissing the proceedings and that the Attorney General or the State s Attorney might appeal on behalf of the state. The general right of appeal under the Act of 19 45 was e qually applicab le to the petitioner and the state. However, the nature of h abeas corp us proced ure make s it, in operation, o ne-sided ag ainst the prosecutors. Before 1945, the petitioner in effect had the right of 36 a ppeals by applications to every other judge in the state. One judge might set at naught the judgment of 36 other judges by releasing on habeas corpus a prisoner whom the other judges would not release. The petitioner still has 36 such appeals besides an appeal to the Court of Appeals. *** The result[ ] an d the ev ident pu rpose[ ] of t he Act[ ] of . . . 1945 13 The subsequent history of the right to appeal the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus was thoroughly discussed in our opinion in Gluckstern v. Sutton, 319 Md. 634, 574 A.2d 89 8 (1990). -22- [has] been to put an end to long-standing abuse of the writ and to preserve the writ for its historical objects as a bulwark of liberty. This has b een done by . . . giving a g eneral righ t of appeal, thus substituting authoritative statements of law for the action of 37 judges, of equal authority, not subject to review by any higher co urt. The right of appeal, given without prepayment of costs, is as f reely available to either party as the writ itself. Judge Charle s Mar kell, Review of Criminal Cases in Maryland by Habeas Corpus and by Appeal, 101 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1154, 1157, 1162-63 (1953) (footnotes omitted) (em phasis added). The General Assembly, then, in the history of habeas corpus petitions, proactively and clearly conferred the right of appeal to petitioners denied relief, whereas this Court had refused appellate rev iew beca use the petitio n in issue co uld have b een filed rep eatedly. This was not done in Section 8-507 when petitioners were given the opportun ity to repeatedly file their suit. We generally presume that the Leg islature acts w ith full knowledge of prior and existing law, legislation, and po licy, Collins v. Sta te, 383 Md. 684, 692-93, 861 A.2d 727, 732 (2004); Bingm an v. State, 285 M d. 59, 65, 40 0 A.2d 7 65, 768 (1 979); Bower s v. State, 283 Md. 1 15, 127, 389 A.2d 341, 348 (1978), and obviously could have provided an appellate remedy for the denial when a petition could be repeatedly filed. Fuller also asserts that he has the right to appeal the denial of his Section 8-507 petition because it is a final judgment, citing to In re Special Investigation No. 236, 295 Md. 573, 458 A.2d 75 (1983), and In re Special Investigation No. 231, 295 Md. 366, 455 A.2d 442 (1983), fo r the propo sition that if a m otion is the only matter pending before a court, that -23- court s ruling thereupon is a final judgment and therefore is immediately appealable. In In re Special Investigation No. 231, as part of an investigation pertaining to certain health care providers, the Attorney General had issued several subpoenas; four of the individuals issued sub poenas so ught to be re presented b y the same attorn ey. The State attempted to use the Code of Professional Responsibility to prevent their joint representation. 295 Md. at 367, 368, 455 A.2d at 442, 443. After the motion to disqualify the attorney was denied, w e stated that the denial wa s a final judg ment, and heard the m erits of the ap peal: We have con sistently held that a final judgment from which an appeal will lie is one which settles the rights of the parties or concludes the cause. In this case the proceeding consisted only of a motion to disqualify the attor ney in qu estion. Once the motion was denied there was nothing more to be done in this particular case. T here was nothing else before the court. There was nothing pending. Hence, we conclude that the order of the trial judge here settled the rights of the parties and terminated the cause. Thus, it was a final judg ment. Id. at 370, 455 A.2d at 444 (citations omitted). In the case sub judice, however, the denial of Fuller s petition did not settle Fuller s ability to seek commitment pursuant to Section 8-507 for substance abuse treatment. Under Section 8-507, a pe tition may be file d at any time th e defend ant volunta rily agrees to participate in treatment. Thus, petitions may be filed rep eatedly and the denial of a single petition does not preclude F uller from filing another. In In re Special Investigation No. 236, 295 Md. at 573, 458 A.2d at 75, the issue was whether the grant of a motion to obtain the return of financial records from a grand jury -24- constituted a final judg ment. Relying on our decision in In re Special Investigation No. 231, we noted that [o]nce that motion was granted there was nothing more to be done in this particular case because the documents would have been returned to the petitioner, and out of the grand jury s con trol. In re Special Investigation No. 236, 295 Md. at 575, 458 A.2d at 76 (emphasis added). The return of the final records to the petitioner, thus, settled the rights of the p arties an d termin ated the cause for go od. Id. In the case sub judice, again, the denial of Fuller s petition did not settle his rights under Section 8-507 for good because his ability to seek commitment under the statute was not terminated. Fuller also argues that the denial of his Section 8-507 petition is appealable under the collateral order doctrine exception to the final judgment rule. The collateral order doctrine treats as final and appealable a limited class of orders which do not terminate the litigation in the trial court. Jackson, 358 Md. at 266, 747 A.2d at 1202. To fall within the exception, the decision must conclusively determine the disputed question; resolve an important issue; be completely separate from the merits of the action; and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Id. at 266-67, 747 A.2d at 1203 (emphasis added ). The Court of Special Appeals determined that the collateral order doctrine was inapplicable in the present case, asserting: The collateral order doctrine is inapplicable to the case at bar because this Court no longer has jurisdiction to review the final judg ments of conviction to which the order at issue is allegedly collateral . Fuller, 169 Md. at 310, 900 A.2d a t 315. Moreover, after iterating the requirements of the collateral order doctrine, the court rema rked: Th e denial of a post-sente nce petition f or comm itment to A DAA is -25- simply not an issue that is completely separate from the merits of the action . Id. at 311, 900 A.2d at 31 6. In this we disagree; the statute creating the ability to petition for commitment for substance abuse treatment created a separate and independent cause of action from the merits of the conviction. Nevertheless, we do agree that the collateral order doctrine does not confer upon Fuller the ability to appeal because the disputed question was not conclusive ly determined, b ased upo n the fact tha t a Section 8-507 petition can repea tedly be filed at any oth er time the de fendant v oluntarily agrees to participate in treatmen t. Fuller s rights under Section 8-50 7 were not completely settled by the denial of his petition, and the collateral order doctrine is not applicable. For all of the aforementioned rea sons, we h old that an o rder denying a n inmate commitment to a drug treatment program pursuant to Section 8-507 of the Health-General Article is not appealable. JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRM ED WITH CO STS. -26-

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