COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY V. KENNETH MCBRIDE
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MODIFIED: APRIL 27, 2009
RENDERED : APRIL 23, 2009
TO BE PUBLISHED
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2005-SC-000539-DG
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COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
APPELLANT/ CROSS-APPELLEE
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NO . 2003-CA-001843-MR
MONTGOMERY CIRCUIT COURT NO. 01-CR-00069
V.
KENNETH McBRIDE
APPELLEE/ CROSS-APPELLANT
OPINION OF THE COURT BY SPECIAL JUSTICE MARK C. WHITLOW
REVERSING
This case involves the interpretation of the Kentucky Sexual Offender
Registration Act which was in effect in 2001 . The Kentucky General Assembly
subsequently has amended this Act, in part, to clarify some of the issues raised
in this case .
On November 12, 1999, Appellee, Kenneth McBride (hereinafter referred
to as "McBride"), was convicted in a Tennessee court of the felony offense of
sexual battery and was sentenced to two years in confinement. In late January
2001, McBride moved from Tennessee to Mount Sterling, Kentucky, and began
working at Fast Change Lube Oil. In March 2001, Sergeant David Charles, of
the Mount Sterling Police Department, learned that McBride was registered as
a sex offender in Tennessee and was now living in Mount Sterling and working
at a quick change lube company in town . It is undisputed that in March of
2001, McBride was not registered as a sex offender in Kentucky .
On May 11, 2001, McBride was indicted, pursuant to KRS 17 .510(7), for
failure to register as a sex offender in Kentucky on March 13, 2001 . McBride
did not register in Kentucky as a sex offender until May 7, 2001 . His case was
tried before a jury on August 20, 2003 . He was found guilty and sentenced to
four years' imprisonment .
McBride appealed his conviction to the Kentucky Court of Appeals, which
reversed the judgment of conviction by a vote of 2-1 . The majority held that
because McBride was not given notice of the duty to register as a sex offender
in Kentucky as required by due process and KRS 17.510(6), his conviction
could not stand . In addition, the Court of Appeals held that implicit in the
statute is a mens rea element requiring that McBride had to act knowingly.
The Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court erred in refusing to include
a culpable mental state provision in the jury instructions.
The Commonwealth moved for discretionary review which this Court
granted. A cross-motion for discretionary review also was granted. Having
reviewed the record and applicable law, this Court now reverses the decision of
the Kentucky Court of Appeals and reinstates the conviction of McBride .
The Commonwealth and McBride raise several issues regarding the facts
and law of this case. The basic disagreement between the parties is whether
KRS 17 .510(6) or KRS 17.150(7) applies to McBride's situation . The language
of each section of the statute as it existed in 2001 appears in a footnote to this
opinion.' The proper interpretation of this statute resolves most issues raised
by the parties.
The construction and application of statutes is a matter of law.
Therefore, this Court reviews statutes de novo without deference to the
interpretations adopted by lower courts . Wheeler 8v Clevenger Oil Company
Inc . v. Washburn, 127 S.W.3d 609, 612 (Ky. 2004) . A basic rule in statutory
interpretation is that the "plain meaning" of the statute controls. Executive
Branch Ethics Commission v. Stephens , 92 S .W.3d 69, 73 (Ky. 2002) . This
KRS 17 .5io(6) - "Any person who has been convicted in a court of another state . . . of a sex crime or
criminal offense against a victim who is a minor, or who has been committed as a sexually violent predator under the
laws of another state . . . shall be informed at the time of his or her relocation to Kentucky of the duty to register under
this section, and to comply with the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section, by the interstate compact officer
of the Department of Corrections or the Department of Juvenile Justice. The officer shall require the person to read
and sign any form that may be required by the cabinet, stating that the duty of the person to register under this
section has been explained. The officer shall order the person to complete the registration form, and the officer shall
facilitate the registration process. The officer shall then send the form, including any special conditions imposed by
the court or the Parole Board in the state of conviction to the Information Services Center, Kentucky State Police,
Frankfort, Kentucky 4o6oi, and to the appropriate local probation and parole office in the county of the registrant's
residence."
KRS 17.510(7) - "If a person is required to register under federal law or the laws of another state or territory,
or if the person has been convicted of an offense under the laws of another state or territory that would require
registration if committed in this Commonwealth, that person upon changing residence from the other state or
territory of the United States to the Commonwealth or upon entering the Commonwealth for employment, to carry on
a vocation, or as a student shall comply with the registration requirement of this section and the requirements of
subsection (4)(b) of this section and shall register with the appropriate local probation and parole office in the county
of employment, vocation, or schooling. As used in this section, "employment" or "carry on a vocation" includes
employment that is full-time or part-time for a period exceeding fourteen (14) days or for an aggregate period of time
exceeding thirty (3o) days during any calendar year, whether financially compensated, volunteered, or for the purpose
of government or educational benefit. . . ."
rule also seeks to interpret the statute in accordance with the legislative intent.
Commonwealth v. Plowman, 86 S.W .3d 47, 49 (Ky. 2002) .
McBride was charged under section (7) of KRS 17 .510. This statute
provided that "a person [who] is required to register under . . . the laws of
another state . . . upon changing residence from the other state . . . to the
Commonwealth . . . shall comply with the registration requirement, of this
section and the requirements of subsection (4) (b) of this section [. ]" In contrast,
KRS 17 .510(6) required the interstate compact officer of Kentucky's
Department of Corrections or Department of Juvenile Justice to inform a sex
offender "at the time of his . . . relocation to Kentucky of the duty to register
under this section, and to comply with the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of
this section. . . ."
The Court of Appeals summarized the difference between these two
sections by stating "[e]ssentially, section (6) puts the onus on Kentucky to give
notice of the duty to register in Kentucky and then to assist the individual in
registering, while section (7) puts the onus on the individual to register in
Kentucky ." McBride v. Commonwealth, 2005 WL 1367463 (Ky.App. 2005) .
The court resolved this alleged conflict by concluding that due process requires
that an individual receive notice of a duty to register as a sex offender in
Kentucky before he has a duty to so register in Kentucky . McBride received no
notice from the Commonwealth regarding his duty to register as a sex offender.
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Therefore, because the Commonwealth failed to inform McBride of his duty to
register, it was improper to convict him .
The Court of Appeals' majority relied, in part, upon the case of Lambert
v. People of State of California , 355 U .S. 225, 78 S .Ct. 240, 2 L.Ed.2d 228
(1957) . In that case, the Untied States Supreme Court determined whether a
municipal ordinance imposing a registration requirement on convicted felons
who remained in the city for more than five days violated due process . The
Court concluded that those charged under the ordinance must have actual
knowledge of the duty to register or proof of the probability of such knowledge
before they could be charged with failing to register under the ordinance. Id . at
229 . The Court of Appeals observed that the Supreme Court's decision turned
on three factors : (1) the conduct was passive; (2) the individual's status as a
convicted felon would not, in itself, put the individual on notice to inquire as to
the applicable law; and (3) the law was enacted solely for the convenience in
compiling a list which might be of some assistance to law enforcement
agencies.
The Court of Appeals' majority also found support in the case of State v.
Bryant, 163 N.C.App . 478, 594 S .Ed .2d 202 (2004) in which the North Carolina
Court of Appeals considered a factual situation nearly identical to the one in
the present case. Relying upon Lambert, the North Carolina Court of Appeals
struck down the North Carolina sex offender registration statute as
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unconstitutional as applied to sex offenders convicted in other states who
moved to North Carolina . The Court held that due process requires either
actual or constructive notice to the out-of-state offender moving to North
Carolina of the requirement to register before he can be convicted of failing to
register in North Carolina .
After the Court of Appeals issued its decision in this case, the Supreme
Court of North Carolina reversed the Bryant decision in the case of State of
North Carolina v. Bryan, 359 N.C . 554, 614 S .E .2d 479 (2005) . The North
Carolina Supreme Court, consistent with this Court's observations in H ay tt v .
Commonwealth , 72 S .W.3d 566 (Ky. 2002), emphasized the public safety
concerns implicit within the sex offender registration acts . Such laws are
widespread : "[b]y 1996 every state, the District of Columbia and the Federal
Government had enacted some variation of [a sex offender registration and
community notification program] . . . ." Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S . 84, 90, 123
S .Ct. 1140, 155 L.Ed .2d 164, 175 (2003) . Thus, convicted sex offenders had
been subject to registration throughout the fifty states for approximately six
years when, in 2001, defendant McBride and the defendant in the North
Carolina case were arrested for failing to register as a convicted sex offender in
their respective states.
Given the pervasive presence and age of sex offender registration
statutes, the North Carolina Supreme Court concluded that North Carolina's
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sex registration law was not affected by the Supreme Court case of Lambert,
supra. To be entitled to relief under the narrow Lambert exception, a
defendant must establish that his conduct was "wholly passive" such that
"circumstances which might move one to inquire as to the necessity of
registration are completely lacking" and that the defendant was ignorant of his
duty to register and there was no reasonable probability that the defendant
knew his conduct was illegal . Lambert, su ra., 355 U.S . at 228-29, 78 S .Ct. at
243-44, 2 L.Ed .2d at 231-32 .
Unlike the registration requirement in Lambert, the sex registration
statutes are directed at a narrow class of defendants, convicted sex offenders,
rather than all felons . These registration programs were specifically enacted as
public safety measures based upon legislative determinations that convicted
sex offenders pose an unacceptable risk to the general public once released
from incarceration. Significantly, a sex offender has actual notice of his lifelong
duty to register with the state of his conviction. Based upon these facts, the
North Carolina Supreme Court believed that a convicted sex offender's failure
to inquire into a state's registration obligations is neither entirely innocent nor
wholly passive. B ant, supra. , 614 S.E.2d at 488 . In upholding the North
Carolina sex registration act, the North Carolina Supreme Court stated as
follows:
it would be nonsensical to allow sex offenders to
escape their duty to register by moving to a state that
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has not provided them with actual notice of their duty
to register, and then claim ignorance of the law .
Id . at 488.
KRS 17.510(6) and (7) can be interpreted in a manner which makes both
effective and complementary. As the dissenting opinion of Judge Johnson
notes, an interstate compact officer who is to inform a sex offender to register
must have knowledge that the sex offender has entered the Commonwealth
under subsection (6) . Once the officer has notice of the presence of the sex
offender, he is required to inform the sex offender of an obligation to sign forms
and then send the appropriate documents to specific offices . This Court agrees
with Judge Johnson's belief that
the legislative intent of subsection (6) is to require the
responsible Kentucky officials to follow certain
procedures to ensure that the registration of sex
offenders is timely and effectively completed.
Subsection (6) was not enacted to give a right of notice
to a sex offender, but for the sole purpose of
facilitating the effective administration of the statute .
This interpretation comports with the overall purpose
of the statute to protect citizens of Kentucky from sex
offenders .
McBride v. Commonwealth, supra. , Johnson, dissenting.
This Court concludes that McBride was properly convicted under KRS
17 .510(7) . McBride argues that there was no proof that his alleged Tennessee
sex crime begetting registrant status was similar to a qualifying felony offense
under Kentucky law. It is true that KRS 17.510(7) applies in such a situation,
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but it is also true that the statute applies "if a person is required to register
under federal law or the laws of another state or territory . . . ." KRS 17.510(7) .
At trial, the Commonwealth called officer Rudd Kerr of the Kentucky State
Police (hereinafter referred to as "KSP"), who was in charge of the KSP sex
offender unit which manages the sex offender registry . Officer Kerr testified
that, according to his records, McBride was registered as a sex offender in
Tennessee in March of 2001 . Additionally, McBride's girlfriend in March of
2001, Darnella Bradley, testified that at one point after McBride moved in with
her in January 2001, she opened up McBride's address book and saw
McBride's Tennessee sex offender registration identification card . The above
evidence was sufficient proof that McBride was required to register as a sex
offender in Tennessee and, therefore, was subject to the plain meaning of KRS
17.510(7) .
McBride next claims that he was not given notice of the duty to register
as required by KRS 17 .510(6) . This is true but irrelevant. This Court has
concluded that McBride had an absolute duty to register as a sex offender once
he became a resident of Kentucky as required by KRS 17.510(7) . The statute
which was the basis of McBride's conviction, KRS 17.510(7), does not require
that the Commonwealth provide him notice of his duty to register .
Likewise, KRS 17.510(7) does not require a mens rea element specifically
requiring that the jury find that McBride "knowingly" failed to register as a sex
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offender in Kentucky .. Failing to register as a sex offender under KRS 17.510(7)
is an absolute liability crime . KRS 501 .030 provides that a person is not guilty
of a criminal offense unless he voluntarily engaged in the conduct, and that he
engaged in such conduct intentionally, knowingly, wantonly or recklessly as
the law may require . However, a person may be guilty of an offense without
having a culpable state-of mind when "[t]he offense is defined by a statute other
than this Penal Code and the statute clearly indicates a legislative purpose to
impose absolute liability for the conduct described." KRS 501 .050(2) .
KRS 17 .510 does not just set forth one felony offense. Under KRS
17.510(11), it is a Class D felony for "[a]ny person required to register under
this section" to violate any provisions of this section . Under KRS 17 .510(12), it
is a Class D felony for any person required to register to "knowingly" provide
false, misleading or incomplete information . There would be no reason for a
knowing mens rea to be stated in KRS 17.510(12) if there was not absolute
liability under KRS 17 .510 (11) . As the Kentucky Court of Appeals has noted,
[w]here particular language is used in one section of a
statute, but omitted in another section of the same
statute, it is presumed that the legislature acted
intentionally and purposefully in the disparate
inclusion or exclusion .
Liquor Outlet, LLC v. Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, 141 S .W.3d 378, 385
(KY-App. 2004), citing Palmer v. Commonwealth, 3 S .W .3d 763 (Ky.App . 1999) .
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The legislature's use of the culpable mental state "knowingly" in KRS
17 .510(12) underscores the legislature's intent that there is absolute liability
under KRS 17 .150(11), a subsection without any reference to mens rea.
McBride claims that KRS 17.510(7) is unconstitutionally vague because
it does not define "residence ." Under the void-for-vagueness doctrine, a statute
is not unconstitutionally vague if it contains sufficient definiteness such that
ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited . Kolender v.
Lawson, 461 U .S . 352, 357, 103 S .Ct. 1855, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983) .
Additionally, the doctrine requires that the statute be worded so as to not
encourage arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement. Id. Every term in a statute
need not be defined, and terms that are not defined are to be accorded their
common, everyday meaning . United States v. Haun , 90 F .3d 1096 (6th Cir.
1996), cert. denied , 519 U .S . 1059, 117 S .Ct. 691, 136 L.Ed.2d 614 (1997)
(holding that the term "proceeds" was not unconstitutionally vague in money
laundering statute) . "Residence" is defined as "the act or fact of dwelling in a
place for some time." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 993 (10th Ed .
2001) . The language of KRS 17 .510(7) was sufficiently definite to put McBride
on notice that if he failed to register as a sex offender when he changed his
place of dwelling from Tennessee, where he was registered as a sex offender, to
Kentucky, he would be guilty of the offense therein.
McBride characterizes the testimony of Officer Kerr and an exhibit from
the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation as inadmissible hearsay . Officer Kerr
testified, in part, that (1) McBride was required to register in Kentucky because
according to a form that Kerr received by fax from the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation, McBride had been registered as a sex offender in Tennessee; (2)
the form bore what was purportedly McBride's signature and a date of
February 2, 2000; and (3) the form stated that McBride was obligated to notify
the Tennessee Bureau of Corrections of any information or changes lasting
more than ten days or be subject to penalties under law.
This claim of error was not preserved by contemporaneous objection .
RCr 9 .22. Rather, the objection came more than an hour and a half after the
witness had been released. The objection came not only after the Court had
released the witness but also after the Commonwealth had closed its case.
Further review is not warranted . West v. Commonwealth, 780 S.W .2d 600 (Ky.
1989) . Even if such testimony and exhibit constituted hearsay, it was
harmless error to admit them because other admissible evidence in the case
clearly demonstrated that McBride was a registered sex offender in Tennessee.
His former girlfriend, Darnella Bradley, had testified that she was aware that
McBride was a registered sex offender and that McBride had a Tennessee
registered sex offender identification card. Detective Sergeant Charles, without
objection, also testified that McBride was a registered sex offender in
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Tennessee. The admission of Officer Kerr's testimony and the exhibit from the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation were cumulative and therefore harmless
error. The admission of such evidence did not have a reasonable possibility of
contributing to the conviction . Anderson v. Commonwealth, 231 S .W.3d 117,
122 (Ky. 2007) .
McBride claims error in the admission of the testimony of Gerald Ledford
who testified from Fast Change Lube records that McBride was an employee of
that company in February and March 2001 . Mr. Ledford was not employed at
the business when McBride worked there, but Ledford testified from the
business records of the facility. The error of admitting such testimony was
harmless and not reversible under RCr 9 .24. Mr. Ledford's statements were
confirmed by Sergeant Charles with the Mount Sterling Police Department who
stated without objection that McBride was employed at the quick change lube
in that community. McBride's former girlfriend also testified without objection
that he had a job at the quick change on the bypass and had been living with
her for some time. The fact that McBride worked at the quick lube was well
established. The admission of Gerald Ledford's cumulative testimony was
harmless error.
Finally, McBride argues that the judgment against him must be vacated
for want of jurisdiction . He was indicted as a felon under the 2000 version of
the Sex Offender Registration Act. In Peterson v. Shake, 120 S.W .3d 707 (Ky.
13
2003), it was held that KRS 17 .5 10(11), as amended in 2000, is inapplicable to
anyone who had acquired the status of registrant before its effective date of
April 11, 2000. The court further held that those violating registrant
requirements after April 11, 2000, but who had acquired registrant status
before that date, can only be prosecuted for a Class A misdemeanor. The
Circuit Court would have no jurisdiction unless such a charge is joined with a
felony.
Although McBride was convicted in Tennessee in 1999, he would not
have acquired registrant status under KRS 17.510 until he changed his
residency from Tennessee to Kentucky . McBride moved to Kentucky in
January 2001, nine months after the effective date of the amended KRS
17.510(11) . Therefore, McBride was properly charged and convicted under the
amended statute, as that is the version applicable at the time he should have
registered in Kentucky .
For the foregoing reasons, the opinion of the Court of Appeals is
REVERSED and the jury verdict rendered in the Montgomery Circuit Court is
REINSTATED .
Minton, CJ. ; Scott and Venters, JJ., concur. Noble, J . concurs in part
and dissents in part by separate opinion in which Abramson, J . and Special
Justice Jeffrey C. Mando, joins. Cunningham and Schroder, JJ., not sitting.
14
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY V. KENNETH MCBRIDE, 2005-SC000539-DG and 2005-SC-000930-DG :
JUSTICE NOBLE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:
I agree with the majority that Appellee McBride had a duty to at least
instigate an inquiry about proper registration procedures in Kentucky . Before
he can effectively take all the steps required by the registration statute, KRS
17 .510, officials must first know that the convicted sex offender has moved to
Kentucky . And while the interstate compact may end up sending that
information to Kentucky, this fact is certainly known by the convicted offender,
whereas officials have little or no ability to ascertain it independently. Add to
that the fact that Appellee had a sex offender identification card from another
state which indicated his knowledge of a registration requirement, and it is
apparent that the offender should, and does, have the burden of going forward
with notice to the state where he has relocated. In fact, the statute now
specifically requires it, though it was a reasonable burden before the latest
amendment.
Where I depart from the majority is with its view that Appellee is subject
to a felony charge for his failure to notify proper authorities of his relocation to
Kentucky . Under the current version of the statute, and the one in place in
1998, convicted sex offenders are required to register with the appropriate
15
authorities after their release from confinement. (Within ten days in 1998; five
days after 2000) . Thereafter, if their residence address changes, they must
register where they then reside. In 1998, the failure to register was a Class A
misdemeanor offense. Since April 11, 2000, it has been a Class D felony
offense .
In 2003, this Court held in Peterson v. Shake, 120 S.W .3d 707 (Ky. 2003)
that where an offender was released from prison and registered as a sex
offender before the 2000 version of KRS 17 .510 became effective, the offender
was subject to the earlier version of the statute which set the penalty for a
violation of the statute as a Class A misdemeanor . Peterson had registered as
a sex offender in 1999, on his release from custody. However, in 2001,
Peterson relocated without notifying authorities of his new address. He was
charged with failure to register, as a Class D felony, which was the penalty in
the version of the statute then in effect. He sought a writ of prohibition to
prevent the circuit court from proceeding with a felony trial against him,
claiming that he had already registered prior to enactment of this penalty, and
that while he had violated the statute by failing to re-register when he moved,
he could only be charged with a misdemeanor, the penalty in effect when he
was released from custody and initially registered . This Court agreed with him,
and issued the writ declaring that the circuit court had no jurisdiction to
proceed against Peterson absent a felony charge to which the failure to register
1.6
could be pendent .
In its reasoning, this Court pointed out that Peterson could not "become"
a registrant, because he already was one, and that the plain language of the
2000 amendment made it clear that it was intended to apply to new
registrants, not those who had already been registered . The fact that Peterson
was a violator under the present version of the statute did not mean that the
penalty could be changed because he had secured his release before the
current version of the statute was enacted . To further clarify, I would say that
the primary question is whether one already is a registrant versus if one is just
re-registering in a new place .
The 1998 version of the statute, which applies to Appellee as it applied to
Peterson, carried a Class A misdemeanor penalty, and required a person
moving to this state to register if the person was "required to register as a sex
offender under . . . the laws of another state . . . ." The prefatory language,
"required to register as a sex offender under . . . the laws of another state,"
proves the obvious : that Appellee was already a registrant . The only difference
between him and Peterson is that Peterson first registered in Kentucky, while
Appellee first registered in Tennessee . As the record makes equally obvious, it
is not difficult to determine the date when Appellee was released from
confinement and registered in Tennessee. There is nothing in the statute that
requires a registrant from another state to be treated differently than a
17
registrant from Kentucky, nor could such be supportable under federal
constitutional principles.
Abramson, J., and Special Justice Jeffrey C. Mando, join .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT/ CROSS-APPELLEE :
JACK CONWAY
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF KENTUCKY
HONORABLE GREGORY C. FUCHS
OFFICE OF ATTORNEY GENERAL
CRIMINAL APPELLATE DIVISION
1024 CAPITAL CENTER DRIVE
FRANKFORT, KY. 40601-8204
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE/ CROSS-APPELLANT :
HONORABLE IRVIN J. HALBLEIB, JR.
P.O . BOX 16175
LOUISVILLE, KY. 40256
,,Suyr=:e (9vurf of
vufurkV
2005-SC-000539-DG
2005-SC-000930-DG
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
V.
APPELLANT/CROSS-APPELLEE
ON REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS
CASE NO. 2003-CA-001843-MR
MONTGOMERY CIRCUIT COURT NO. 01-CR-00069
KENNETH McBRIDE
APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT
ORDER
The Opinion of the Court rendered April 23, 2009, is corrected on its face
by substitution of the attached pages 1 and 18 in lieu of pages 1 and 18 of the
original opinion . Said correction does not affect the holding of the original
Opinion of the Court.
ENTERED: April 27, 2009
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