DARRELL H. MOORE, ET AL. V. ROY E. STILLS, ET AL.
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DARRELL H. MOORE AND WANDA
JUNE MOORE, HIS WIFE; LYNDA L.
MCAFEE ; DAVID RAMSEY AND
LINDA L. RAMSEY, HIS WIFE
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APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NO . 2006-CA-000704-MR
HOPKINS CIRCUIT COURT NO. 02-CI-00857
ROY E. STILLS AND SHIRLEY STILLS,
HIS WIFE; CLEVELAND WINSTEAD ;
JAMES DEMENT; CURTIS DEMENT;
PAT VANDIVER ; EMMA LOU YATES;
MARGARET SUE JONES ; GEORGE
FLENER ; JERRY FLENER
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE ABRAMSON
REVERSING
In November 2002, the second generation descendants of I . E.
Winstead-Cleveland Winstead, James Dement, Curtis Dement, Pat Vandiver,
Emma Lou Yates, Margaret Sue Jones, George Flener, Jerry Flener, and Shirley
Stills, together with Shirley's husband Roy E. Stills ("Petitioners")-petitioned
the Hopkins Circuit Court to quiet their title to an area of wild, formerly stripmined land adjacent to and east of the 239-acre farm they had acquired
through their parents from their grandfather . Petitioners based their claim on
adverse possession . A Hopkins County ,jury found in Petitioners' favor, but the
Hopkins Circuit Court, by order entered February 28, 2006, granted a
judgment notwithstanding the verdict ("JNOV") to the owners of record.-Lynda
L. McAfee; David M. and Linda L. Ramsey, husband and wife ; and Darrel H .
and Wanda June Moore, also husband and wife ("Respondents") . Petitioners
appealed, and the Court of Appeals, by opinion rendered September 7, 2007,
reversed the trial court's JNOV and reinstated the jury's verdict. This Court
then granted Respondents' motion for discretionary review to consider whether
Petitioners' use of the disputed land for recreational purposes was sufficient to
establish their adverse possession of it, and in particular whether the
Recreational Use Statute, KRS 411 .190, precluded Petitioners' claim. We also
agreed to consider whether Petitioners had sufficiently defined and marked the
boundary of their claim for the purposes of adverse possession. Because we
agree with Respondents that Petitioners' recreational use was not adequate to
establish the adverse possession of another's land under either the common
law or KRS 411 .190(8) and that Petitioners failed to prove the "well-defined
boundary" element of their claim, we reverse the opinion of the Court of
Appeals and thereby reinstate the trial court's JNOV.
RELEVANT FACTS
Although the parties vigorously dispute their legal consequences, the
facts in this case are largely undisputed . The land at issue is situated about
three miles south of Madisonville and lies between what was and apparently
still is known as the 1 . E. Winstead Farm to the west, and what, until recently,
was known as the Walter J . Ruby Blue Valley Farm to the east. 1 1 . E . Winstead
acquired his roughly 239-acre farm in 1936, and until his death in 1972 he
farmed a portion of it; left some of it, including much of its eastern side, as
wooded spoil land; and operated a small coal mine . The farm passed by deed
and inheritance to the four children of I . E. Winstead's first marriage, and from
them by deed and inheritance to the present Petitioners .
The Blue Valley Farm comprises several tracts totaling approximately
354 acres . A small acreage is in cultivation, but most of the farm remains
unimproved, wooded spoil land. Respondents purchased the Blue Valley Farm
from Walter Ruby in 1999, and in the course of having their new property
surveyed, they discovered that between their farm and the Winstead Farm lay
five relatively small tracts, three owned by Bank One, the successor to the
Kentucky Bank and Trust Company of Madisonville, and two owned by the
Ruby Construction Company of Smyrna, Georgia (no relation to Walter Ruby) .
In 2001 Respondents acquired those intervening five tracts, totaling about
sixty-five acres, by quitclaim deeds.
In the meantime, Respondents and Petitioners had come into conflict
over the boundary between their two holdings. In late 1999 or early 2000,
Respondents had confronted a guest of Petitioners trespassing, they believed,
on the western portion of the Blue Valley Farm, and again in 1999 Petitioners
had sold timber from one or more of the intervening tracts to a lumber
One witness referred to it as the Blue Ridge Farm. "Blue Valley" however is the
name that occurs more often in the record.
company, Snow Enterprises, LLC . Respondents' objection to that sale led both
to Respondents' discovery and acquisition of the intervening tracts and to this
action by Petitioners to quiet title to the disputed area between the two farms.
The disputed area comprises approximately 125 acres, the sixty-five
intervening acres and another sixty acres from the westernmost tracts of the
Blue Valley Farm . Although Petitioners claim, and sought to prove at trial, that
they adversely possessed this entire 125-acre area, they unilaterally agreed to
limit the Blue Valley Farm land actually awarded to them to the approximately
twenty-five acres in line with the sixty-five acres of intervening tracts, making
their total award in the judgment which the Court of Appeals reinstated
approximately ninety acres.
While the actual eastern boundary of the Winstead Farm lies along the
western edge of the intervening tracts and along the eastern edge of their
easternmost cleared held, Petitioners offered testimony to the effect that their
family had long-at least since the 1960s-believed that the Winstead Farm
extended eastwardly to a meandering line beginning at a large boulder in the
south, about thirty yards north of the Blue Valley Road, and running roughly
northeast from there between two small lakes formed from strip mining pits to
the intersection of three trails and then along a spoil ridgeline to the bed of an
old coal mining rail spur at a point where there once stood a gum tree and
where one of the old concrete railroad right-of-way markers bears the remnants
of three barbwire fences . Petitioners introduced an aerial photograph of the
area on which some of these landmarks are visible, they introduced
photographs of the boulder, a video recording depicting the entire eastern line,
and testimony by a surveyor to the effect that he had been shown some of the
line and that landmarks such as those mentioned could be used to provide a
metes and bounds description of the line .
Petitioners also introduced evidence that the purported eastern boundary
line had been marked as such . Roy Stills, the husband of Shirley Stills, one of
I . E . Winstead's granddaughters, testified that early in his marriage to Shirley,
her father and grandfather had taken him hunting on the disputed tract and
had pointed out to him the purported boundary line described above. Later, in
about 1982, the surviving children and grandchildren of 1 . E . Winstead had
informally made Stills the overseer of the farm, and beginning then, he
testified, and continuing until about 2000, when the dispute arose with
Respondents, he had regularly marked and remarked that eastern boundary by
tying engineering tape to trees that grew along it and by posting "no
trespassing" signs on some of the same trees . Several other friends and
hunting acquaintances of AM, and other Winstead family members, also
testified that Stills had pointed out to them the boundary line and that they
had observed or even assisted in its flagging and posting.
In addition to his testimony concerning the location and marking of what
Petitioners claimed was the Winstead Farm's eastern boundary, Stills testified
that for as long as he had been connected with the Winstead family, from well
before 1982, he and other family members had regularly used the disputed
tract for hunting, fishing, hiking, and riding four-wheelers . He described the
construction of deer and turkey blinds, the occasional clearing of undergrowth
to facilitate shooting, and the expulsion of uninvited hunters from the property.
Again, several other witnesses confirmed that Petitioners, a few of them at least
and principally Stills and his guests, had regularly used the disputed land in
that manner.
On the basis of that testimony and the other evidence summarized
above, the jury found that Petitioners "held adverse possession of the real
estate in question." The trial court, however, as noted, granted Respondents'
motion for judgment notwithstanding the jury's verdict and by order entered
February 28, 2006, dismissed Petitioners' suit. The court explained that in its
judgment Petitioners had failed to prove with sufficient clarity that they had
marked any boundary lines except the purported eastern one . It also noted
that "[i]n any event, the mere marking of a boundary without reducing to
actual possession the land in question will not amount to an adverse holding ."
The Court of Appeals reversed. In its opinion, testimony by a couple of
witnesses who had been occasional hunting guests to the effect that they had
helped Stills flag and post the eastern boundary line and that the flagging had
continued on the farm's other boundary lines as well, was sufficient to satisfy
Petitioners' burden of proving that the disputed tract had well-defined north
and south boundaries, in addition to the much-discussed eastern boundary .
The trial court's concern that Petitioners had not reduced the disputed area to
actual possession was addressed in the Court of Appeals' opinion in terms of
KRS 411 .190(8), which, in pertinent part, provides that the use of land "solely
for recreational purposes," will not support a claim of adverse possession .
Noting that this subsection of KRS 411 .190 did not go into effect until July 15,
2002, well after Petitioners' claim had allegedly ripened., the Court of Appeals
ruled that it did not apply retroactively to Petitioners' claim . Otherwise, the
Court indicated that because Petitioners' use of the land was consistent with
its character, that use sufficed to establish that Petitioners had reduced the
disputed area to actual possession .
Respondents have now brought both of the trial court's concerns to this
Court . They insist that the boundary-marking testimony relied upon by the
Court of Appeals does not locate with sufficient definiteness the north and
south boundaries of the land Petitioners claim . They also insist, again relying
on KRS 411 .190, that the trial court was correct when it implied that
Petitioners' recreational use of the disputed property did not reduce it to actual
possession . Convinced that the trial court was indeed correct with respect to
Petitioners' recreational use of the property being insufficient to establish
actual possession, we begin our discussion with that issue . We will then more
briefly consider the boundary-line issue .
ANALYSIS
Adverse Possession Does Not Arise Unless The Claimant "Actually"
Possesses The Disputed Property.
I . Sporadic, Insubstantial Use of Property Did Not Amount To "Actual"
Possession at Common Law.
We review an order granting JNOV for clear error. "That is to say, we
must review all the evidence presented to the jury and must uphold the trial
court's decision if after all the evidence is construed most favorably to the
verdict winner, a finding in his favor would not be made by a reasonable
[person] ." Moore v. Environmental Construction Corporation, 147 S .W .3d 13, 16
(Ky. 2004) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) . For the reasons
discussed below, we agree with the trial court that the petitioners' evidence did
not permit a reasonable finding of adverse possession, and thus we must
uphold the trial court's JNOV.
The doctrine of adverse possession is an amalgam of statutory and
common law. Under KRS 413 .010, "an action for the recovery of real property
may be brought only within fifteen (15) years after the right to institute it first
accrued to the plaintiff, or to the person through whom he claims." This
statutory limitations period incorporates what the common law has long
deemed necessary for the right of recovery to accrue . Our predecessor Court
described the elements that would start the running of the limitations period as
follows :
To start the running of the statute of limitations, the
disseizor must have an actual possession; it must be
an open, notorious, and visible possession ; it must be
a selfish or exclusive possession, that is the disseizor
must hold possession for himself to the exclusion of
the true owner, and all others; it must be a hostile
possession, not only as against the true owner but as
against the world; it must be a definite possession,
that is its confines must be marked by an enclosure or
other plainly visible indications; the disseizor must fly
his flag, and indicate the lines of his dominion, the
extent of his possession must be evident; and it must
be a possession under a claim by the disseizor of
ownership in himself, so notorious as to amount to a
constructive notice of its adverseness . When all these
things coexist, the running of the statute starts . To
keep it running the disseizor must in this
commonwealth maintain that status in full vigor in all
its elements for every hour of every day for 15
years . . . .
Flinn v. Blakeman, 254 Ky . 416, 71 S .W.2d 961, 969 (1934) (citations omitted) .
In Young v. Pace, 145 Ky. 405, 406, 140 S.W . 555 (1911), another case
from early in the last century, our predecessor Court described the elements of
an adverse possessory holding this way:
In order to support a title by adverse holding, three
facts must be established: First, the possession must
have been continuous, actual, open, notorious and
peaceable for at least fifteen years; second, the exterior
boundary lines of the land so claimed must be well
defined, i.e ., either actually enclosed or so marked that
the land is susceptible of being identified by its
description; and third, the possession must have been
of such a character and extent as to exclude the idea
that the right to possession was in anyone else.
Id. at 406, 555. The third element is now usually subsumed by the
requirement that the possession be "actual."
More recently, we identified "five elements, all of which must be satisfied,
before adverse possession will bar record title: 1) possession must be hostile
and under a claim of right, 2) it must be actual, 3) it must be exclusive, 4) it
must be continuous, and 5) it must be open and notorious ." Appalachian
Regional Healthcare, Inc. v. Royal Crown Bottling Company, Inc., 824 S .W .2d
878, 880 (Ky . 1992) (citing Tartar v. Tucker, 280 S.W .2d 150, 152 (Ky. 1955)) .
These common law elements of adverse possession must all be maintained for
the statutory period of fifteen years, and it is the claimant's burden to prove
them by clear and convincing evidence. Commonwealth Department of Parks v.
Stephens, 407 S .W.2d 711 (Ky . 1966) ; Flinn v. Blakeman, supra.
As these citations indicate, our law has long provided that an adverse
possession will not arise unless the claimant has reduced his claim to an
"actual" possession, a possession, in other words, evidenced by such use and
occupation of the claimed property as to establish a clear dominion over it . It
is not enough, as our predecessor Court explained in Flinn, that one merely
stretch one's boundary to include property beyond one's deed . One may not,
while living on one's rightful property
"acquire title through such a stretching operation to
other property about which he might mark a line . A
disseizor to acquire title by adverse possession must
have possession of the property he hopes to acquire.
He is not in possession of it, if while he is living on
another tract, he simply mentally extends his claim
over it."
71 S .W.2d at 972 . Accordingly, it has long been held that "[t]he surveying and
marking of a boundary, the payment of taxes, and occasional entries for the
purpose of cutting timber are not sufficient to constitute adverse possession ."
Flinn, supra at 972 (citing Griffith Lumber Company v. Kirk, 228 Ky. 310, 14
S .W.2d 1075 (1929) (internal quotation marks omitted) . See also Fields v.
Wells, 224 Ky. 620, 622, 6 S.W .2d 1110, 1111 (1928) . ("[A)ppellees could not
by going beyond the boundaries of these surveys [their rightful holdings] and
marking another boundary, however well they may have marked it, obtain title
of the land to this marked line. A naked claim of ownership, however long
persisted in, is not sufficient .") Regardless of how well Petitioners may have
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flagged and posted the eastern. and other boundary lines of the disputed
property, therefore, that marking did not commence the running of the
limitations period unless and until it was accompanied by a use of the property
clearly indicative of Petitioners' intent to exert dominion over it to the exclusion
of the rightful owner.
Petitioners maintain that their long use of the disputed area for hunting
and fishing and other recreational purposes as well as their 1999 sale of timber
were sufficient acts of dominion to constitute "actual" possession for adverse
possession purposes . We disagree. Our law is replete with cases holding that
the removal of timber from wild lands is not sufficient to establish actual
possession of the land . See, e.g., Noland v. Wise, 259 S .W.2d 46 (Ky. 1953) ;
Marsee v. Colson, 307 Ky. 328, 210 S .W.2d 952 (1948) ; and Flinn, supra.
Similarly, our predecessor Court found such uses as the masting of hogs, the
ranging of cattle, the conducting of a sugar camp; the operation of a water mill;
the cutting of bushes and hay; the occasional sowing of grass, and the
intermittent holding of church services and meetings insufficient to establish
the actual possession of another's land . Flinn, supra at 972 (collecting cases) ;
Kentucky Women's Christian Temperance Union v. Thomas, 412 S.W .2d 869
(Ky. 1967) (cutting hay, digging pond, growing crop and similar activities
insufficient) ; Miller v. Cumberland Petroleum Co., 269 Ky. 525, 108 S .W.2d 514
(1937) (church's members hitching of horses, parking of automobiles and
picnics insufficient) . Many of our sister states are in accord as to the
insufficiency of incidental uses. Estate of Welliver v. Alberts, 663 N .E .2d 1094
(111 . App . 1996) (maintenance of hiking and motorcycle trails insufficient) ; Nome
2000 v. Fagerstrom, 799 P.2d 304 (Alaska 1990) (maintenance of trails) ; Hardt
v. Eskam, 352 N .W.2d 583 (Neb . 1984) (seasonal hunting and cattle grazing) ;
Pierz v. Gorski, 276 N .W.2d 352 (Wis. App. 1979)
.(establishing worm bed,
spraying for poison ivy, planting clover and trees) ; Rowland v. McLain, 70
S .E .2d 918, 920 (Ga . App . 1952) ("the roaming of cattle and hogs, the posting
of signs forbidding trespassing, driving away hunters from time to time") .
The Virginia courts, whose early exposition of the common law provided
the starting point for our own common law tradition, Ky. Const. § 233, have
long held that "wild and uncultivated land cannot be made the subject of
adverse possession while it remains completely in a state of nature ; a change in
its condition to some extent is essential ." Calhoun iv. Woods, 431 S-E-2d 285,
287 (Va . 1993) (citing Craig-tiles Iron Co. v. Wickline, 101 S .E. 225, 229
(1919)) . This rule is consistent with our own requirement that adverse
possession be evidenced by substantial activity on the land; sporadic uses,
such as those indicated above, do not suffice . Kentucky Women's Christian
Temperance Union v. Thomas, supra; Phillips v. Akers, 103 S .W.3d 705 (Ky.
App . 2002) . The rule is also consistent with the presumption that the sporadic
use of wild lands is permissive . Bradley v. City of Harrodsburg, 277 Ky. 254,
126 S-W .2d 141 (1939) .
Petitioners' use of the disputed property for hunting, fishing, and other
recreation and their one-time removal of timber are indistinguishable from
these other uses which have been held not to establish "actual" possession .
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Their use has in no way altered the condition of the property . It remains today
the wild, unimproved land it has long been . Indeed, with the possible
exception of unusual circumstances not present here, the mere recreational
use of property has as its aim the enjoyment of the land as it naturally is, and
thus by its nature, recreational use will be sporadic and insubstantial. Under
our law, such use has never sufficed to establish an adverse possession .
Petitioners point out that the acts necessary to reduce property to actual
possession will depend to some extent on the character of the property, its
physical nature, and the use to which it has been put. Appalachian Regional
Healthcare, Inc., 824 S .W.2d at 880 (citing Ely v. Puson, 297 Ky. 325, 180
S .W.2d 90 (1944)) ; Culton v. SimPson, 265 Ky. 343, 96 S .W.2d 856 (1936) . As
the discussion above makes clear, however, that does not mean that wild and
uncultivated lands may be reduced to actual possession by any use
still
whatsoever . The use must
be so substantial as to put the owner on notice
that his or her dominion over the land is being usurped. Recreational uses,
which do not alter the character of the land and so leave the owner's potential
uses undisturbed, do not suffice . Otherwise, if merely posting the land and
hiking or hunting on it were enough to establish adverse possession, the law
would in effect be putting the trespasser on the same footing with the rightful
owner of record . Craig-tiles Iron Co. v. Wickline, 101 S .E. 225, 229 (Va. 1919) .
("It is vain for him [the would-be adverse possessor] to say that he has had all
the possession of which the property was then susceptible; for that would lead
to a constructive possession, which is only attributable to the rightful owner .")
13
As the cases we have discussed demonstrate, that was not the law in Kentuc
even when settlement and development of the state's vast wild lands was a
principal public concern . Even less so is it the law now, when conservation of
wild lands has assumed an important place in our land-use strategy . Brian
Gardiner, "Squatters' Rights and Adverse Possession : A Search for Equitable
Application of Property Laws," 8 Ind. Int'1 8, Comp . L . Rev . 119 (1997) ; John G.
Sprankling, "An Environmental Critique of Adverse Possession," 79 Cornell L.
Rev . 816 (1994) . Mere recreational use, in sum, does not amount to "actual"
possession for adverse possession purposes, and therefore such use does not
set running the KRS 413 .010 limitations period.
II. KRS 411 .190(8) Codifies And Clarifies Judicial Precedent To The
Effect That Recreational Use Does Not Amount To "Actual" Possession .
This brings us to the Recreational Use Statute, KRS 411 .190 . While we
have noted that Petitioners' recreational use of the property in question would
not have sufficed as "actual" possession at common law, Respondents have
argued for the same conclusion under the clear dictates of KRS 41.1 .1_90(8) . We
agree that the Recreational Use Statute applies . Although the result in this
case is the same under either common law or KRS 411 .190(8), the Court of
Appeals erred in concluding the statute did not apply.
As noted above, in 2002 the General Assembly enacted House Bill 387,
which in pertinent part amended the Recreational Use Statute by adding the
following provision: "No action for the recovery of real property, including
establishment of prescriptive easement, right-of-way, or adverse possession,
may be brought by any person whose claim is based on use solely for
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recreational purposes ." KRS 41 1 .190(8) . The General Assembly defined
"recreational purpose" in KRS 411-190(1)(c) as follows :
(1) As used in this section:
(c) "Recreational purpose" includes, but is not
limited to, any of the following, or any combirlation
thereof. hunting, fishing, swimming, boating,
camping, picnicking, hiking, bicycling, horseback
riding, pleasure driving, nature study, water-skiing,
winter sports, and viewing or enjoying historical,
archaeological, scenic, or scientific sites ; and
Respondents maintain that this new provision precludes Petitioners' claim,
which they did not bring until November 1, 2002, about three-and-a-half
months after the new provision took effect. Petitioners counter, and the Court
of Appeals agreed, that KRS 411 .190(8) was not intended to apply retroactively
to claims, such as Petitioners', which arose prior to the effective date of the new
provision . We agree with Respondents, however, that KRS 411 .190(8) does
operate retroactively and thus should have been applied to Petitioners' claim .
As Petitioners and the Court of Appeals correctly observe, our Courts
indulge a strong presumption, embodied in KRS 446 .080, against the
retroactive application of substantive changes to the law. In pertinent part,
that statute provides that "[n]o statute shall be construed to be retroactive,
unless expressly so declared." KRS 446.080(3) . In Commonwealth Department
ofAgriculture v. Vinson, 30 S .W .3d 162 (Ky. 2000), we explained that under this
provision substantive amendments to the law, i.e., "[ammendments which
change and redefine the out-of-court rights, obligations and duties of persons
in their transactions with others . . . come within the rule that statutory
15
amendments cannot be applied retroactively to events which occurred prior to
the effective date of the amendment ." Id. a t 168. On. the other hand, however,
statutory amendments that do not affect substantive rights, amendments often
referred to as "remedial," "do not come within the rule prohibiting retroactive
application." Id . a t 169 (citing Peabody Coal Co. v. Gossett, 819 S.W .2d 33 (Ky .
1991)) .
Among the "remedial" enactments are statutory amendments that clarify
existing law or that codify judicial precedent . Because such amendments do
not impair rights a party possessed when he or she acted or give past conduct
or transactions new substantive legal consequences, they do not operate
retroactively and thus do not come within the rule against retroactive
legislation . Blake v. Carbone, 489 F.3d 88 (2nd Cir. 2007) ; National Mining
Association v. Department of Labor, 292 F.3d 849 (D .C . Cir . 2002) ; Western
Security Bank, N.A. v. Superior Court, 933 P.2d 507 (Cal. 1997) .
As discussed above, judicial precedent in the Commonwealth has long
provided that the mere incidental use of another's property will not give rise to
an adverse possession . Although we have no case law saying so expressly,
recreational use, such as that Petitioners have made of the disputed property
in this case, is an incidental use of land and it is indistinguishable from other
specific uses we have held to be incidental . Thus under preexisting common
law Petitioners' claim would have failed . KRS 411 .190(8) codifies a portion of
this preexisting law and clarifies it by addressing recreational use expressly,
but it does not alter the law in any substantive way. KRS 411 .190(8),
16
therefore, does not. implicate the rule against retroactive legislation, and the
Court of Appeals erred by failing to apply KRS 411 .190(8) to this case .
KRS 411 .190(8) applies, of course, only to adverse possession claims
brought "solely" on the basis of recreational use. Petitioners hope to escape its
application by noting that in addition to their recreational use of the property,
their claim is based on their 1999 timber sale . Even if the timber sale, as a
non-recreational use, lies outside the scope of the Recreational Use Statute, the
statute would. nonetheless apply to Petitioners' solely-recreational-use claim
prior to 1999 and thus would leave there with a claim that falls far short of the
requirement that the adverse possession continue for fifteen years . The timber
sale, in sum, does not save Petitioners' claim under KRS 411 .190(8) any more
than it would have done under the common law. The trial court's JNOV
correctly so held.
II. Petitioners Failed To Prove A Well-Defined And Marked Boundary For
The Entire Limitations Period.
Respondents also contend that the Court of Appeals erred by deeming
Petitioners' boundary-line proof sufficient . As noted above, proof, by clear and
convincing evidence, of a well-defined boundary is an essential element of an
adverse possession claim . The claimed land, our predecessor Court held nearly
a century ago, must be "either actually enclosed or so marked that the land is
susceptible of being identified by its description." Young v. Pace, 140 S .W. at
555 . Whether this standard retains its vitality in an age when global
positioning systems make precise boundary descriptions a relatively simple
matter is an interesting question. Jeffrey Evans Stake, "The Uneasy Case For
17
Adverse Possession," 89 Geo . L. J . 2419 (2001) . It is a question, best left to the
General Assembly, however, and in any event having decided on other grounds
that Petitioners' claim must be dismissed as a matter of law, we need not
address it here .
Even under the old standard, we agree with the trial court that
Petitioners' boundary-line proof was insufficient. As noted at the outset of our
analysis, we will uphold an order granting JNOV "if after all the evidence is
construed most favorably to the verdict winner, a finding in his favor would not
be made by a reasonable [person] ." Moore v. Environmental Construction
Corporation, 147 S-W.3d 13, 16 (Ky. 2004) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted) .
In this case, as the trial court noted in its order granting judgment. NOV,
Petitioners' proof was directed exclusively to establishing the location of their
purported eastern boundary line and the fact that that line had been
continuously marked and posted since about 1982 . The western boundary of
the disputed area, moreover, coincided with the eastern boundary of the
Winstead Farm, and that line, although not proven by Petitioners, was
introduced by Respondents . Petitioners have not referred us, however, to any
testimony purporting to locate the northern and southern boundaries of the
disputed area . They rely instead on a couple of their exhibits, which did
purport to show the northern and southern lines . During his testimony, Roy
Stills drew an outline of the disputed area on a large aerial photograph of the
two farms, including northern and southern boundaries . Petitioners also
18
introduced a smaller aerial photograph of
the
area on which the quitclaimed
intervening tracts were marked in conjunction with the rest of the disputed
area. That exhibit, too, indicated northern and southern boundaries . On both
exhibits the southern boundary appears to extend in a straight line from the
southeastern corner of the Winstead Farm to the large stone at the
southeastern corner of the disputed area. The exhibits thus render that
boundary susceptible to an identifying description . The northern boundaries
pictured on the two exhibits do not coincide, however . On the Stills exhibit,
the northern boundary appears to run in a straight line from the northeast
corner of the Winstead Farm to the gum tree/ right-of-way marker at the
northeast corner of the disputed area . On the other exhibit, however, the
northern boundary is shown as following the old rail bed a bit north of the
Stills line. Without clarifying testimony, therefore, and we have been referred
to none, these exhibits are ambiguous and do not permit an identifying
description of the northern boundary . Were Petitioners attempting to claim to
that boundary, the trial court's determination that their proof was insufficient
would clearly be correct .
As noted at the outset, however, this case is unusual in that Petitioners
have reduced the land they hope to be awarded to an area inside the area they
claim to have adversely possessed. Their tendered judgment includes a full
metes and bounds description of this smaller area, and it appears that the
northern boundary of that area is within both of the boundaries pictured on
the trial exhibits . In these circumstances it may be wondered whether an
19
accurate description of the outer boundary is necessary or whether instead
proof that the outer boundary was clearly marked for the entire limitations
period should suffice.
Even assuming that proof of marking would suffice, however, we are not
convinced that the trial court clearly erred when it ruled that Petitioners' proof
came up short . Although, as the Court of Appeals noted, a couple of Stills's
hunting acquaintances commented during their testimony that they had
during a few of the years in question helped Stills flag and post not only the
eastern boundary but "the entire farm," no rational juror could deem that scant
testimony clear and convincing evidence that the northern and southern
boundaries had been clearly marked for the entire limitations period. We have
not been referred to any other evidence tending to establish that the northern
and southern boundaries were continuously marked for fifteen years, and thus,
on this ground too, the trial court's JNOV was proper.
CONCLUSION
In sum, Kentucky law has long rejected adverse possession claims based
on the sporadic or insubstantial use of another's property. With KRS
411 .190(8), the General Assembly has codified a portion of that law by
expressly providing that adverse possession is not established by recreational
use alone. Because that statute clarifies existing law but does not alter it, its
application to this case was not barred by the rule against retroactive
legislation, and under the statute Petitioners' claim fails as a matter of law .
Their claim also fails as a matter of fact, inasmuch as they did not meet their
20
burden of proving that the entire boundary of their claim was clearly defined
and marked throughout the fifteen-year limitations period . For these reasons
the trial court did not err when it granted Respondents' motion for judgment
NOV., Accordingly, we reverse the September 7, 2007 Opinion of the Court of
Appeals and hereby reinstate the February 28, 2006 Judgment of the Hopkins
Circuit Court .
Minton, C .J . ; Cunningham, Noble, and Schroder, JJ ., concur. Scott, J .,
dissents by separate opinion in which Venters, J ., joins.
SCOTT, JUSTICE, DISSENTING OPINION : I must respectfully dissent, as
this is not a case ofjust giving "notice" via "recreational trespasses ." This is a
case about flagging the entire boundary line of the claimed property with
brightly-colored engineering flagging and "No Trespassing" signs which gave
notice to anyone near, or, or about the property that it was the "private
property" of the Appellees, who had continuously put up the flags and signs not that of Appellants - who claimed most of the "disputed property" under
quitclaim deeds their counsel drafted after the dispute began - and these deeds
purported to recognize that it was Appellants' Grantor, Walter Ruby, that had
adversely possessed the "disputed property."
I.
Background
This "Quiet Title" action was instituted by Appellees in the Hopkins
Circuit Court on November 1, 2002, after Appellants questioned Appellees'
ownership following Appellant's initial purchase of the adjoining "Ruby Farm"
in 1999 . The question of adverse possession was tried before a jury in October
21
of 2005, whereupon the jury entered a verdict finding that Appellees had
adversely possessed that portion of the "disputed property" for which they
requested their titled be quieted.2 3 However, months later, the trial court
2 Although Appellees' proof substantiated title by adverse possession to a larger
boundary (out to "the green line"), Appellees requested their title be quieted only to
that portion of the "disputed property" to which the Appellants' asserted title under
two quitclaim deeds from the Kentucky Bank and Trust Company and the Ruby
Construction Company (purporting to recognize that Walter Ruby, Appellants'
grantor, had adversely possessed it), plus a smaller adjacent portion to the north .
These quitclaim deeds from Kentucky Bank and Ruby Construction were prepared
by Appellants' counsel.
This lesser claim was consistent with Appellees' Affidavit of Adverse Possession filed
of record in the Hopkins County Court Clerk's office on June 11, 2002, and at trial,
which affidavit contained, as an attachment, an. engineering map plotting tracts IN
as acquired by Appellants under the aforementioned quitclaim deeds and also
including a small tract, VI, encompassed by extending the eastern line of tract V
northerly to an intersection point with the northern line of tract IV.
The Kentucky Bank quitclaim deed to Appellants, noted above, was executed in
January 2001 for "no consideration, but in order to acknowledge that Grantor
[,Kentucky Bank,] does not repudiate any of the claim of Grantees [, Appellants,]
that title to the hereinafter described property ripened in Walter J. Ruby prior to his
death on February 1, 2000, by virtue of his adverse possession of said property, the
Grantor by this instrument does hereby grant, alien and convey by way ofquitclaim
unto the Grantees . . . ." (Emphasis added) . The Kentucky Bank deed was filed of
record in the Hopkins County Court Clerk's office on January 29, 2001 .
The Ruby Construction quitclaim deed to Appellants, noted above, was executed in
April 2001 and also filed of record in the Hopkins County Court Clerk's office on
May 2, 2001 . It contained the same language : that it was for "no consideration, but
in order to acknowledge that Grantor does not repudiate the claim of Grantees [,
Appellants,] that title to the hereinafter described property ripened in Walter J.
Ruby prior to his death on February l, 2000 by virtue of his adverse possession of
said property, the Grantor by this instrument does hereby grant, alien and convey,
by way ofquitclaim unto the Grantees . . . ." (Emphasis added) .
Appellees' plat of the quitclaim tracts, along with the small tract VI, Appellees'
Exhibit 3, was prepared by Ronald Johnson 8s Associates, P.S .C ., consulting
engineers, and land surveyors on April 2, 2002 . Each of the five tracts (tracts I-V)
granted by quitclaim from Kentucky Bank and Ruby Construction are described in
22
the deed by survey descriptions, including the northern line of tract IV, which when
squared to a point of intersection with the eastern line of tract V, establishes the
complete northern and. eastern boundaries of tract VI, since each of these side lines
are straight lines coming from tracts 1V and V. To the extent the lesser boundary
that Appellants sought at trial falls within the greater boundary they proved they
had actually claimed ("open and notoriously") on the disputed tract, as shown by
the evidence . Its location may be established with certainty based upon the survey
description of the tracts contained in these deeds.
Moreover, to the extent any of the lines of the "lesser claimed boundary" on the
eastern side fell outside the boundaries of the larger "disputed area", such portions
would be outside of any area claimed by the Appellees in their complaint and would
be limited by the eastern line (the "green line"), and thus could not be owned or
later pursued by Appellees, pursuant to the doctrine of "splitting causes of action" .
See Capitol Holding Comp. v. Bailey , 873 S.W.2d 187, 193 (Ky. 1999) ("The rule
against splitting causes of action . . . is an equitable rule, limiting causes of action
arising out on a single `transaction' to a single procedure") .
As noted, Appellees' Affidavit of Adverse Possession with the attached plot of tracts
I-VI (Exhibits) was filed of record in the Hopkins County Court Clerk's office on
June 11, 2002. Suit followed November 1, 2002. Appellants initially purchased the
"Walter Ruby farm" from Walter J . Ruby, Jr. by deed dated October 21, 1999 and
lodged of record in the Hopkins County Court Clerk's office on October 21, 1999 in
Deed Book 583 at page 516. Their quitclaim deeds to the disputed property recognizing title by adverse possession in their Grantor (Ruby) - were dated
January and April 2001 .
3 The jury found for the Appellees under the following instructions :
Instruction I . You will find for petitioners if you are satisfied
from the evidence that Petitioners, either personally or
through their agent, Roy Stills, held adverse possession of
the real estate in question at the time of the end of
peaceable possession . Otherwise, you will find of the
Respondents.
Instruction II . The term "adverse possession" as used in
Instruction I above means that the Petitioners continuously
for a period of fifteen years or more prior to November 1999
or April 2000, whichever date the jury may believe that
peaceable possession ended, had been in actual, open,
notorious and adverse possession of the land in
controversy, claiming the land to a well-defined or wellmarked boundary sufficient to put the true owners of the
23
entered a Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (JNOV) in favor of Appellants .
The Court of Appeals then reversed in favor of Appellees and we granted
discretionary review .
IL
A.
Analysis
Standard of Review of a JNOV
"A motion for JNOV shall not be granted unless `there is a complete
absence of proof on a material issue or if no disputed issues of fact exist upon
which reasonable minds could differ ."' Bierman v. Klapheke, 967 S.W .2d 16,
18-19 (Ky. 1998) . "Upon review of the Order Granting JNOV, we must examine
the trial court's decision under the clearly erroneous standard . That is to say,
we must review all the evidence presented to the jury and must uphold the trial
court's decision if `after all the evidence is construed most favorably to the
verdict winner, afinding in his favor would not be made by a reasonable
[person/."' Moore v. Environmental Const.,_Corp ., 147 S.W.3d 13, 16 (Ky . 2004)
(emphasis added) (internal citations omitted) .
B.
The Elements of Adverse Possession
"The `open and notorious' element [of adverse possession] requires that
the possessor openly evince
OL
purpose to hold dominion over the property with
such hostility that will give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse
land, assuming each of them to be an owner of ordinary
prudence and diligence in looking after his estate, upon
notice that the Petitioners were claiming the land as a
matter of right and as their own. If the Petitioners[']
possession is under a mistaken belief that one's deed
includes land, it is adverse if the possessor (Petitioners)
does not concede that there may be a mistake and if they
show an intention to hold the land in all events.
24
claim." Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc . v. Royal Crown Bottling Co .,
Inc .., 824 S.W.2d.878, 880 (Ky. 1992) (citing Sweeten v . Sartin, 256 S.W .2d.
524, 526 (Ky. 1953)) . "To be `open and notorious' the possession must be
conspicuous and not secret, so that the legal title holder has notice of the
adverse use ." Id . (
Sweeten, 256 S .W.2d at 526) . Thus, "[i]t is the legal
owner's knowledge, either actual or imputable, of another's possession of lands
that affects the ownership ." Id. (citing Am.Jur.2d Adverse Possession, §71
(1986)) . Moreover, "the character of the property, its physical nature and the
use to which it has been put, determine the character of the acts necessary to
put the true owner on notice of the hostile claim ." Id.
Ely v . Fuson., 297,
Ky. 325, 180 S.W .2d 90 (1944)) .
And, in Le Moyne v. Litton, 159 Ky. 652, 167 S .W . 912 (1914), the
question was presented as to what "established a well-marked or a well-defined
boundary ." Id. at 913 . The tract in question involved a portion of land in
Whitley County which had been cleared and cultivated and upon which was
erected a house, with the remainder of the tract left as woodlands, "which the
Defendant ha[d] used in a general way as farmers ordinarily use such lands ."
Id . The respondent contended that "the proof for Defendant failed to establish
a well-marked or well-defined boundary ." Id. "It was shown by evidence that,
when the survey was made, all the corners called for in the certificate of the
Cordell survey were still standing and marked ; and that there were marked line
trees on all the lines except one, which [passed] through cleared ground." Id .
at 913-14 . Upholding the marking of the line by "marked trees, "4 the Court
noted that "[t]he purpose of marked lines is to give notice to the world that the
possession and claim of the occupant is co-extensive therewith. If the lines are
sufficiently marked, that purpose is served ." Id .
Also, in Le Moyne v. Neal, 168 Ky. 292, 1,81 S .W. 1119 (1916), our
predecessor Court noted :
When D. B . Neal gave the land to his son, the appellee, he went
upon it with him and showed to him the boundary of it and the
marked line which surrounded it, and appellee has claimed to be
the owner of it ever since, to the boundary showed him by his
father ; that the corner trees to the boundary of the land, with the
exception of one, which has been cut down and the stump of its
remains, were all marked in the ordinary way as corner trees are
marked to land boundaries; that the corner tree which has been
cut down, when standing, was marked in the same way; that all of
the lines surrounding the lands are marked upon the trees along
the lines sufficiently to enable one to follow the line around the
tract and to locate the boundary by the markings upon the trees,
by which the lines pass . All of the markings upon the trees appear
to be very old, and were there before Gilreath entered upon the
land, and was the same marked line to which D . B . Neal had
claimed for many years.
Id . at 1121 . Upon such evidence, the Court concluded:
It is apparent that the evidence going to uphold the contention that
the land is surrounded by a well-marked and well-defined
boundary is sufficient to take the case to the jury, and, there being
no evidence to the contrary, the verdict of the jury, if it found that
there was a well defined and marked boundary, was not contrary
to the evidence and was sufficient to support the verdict.
Id . For context, it is appropriate to note that the appellee in Neal also cut trees
on the property, as did Appellees here. Id. at 1120. It has also been said :
4 A "marked tree" is a tree which has been marked in some way, generally by a
slash or mark made by an axe or a hatchet. Once made, the mark remains and
grows with the tree even though its fresh color will disappear with time .
26
It is difficult to lay down a precise rule applicable to all
cases, as much must depend upon the nature and
situation of the property, and the uses to which it can
be applied . For example, in the case of a farm, if the
possession is open and notorious, comporting with the
ordinary management of farms, it is not necessary that
the whole farm be either improved or inclosed [sic], at
least where the unimproved part, as woodland, is
subservient to and connected with that which is
improved, and, for the same reason, the rule requiring
actual and visible occupancy will be more strictly
construed in an old and populous country, where land
is usually improved and inclosed [sic], than in a new
country recently settled, in which the land is only
partially improved .
Culton v. Simpson, 265 Ky. 343, 96 S . W.2d 856, 860 (1936) ("The size of this
property is not disproportionate to its use as a farm . It was not all cleared, and
perhaps not all inclosed [sic], but fifty years ago that was true of many farms in
Kentucky .") .
It was also noted in Gillis v . Curd , 117 F. 2d 705 (6th Cir . 1941), that :
According to the settled doctrine of the above statutes
as declared by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, when
applied to lands in a community where fences are not
customary, a person, by entering upon a part of a tract
or parcel of uninclosed [sic] land in the name of the
whole, may gain title to all of it by adverse possession .
When such person settles within a large body of wild,
uncultivated, unenclosed [sic], vacant land, his title by
adverse possession, and those claiming under him,
ripens to the following boundaries : (1) to buildings,
clearings or inclosed [sic] lands where maintained for
the statutory period, (2) to boundaries kept marked for
such period and in such way as to give to the owner of
the land . . . notice that it was a marked boundary and
that some person was claiming to be in hostile
possession of the land therein, (3) by putting to record
in the County Clerk's office of the County where the
land is located for the statutory period, a deed
describing its boundaries by natural or artificial
objects so that it can be run by a surveyor, although
27
the boundary described in the deed need not be
sufficient to constitute a well-marked boundary
without the deed .
Id. at 708 ; see also Feldman Lumber Company v. Meece, 2 006-CA-001812- MR,
2006-CA-001841-MR, 2007 WL 2332585 at *2 (Ky. App . 2007) ("For nearly 30
years, Defendants have marked the outside boundary with `No Hunting' signs
thereby giving open and notorious notice of their claim .") (reversed on other
grounds by Meece v. Feldman Lumber Company, 290 S .W .3d 631 (Ky. 2009)) .
Quite pointedly, the Court in Panter v. Miller, 698 S.W .2d 634, 636
(Tenn . Ct . App. 1985), observed that:
One does not ordinarily fence in inaccessible mountain
land to show ownership . It is ordinarily done by
marking or painting trees and putting up signs. This
is exactly what the defendant did. The land was not
susceptible to farming. About the only other thing the
defendant could have done to make his possessory
claim any clearer to the public at large would have been
to hire armed guards to shoot anyone who set foot on
the land.
(Emphasis added) . The Court in Beam v. Kerlee , 461 S .E.2d 911, 919 (N .C. Ct.
App . 1995), also explained:
When questioned about other people's use of the land,
defendant testified that he put up no trespassing signs
in 1991 and asked hunters he found on the property
to leave . Defendant said he had been running people
off the land long before he posted the property - "for
twenty plus years ." This evidence was sufficient to
support defendant's claim that his possession of the
land was exclusive and adverse as to all others .
C.
The Cases Relied Upon By the Majority
For a contrary opinion, the majority relies upon Noland v. Wise, 259
S .W.2d 46 (Ky. 1953), Marsee v. Colson , 307 Ky. 328, 210 S.W.2d 952 (1948),
28
Flinn v . Blakeman, 254 Ky. 416, 71 S .W.2d 961 (1934), Griffin Lumber
Company v . Kirk, 228 Ky. 310, 14 S.W.2d 1075 (1929), Fields v. Wells, 224 Ky.
620, 6 S .W.2d 1110 (1928), as well as Craig-Giles Iron Co . v . Wickline , 101
S.E . 225 (Va . 1919) . Flinn involved an attempt: to acquire a 2500-acre tract.
lying in Knox County by adverse possession . There, the court noted :
While there is no satisfactory evidence that Campbell
Smith had a well-marked boundary around this entire
2,500 acres, still he could not while living on the
"Reservation" acquire title through such a stretching
operation to other property about which he might
mark a line. A disseizor to acquire title by adverse
possession must have possession of the property he
hopes to acquire. He is not in possession of it, if while
he is living on another tract, he simply mentally
extends his claim over it . He must be there with his
flags flying and his possession openly and visibly
manifested .
71 S .W .2d at 972. Moreover, in Flinn , the Court acknowledged that "[a]dverse
possession cannot be sustained by proximity or intention. It can only rest on
physical acts, such as will give to the real owner of the land notice that some
other person is in possession of it." Id . (quoting Whitley County Land Co . v .
Powers' Heirs, 146 Ky. 801, 144 S. W. 2, 7 (1912)) . Thus, seasonal, or sporadic
acts, such as "the masting of hogs thereon, or the ranging of cattle, or the
conducting of a sugar camp, will not constitute such adverse possession within
the meaning of the law." Id. (g^uoting Courtney et al. v. Ashcraft et al. , 31
Ky .L.Rep. 1324, 105 S.W . 106 (1907)) . Of course, hogs only mast when the
"mast" (acorns, walnuts, beech nuts, etc .) is on the ground in the woods, i.e.,
fall. Cattle only "range" through the woods looking for water or grass that
29
grows in cleared areas . And, one only makes sugar from sugar maples in the
spring . Cane for "cane sugar" grows in cleared fields .
In Noland , the court noted that:
Neither appellees nor their predecessors in title
have ever occupied the land in controversy. It is
rough, mountainous land, with no clearings,
buildings, or enclosures, although there is some
evidence of an old fence along a part of one of the
boundary lines.
The only act of possession ever exercised by
appellees or their vendors was the occasional cutting
of timber.
259 S.W.2d at 48 . The Court further noted that: "[tlhis Court has consistently
held that the occasional cutting of timber and payment of taxes do not
constitute an adverse holding sufficient to acquire title by adverse possession,
even though such acts continued sporadically for the prescriptive period ." Id.
(emphasis added) . Marsee held only that "[e]ntries upon unenclosed land to
cut timber do not constitute an adverse holding, even though the acts continue
sporadically for the prescriptive period ." 210 S .W.2d at 953. Griffin Lumber
Co. noted that :
[T]he only acts of possession consisted of cutting some
timber, and the extent of it is not definitely described.
The land in question was a wooded boundary with no
one living upon it . A tract of probably 40 acres had
been cleared, but no one had lived there, and the proof
was wholly inadequate to establish adverse possession
of any particular land.
14 S .W .2d at 1076 . Fields held that, "[slo long as their acts denoting adverse
possession were confined to the boundaries of the surveys, title of which they
owned, their possession was likewise so confined." 6 S .W.2d at 1111 . Craig30
Giles Iron Co. had nothing to do with the flagging and marking of lines with "No
Trespassing" signs . 101 S .E . at 225 .
D.
The Evidence of the Marked. Lines
"Marked lines" made on a survey differ from the marking of the disputed
boundary in this case . Trees marked in the old surveys occurred only at the
end location of each call - the corner tree . Here, Mr. Stills testified:
My system was to put your flags within sight of each
other where you could stand at one flag and you could
see a flag in one direction, you could turn your back
and you could see a flag in the other direction . And I
say about every third or fourth tree, you put a posted
[No Trespassing] sign .
Quite pointedly, none of the cases relied upon by the majority involve the
use of the disputed property along with its marking around the boundaries
with bright engineering tape and "No Trespassing" signs, as well as the "putting
off" of the property those who came on without Appellees' permission . Clearly,
the continuous marking of the lines in this case totally differs from the
boundaries marked in the late-1800s through the early-1900s, where one
made a "slash" mark on trees with an axe around a survey or a boundary and
then never came back to make sure the marking remained fresh and visible.
Here, the brightly colored engineering tape flagging and "No Trespassing" signs
were continually redone as they would deteriorate (or were later torn down),
thus maintaining a visible line which continually indicated that Appellees were
there claiming, and exercising dominion - indeed, essentially flying their flag over, the disputed boundary .
Moreover, the majority concedes that the disputed property is "an area of
wild, formerly strip-mined land adjacent to and east of the 239-acre farm
[Appellees] acquired through their parents from their grandfather." Slip op. at
1 . Being spoil (strip-mined) land, you could not plow it with a team of mules!
Moreover, the topography was uneven as demonstrated by Stills' testimony that
the bank going down to the "Blue Lake - which lay within the perimeter of the
disputed tract - was steep . Numerous hills, rock piles, and ridges were
disclosed on the video played at trial.
The majority also acknowledges that Roy Stills, a Winstead family
member and manager of the family's Winstead farm, testified
that for as long as he had been connected with the
Winstead family, from well before 1982, he and other
family members had regularly used the disputed tract
for hunting, fishing, hiking, and riding four-wheelers .
He described the construction of deer and turkey
blinds, the occasional clearing of undergrowth to
facilitate shooting, and the expulsion of uninvited
hunters from the property. Again, several other
witnesses confirmed that petitioners, a few of them at
least and principally Stills and his guests, had
regularly used the disputed land in that manner.
Slip op. at 6 . In fact, Stills testified that he used the land year-round and that,
from time to time, the family even kept a boat on the "Blue Lake." Additionally,
Stills and his family "logged" one hundred thirty-four trees off of the disputed
property in 1999 . This was the same year Appellants (apparently unrelated to
Walter Ruby) bought their original interest in the adjoining "Ruby" farm. Their
later "quitclaim" deeds - purporting to recognize Ruby's title to the "disputed
property" by adverse possession - came two years into the dispute and years
after the statutory period had ran .
Evidence of the marking and defining of the boundary lines was
presented at trial via the testimony of Mr. Stills, Robert Chillcut, David
Humpres, Dennis Hart, Roy Eugene Stills, Dunham Box, Norris Slaton (an
adjoining owner), and Jerry Flener . The boundary lines were continuously
flagged with the bright engineering tape and "No Trespassing" signs during the
adverse possession period . As mentioned, the flags tied around the trees were
done with brightly-colored engineering tape . Mr. Stills noted that as the "flags .
. . would deteriorate, they would have to be replaced, but they were on there
from 1982 up until . . . late-1999 or early-2000 ." This was about the time of
the timbering (and Appellants' initial purchase) and "from then on they had
been disappearing ."5 Mr. Chillcut testified he saw the flags . Mr. Hart testified,
"[t]he boundary lines were marked continuously and we also re-flagged them as
needed ." He also helped put up the "No Trespassing" signs . As to where the
flagging and signs were posted, he testified they were placed "[oln all the
boundary lines . We didn't do just one side, we did the whole farm ." Roy
Eugene Stills testified, "[a]nd I had walked it over and helped him flag the
whole farm." Mr. Box also testified he helped put up signs and that they were
"[oln all the boundary lines . We didn't just do one side, we did the whole farm."
5 Roy Stills testified that the first controversy with Appellants - and thus, the end of
peaceful possession - was in April 2000, six months after the timber was cut.
Appellants, on the other hand, allege that the first controversy was a discussion
between Roy Still and one of Appellants in November 1999 after timber was cut on
the disputed tract. Appellants acquired their initial interest in the "Ruby Farm" in
1999 .
33
In addition, Frank Williams, a licensed surveyor, testified that Mr . Stills'
way of marking lines with flags and signs is a general way of signaling
boundary lines and not uncommon in the area . In fact, he stated that "I mark
my lines the same way." When asked if it was a well-defined boundary and
could you write a legal description from it, he testified, yes .
Thus, in this instance, it is inappropriate to dismiss Appellee's actions as
"mere recreational use," when, in fact, their use was open-it was posted and
flagged, and thus, notorious; it was continuous from 1982-no one testified
otherwise; it was exclusive-all persons found upon the property without
permission were "put off" the property. And given the signage and flagging, as
well as exclusive claim to, and use of, the disputed property, it was obviously
"hostile" . See Appalachian Regional Healthcare, 824 S .W.2d at 878 . Even by
the time of the timbering in October of 1999, the required fifteen-year time
period had elapsed .
In fact, that Appellees actually believed that their claim extended all the
way out to the eastern line was supported by the deed for the Winstead farm is
an inescapable conclusion . This was not a line established for the purposes of
adverse possession ; it was a line recognized by the family. Moreover, all the
evidence introduced is consistent with the recognition of this same eastern
boundary line by Appellees' predecessor in title, Walter Ruby. There is no
evidence in the record that Mr. Ruby ever objected to, or insisted upon, a
differing line from the 1960s all the way up to the time when Appellants bought
their initial interest in the "Ruby Farm" in October of 1999 (well after the
34
limitations period) and started trying to survey the boundary lines . The only
question remaining is the claim to a well-defined boundary .
E.
The Well-Defined Boundary
As aforementioned, in reviewing a JNOV, "we must review all the
evidence presented to the jury and must uphold the trial court's decision if
after all the evidence is construed most favorably to the verdict winner, a
finding in his favor would not be made by a reasonable [person] ." Moore , 147
S .W .3d 13, 16 (Ky. 2004) (emphasis added) (internal citation and punctuation
omitted) . In this regard, the majority concedes that the eastern dividing line of
the disputed tract ("the green line") between the Winstead heirs' farm and the
Ruby farm, as well as the western line, was established sufficiently by the
proof. They conclude, however, that proof of the much shorter "northern" and
"southern" boundary lines was insufficient, and with regard to the various
witnesses that testified otherwise, they assert "no rationale juror could deem
that scant testimony clear and convincing evidence that the northern and
southern boundaries have been clearly marked for the entire limitations
period ." Slip op. at 20 (emphasis added) .
In support of this statement, they also assert that "[w]e have not been
referred to any other evidence tending to establish that the northern and
southern boundaries were continuously marked for fifteen years, and thus, on
this ground too, the trial court's JNOV was proper." Id.
However, at trial, with a marker pen, Mr . Stills drew the boundary of the
"disputed property" on an overlay over an enlarged aerial photograph of the
35
area, which was then filed as Exhibit 1, 2. In regards to this line, as he was
drawing it, he testified:
This road right here is Pennyrile Parkway, this is the early bypass,
and here is Blue Valley Road coming up through here. Our
property line starts on the farm basically right here [southern end
of west line and beginning corner of south line[ . Blue Valley Road
comes around, and this [as he marks] is on the western boundary,
western side of the I . E. Winstead Farm. Blue Valley Road comes
right up through here, back up through herd:, round over through
here, there is a big boulder right in here about thirty [30] yards off
of Blue Valley Road [the ending corner of the south line, to which
he drew a straight line from the beginning corner, the southern
end of the western line] [,] and we have claimed this boulder [the
end corner of the south line]; pretty well there is a ridge comes all
the way down through down here, right down through here, comes
up between the two lakes here . . . starts right inside here, the
thirty [30] yards off the curve [indicating the boulders, the end call
of the southern line and the beginning call of the eastern line ("the
green line")] ; comes into a ridge right down through here, comes in
between these two lakes . . . .
. . . . I figure our property line [now drawing and discussing the
eastern line] [,] what we have always been told by ancestors, the
property line comes right up between those two lakes, comes up on
the ridge, right in through here . There is an old barbwire fence
line right in through here. You just follow that barbwire fence line,
comes down right down through here, here's the three-way
intersection right through here and up through here [three-way
trails intersection] . Barbwire fence line comes down through here
and we turn and our property line [continued east line] will cut
across and cut back over through here . . . [there's an] old ridge
over through here . . . there's a gas line right in here, PVC pipes
are here, there's an old railroad bed through here, go on this other
side of this railroad bed and there's a, there was an old gum tree
that had three big stumps growing out of it, [it was] considered the
property line [the northern end of the eastern side] . It's been
rotted out, you can see where it's at ; if you can't, the tree's not
there anymore . The old railroad bed has got concrete right-of-way
markers on it and we used a concrete right-of-way marker out
there that has got a lot of fence in it [where the gum tree stump
was] . The barbwire is all rotting off, but you can see the barbwire
comes out three different directions from this way, then that way,
coming that way [the northern line back to the north end of the
36
west line] . We were always told that I .E. Winstead, property was
right here [as he completes the north line], the Norris Slaton
property was right there [his northern neighbor], and [the] Walter
Ruby property was up through here .
Even Norris Slaton supported the northern corner of the eastern line at
the "gum tree stump" by the old concrete right-of-way marker. Interestingly
enough, Norris Slaton was the adjoining owner on the north side of the
disputed property. According to him, the deed for his farm referenced the gum
tree stump as an intersection between the Winstead farm, the Ruby farm, and
his property - the same one claimed to by Appellees and testified to by Mr.
Stills .
Mr . Stills was later asked by counsel, "[f]or purposes of your adverse
possession claim, what boundary line have you been adversely possessing to or
claiming as your own under a mistaken belief?" He again replied, "[a]cross the
boundary line that we've got marked on the map over there [referring to
plaintiff's exhibits 1 and 2] that our ancestors have shown what we own .
These lines enclose the "disputed property" on the enlarged aerial photo on all
sides (north, west, south, and east) .
Jerry Flener also testified and was asked, and answered, as follows:
Counsel:
Earlier, I had Roy draw what he calls a
boundary line pointed out by his ancestors, are you
familiar with that line?
Flener:
Yes I am.
Counsel:
Do you believe that line is in the place that
Roy drew?
Flener:
I firmly believe, after my dad and my
granddaddy told me that that is the line that the
37
property actually lays on . I have no other reason not
to believe that it didn't .
In reference to Appellees' evidence to a well-defined and marked
boundary, a portion of which I have recited, this Court said in Neal that:
All of the markings upon the trees appear to be very
old, and were there before Gilreath entered upon the
land, and was the same marked line to which D . B.
Neal had claimed for many years . It is apparent that
the evidence going to uphold the contention that the
land is surrounded by a well-marked and well-defined
boundary is sufficient to take the case to the jury, and,
there being no evidence to the contrary, the verdict of
the jury, if it found that there was a well defined and
marked boundary, was not contrary to the evidence
and was sufficient to support the verdict.
181 S .W. at 1121 . Thus, plainly, a claim to a well-defined and well-marked
line does not require a claim to a "survey" line; albeit, the descriptions
contained in Appellants' two quitclaim deeds for tracts I-V, did provide survey
descriptions by which the smaller boundary sought by Appellants and lying
within the larger disputed tract (to which the Appellees claimed in their
complaint and upon which they wanted and received a jury verdict) can be
surveyed on the ground. In fact, these survey description tracts were plotted
by engineers and introduced as Plantiffs'/ Appellees' exhibits 3 and 6 . This also
includes tract VI, which is formed by an extension of the northern line of tract
IV and the eastern side of tract V. 6
In reviewing a trial court's grant of a JNOV, "we must review all the
evidence presented to the jury [and can only] uphold the trial court's decision if
6 In fact, the judgment tendered by Appellees prior to the JNOV included a full
metes and bounds description of this area.
38
`after all the evidence is construed most favorably to the verdict winner, a
finding in his favor would not be made by a reasonable [person I ." First and
Farmer's Bank of Somerset v. Henderson, 763 S .W .2d 137 (Ky. App . 1983) .
Using this standard, this Court should not reverse the Court of Appeals .
Thus, I also dissent to the majority's conclusion that the jury verdict was
unsupported by evidence of a well-defined and well-marked boundary to which
the Appellees claimed .
F.
The Recreational Use Statute, KRS 411 .190(8)
KRS 411 .190(8) provides that, "[n]o action for the recovery of real
property, including establishment of prescriptive easement, right-of-way, or
adverse possession, may be brought by any person whose claim is based on
use solely for recreational purposes ." KRS 411 .190(2) establishes that "[t]he
purpose of this section is to encourage owners of land to make land and water
areas available to the public for recreational purposes by limiting their liability
toward persons entering thereon for such purposes ." "Recreational purposes"
is defined to include, but not limited to "any of the following, or any
combination thereof. hunting, fishing, swimming, boating, camping,
picnicking, hiking, bicycling, horseback riding, pleasure driving, nature study,
water-skiing, winter sports, and viewing or enjoying historical, archaeological,
scenic, or scientific sites[ .]" KRS § 411 .190(1)(c) .
Quite clearly, no evidence was introduced by Appellants tending to
establish, in any way, that the "disputed area" was ever set aside for any period
of time "to the public for recreational purposes ." KRS 411 .190(l) . Moreover,
39
the act of going upon and marking a boundary with brightly-colored
engineering flags and "No Trespassing" signs, as well as the act of evicting
trespassers therefrom, is not "recreational" activity, nor is timbering. See KRS
411 .190(1)(c) .
That aside, the majority asserts that KRS 411 .190(8), effective July 15,
2002 - five years after the adverse possession statute ran in this case -may
apply retroactively to Appellees' November 1, 2002 complaint for reasons that
"statutory amendments that do not affect substantive rights, amendments
often referred to as `remedial,' `do not come within. the rule prohibiting
retroactive application ." Slip op . at 15 (citin Commonwealth De
Agriculture v . Vinson, 30 S .W .3d 162, 169 (Ky. 2000) . To this assertion, I must
disagree .
Such a holding is simply hard to understand in view of this Court's
recent holding in Rodgers v. Commonwealth , 285 S .W.3d 740, 751 (Ky. 2009),
where this Court reiterated :
Substantive amendments are those "which change and redefine
the out-of-court rights, obligations and duties of persons in their
transactions with others ." Commonwealth of Kentucky
Department of Agriculture v. Vinson , 30 S .W.3d 162, 168 (Ky.
2000) . By contrast, procedural amendments - "[t]hose
amendments which apply to the in-court procedures and remedies
which are used in handling pending litigation" id . at 168-69 - are
to be retroactively applied (assuming no separation-of-powers
concerns) so that the proceedings "shall conform, so far as
practicable, to the laws in force at the time of such proceedings." . .
. This is consistent with our approach to substantive, procedural,
and remedial civil statutes under KRS 446 .080 . That statute
provides in part that "[tlhere shall be no difference in the
construction of civil, penal and criminal statutes" and that "[n]o
statute shall be construed to be retroactive, unless expressly so
declared ." Pursuant to these provisions, we have held, substantive
40
civil statutes are not to be applied retroactively unless the General
Assembly expressly declares otherwise, while procedural and
remedial statutes are to be so applied. Commonwealth of
Kentucky Department of Agriculture [(v. Vinson] , supra; Peabody
Coal Co . v . Gossett, 819 S.W .2d 33 (Ky. 1991) .
Moreover, in Rodgers , we also cited to University of Louisville v.
O'Bannon, 770 S .W .2d 215, 217 (Ky. 1989) for the proposition that,
"[w]hether a particular circumstance constitutes a cause of action [or
conversely a defense] . . . is a matter of substantive law." Rodgers, 285
S . W.3d at 751 .
Thus, given this Court's recent position on these matters, I cannot
accept that the
taking
away of a right of action to quiet one's title is
"procedural" or "remedial" and thus I must also dissent as to this issue .
III.
Conclusion
Therefore, for the reasons stated, I dissent.
Venters, J ., joins this dissent.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Thomas E. Turner
Turner &, Brantley
123 East Center Street
P. 0 . Box 1245
Madisonville, KY 42431
Ross Thomas Turner
6500 Glenridge Park Place, Suite 12
Louisville, KY 40222
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES :
Kevin Dane Shields
Dietz, Shields &, Freeburger
101 1 st Street
P. 0. Box 476
Henderson, KY 42420-0476
,$Uyr:eMr (~Vurf of ~ftrufurhv
2008-SC-0001-93-DG
DARRELL H . MOORE AND WANDA
JUNE MOORE, HIS WIFE; LYNDA L.
MCAFEE; DAVID RAMSEY AND
LINDA L. RAMSEY, HIS WIFE
APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NO . 2006-CA-000704-MR
HOPKINS CIRCUIT COURT NO . 02-CI-00857
ROY E . STILLS AND SHIRLEY STILLS,
HIS WIFE; CLEVELAND WINSTEAD ;
JAMES DEMENT; CURTIS DEMENT;
PAT VANDIVER ; EMMA LOU YATES;
MARGARET SUE JONES; GEORGE
FLENER; JERRY FLENER
APPELLEES
ORDER OF CORRECTION
On the Court's own motion, the Opinion of the Court rendered March 18,
2010, is hereby corrected by substituting page 21 of the opinion as attached
hereto, in lieu of page 21 of the opinion as originally rendered. Said correction
changes the word Quite to Quiet on line 20 of page 21, and does not affect the
holding .
ENTERED : April 7, 2010 .
CHIEF JUSTICE
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