FEI INSTALLATION, INC. V. RICHARD WILLIAMS, ET AL.
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RENDERED : February 22, 2007
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2006-SC-0261-WC
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FEI INSTALLATION, INC.
V
0-IF
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM COURT OF APPEALS
2005-CA-000653-WC
WORKERS' COMPENSATION NO. 03-2017
RICHARD WILLIAMS ;
HONORABLE R . SCOTT BORDERS,
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE; AND
WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD
APPELLEES
OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
An Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) determined that the claimant was not entitled
to temporary total disability (TTD) benefits until the date of the surgery following his
injury, that he did not sustain a permanent partial disability, and that he was not entitled
to future medical benefits . Although the Workers' Compensation Board affirmed in all
respects, the Court of Appeals reversed and remanded regarding TTD and medical
benefits . Appealing, the employer asserts that the finding regarding TTD should not
have been disturbed because there was substantial evidence that the claimant was
able to perform his customary work until the surgery . The employer also asserts that
the claimant was not entitled to future medical benefits under KRS 342 .020(1) because
the injury did not result in a permanent partial disability.
The claimant was a trained millwright. He began working for the defendantemployer in June, 2003, installing overhead conveyors during a shutdown at the Ford
plant. He testified that he had worked as both a general foreman and foreman . As a
general foreman he would read blueprints, assign workers into crews, and do the
installation . He would tell the foremen what to do and assure that supplies and
materials were available to keep the work progressing . He stated that he worked as a
general foreman "when they got in a bind" and "couldn't handle all the different spots."
After most of the job had been completed, they worked only on weekends and he
became a foreman . He explained at the hearing that the conveyors had been installed
at that point and they were correcting things that were not up to Ford's specifications .
As the "working foreman" of a small crew, he directed the other members but would
also change out bolts; lift and carry on his shoulder angles that weighed up to 120
pounds ; and use his hands to push and pull, grasp and grip, climb, perform various
over-the-shoulder activities, and bring supplies to the crew. He acknowledged that the
employer did not require foremen to wear a tool belt but stated that they were required
to wear a safety harness.
On August 24, 2003, the claimant was using a ratchet to remove a bolt when he
lost his footing and fell, striking his right elbow on a steel beam . He stated that he
experienced immediate numbness on his entire right side and severe pain in both his
right elbow and the outer three fingers of his right hand. The injury was reported to the
superintendent, Scott Brown, and the claimant was taken to Prompt Care . After being
x-rayed, he was referred to Dr. Kilambi, an orthopedist .
The claimant testified that he saw Dr. Kilambi a few days after the injury . For five
or six weeks, Dr. Kilambi prescribed physical therapy and placed the arm in a sling .
After electrodiagnostic testing to investigate persistent numbness in the outer three
fingers of the right hand, he recommended surgery . On November 17, 2003, he
performed a submuscular ulnar nerve transposition, which was followed by additional
physical therapy. Feeling returned to the claimant's fingers after the surgery. Although
the soreness in his elbow decreased, it remained tender.
The claimant testified that from the injury until the surgery Dr. Kilambi restricted
him to light-duty work that required minimal use of his right hand. He notified the
employer of his restrictions and tried several times to get light-duty work . He stated that
he had waited until the Friday before Labor Day for a call and then went camping. He
also testified that he took a form to Mr. Brown after each doctor visit and was told that
he could not work because he was on medication. Brown eventually advised him to
collect unemployment benefits and stated that he was laid off . He applied for the
benefits, but his claim was denied.
At the hearing, the claimant submitted a return to work assessment from Dr.
Kilambi dated October 16, 2003 . It was the only pre-surgical release in evidence and
indicated that he was able to perform light duty but restricted primarily to left-handed
work. The record indicates that he primarily uses his right hand .
Mr. Brown became superintendent of the Ford project shortly before the claimant
was injured . He testified that the claimant worked as the foreman of a four or five-man
crew, under the direction of a general foreman . He stated that millwrights work
primarily when a plant is not operating and that their hours vary . During the period
between the injury and surgery (i.e., August 24 to November 17, 2003), they worked on
weekends only. No work was available during November. Brown asserted that the
claimant's absences from work through the end of October were not due to the injury or
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the unavailability of work within his restrictions. He explained that he never knew
whether he would need zero or 50 workers for a particular weekend until late afternoon
on the preceding Thursday . He stated that he had work for the claimant on three or
four weekends after the injury . Before Labor Day weekend, the general foreman had
left a message with the claimant's wife. On another occasion, the claimant said that he
would work but didn't report. Brown acknowledged that he advised the claimant to
apply for unemployment benefits while awaiting workers' compensation benefits and
stated that he didn't know the significance of the two types of claims. He explained that
he needed only a few workers at the time and could not be certain that the claimant
would report if called . Brown stated that the foreman of four to six workers spent most
of the time planning and that the job wasn't physical unless the foreman chose to help
the crew. They were not required to wear a tool belt or use tools. He acknowledged,
however that all of the foremen "would jump in and help out with their men ." He stated
that the doctor's note limited the claimant to light duty and that his job as a foreman was
light duty.
It is undisputed that the employer paid TTD benefits voluntarily from the
date of the surgery until March 1, 2004, when the claimant was released to return to
regular-duty work. By that time, the contract with Ford had ended . The claimant
testified that he attempted to work setting up commercial tents but that it aggravated his
elbow pain. He continued to have shoulder and elbow pain that was helped "quite a bit"
by taking Vioxx, and had been unable to find other work. He stated that he would take
work as a millwright "in a heartbeat" if it became available .
It was the claimant's burden to prove that he was entitled to TTD from the date of
his injury until the surgery. KRS 342.285 provides that an ALJ's decision is "conclusive
and binding as to all questions of fact" and that the Board "shall not substitute its
judgment for that of the [ALJ] as to the weight of evidence on questions of fact."
KRS 342 .290 limits the scope of review by the Court of Appeals to that of the Board
and also to errors of law arising before the Board. Thus, the court explained in
Paramount Foods. Inc. v. Burkhardt, 695 S .W.2d 418 (Ky. 1985), and Caudill v.
Maloney's Discount Stores, 560 S.W.2d 15, 16 (Ky. 1977), that an ALJ has the sole
discretion to determine the quality, character, and substance of evidence and that an
ALJ may reject any testimony and believe or disbelieve various parts of the evidence,
regardless of whether it comes from the same witness or the same adversary party's
total proof. Special Fund v. Francis , 708 S .W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986), further explained
that where the party with the burden of proof is not successful before the ALJ, the issue
on appeal is whether the decision was unreasonable because the overwhelming
evidence favored that party .
Under Central Kentucky Steel v. Wise, 19 S.W.3d 657 (Ky. 2000), a worker who
has been released to return to work with restrictions that preclude the individual's
customary type of work is entitled to receive TTD benefits, but they terminate at
maximum medical improvement (MMI). Because there was conflicting evidence
regarding the claimant's ability to work as a foreman during period between the injury
and the surgery, it was for the ALJ to judge the credibility of the witnesses and to weigh
their testimonies regarding the physical demands of the job and of the claimant's ability
to perform them despite his injury. Convinced that the ALJ's decision to deny TTD from
the date of the claimant's injury until his surgery was "grossly unjust," the Court of
Appeals directed the ALJ to enter an award in the claimant's favor.
It was undisputed that during the relevant period Dr. Kilambi restricted the
claimant to light-duty work. The only documentary evidence also indicates that he also
restricted the claimant from more than minimal use of his right hand . The claimant was
right-handed. Although Mr. Brown testified that the foreman's job did not require more
than light-duty work, he also testified that all of the foremen of four to six-man crews
"jumped in" and helped their crews. The claimant described himself as the "working
foreman" of a small crew. Like his crew, he was required to wear a safety harness,
although he was not required to wear a tool belt. His description of the work he
performed clearly exceeded his restrictions, and its accuracy was supported by the fact
that he was injured while ratcheting a bolt on a conveyor. Moreover, nothing refuted his
testimony that he took medication after the injury that prevented him from performing
his duties and that Dr. Kilambi placed his right arm in a sling for a period five or six
weeks after the injury. Under the circumstances, the overwhelming evidence indicated
that his injury prevented him from performing his customary work. It was unreasonable
to conclude that the claimant's customary work came within his restrictions and that he
failed to meet his burden of proof under KRS 342.0011(11)(a) and Central Kentucky
Steel v. Wise, supra.
The second issue on appeal concerns the claimant's entitlement to future
medical benefits absent a permanent partial or total disability award. KRS 342.020(1)
provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
In addition to all other compensation provided in this
chapter, the employer shall pay for the cure and relief from
the effects of an injury or occupational disease the medical,
surgical, and hospital treatment, including nursing, medical,
and surgical supplies and appliances, as may reasonably be
required at the time of the injury and thereafter during
disability, or as may be required for the cure and treatment
of an occupational disease . The employer's obligation to
pay the benefits specified in this section shall continue for so
lonq as the employee is disabled regardless of the duration
of the employee's income benefits. (emphasis added) .
At issue is whether KRS 342 .020(1) entitles a worker who has reached MMI but
has no permanent impairment rating from the injury to continue to be compensated for
reasonable and necessary medical treatment for the effects of the injury. After "the
time of the injury" has passed, KRS 342 .020(1) bases a worker's eligibility on the
presence of disability. Therefore, the issue turns on the intended meaning of the word.
Dictum found in Cavin v. Lake Construction Co ., 451 S .W.2d 159,162 (Ky. 1970),
does not provide a sufficient rationale for deciding the matter . See also Combs v.
Kentucky River District Health Department , 194 S .W.3d 823 (Ky. App. 2006).
The 1916 Act provided medical benefits "as may reasonably be required at the
time of the injury and thereafter during disability" but placed a dollar limit on the
employer's liability . 1916 Ky. Acts ch . 33, § 4. The dollar limit remained but increased
under subsequent versions of the Act until the legislature removed it altogether in 1972.
1972 Ky. Acts ch. 78, § 21 . In 1994, the legislature added the second sentence of
KRS 342 .020(1), separating the duration of medical benefits from that of income
benefits . 1994 Ky. Acts ch . 181, Part 5, § 17.
The relationship between impairment and disability under the Act has changed
over time. From 1972 until December 12, 1996, KRS 342 .0011 (previously KRS
342 .620) defined "disability" generally as being occupational disability . The definition
paraphrased Osborne v. Johnson , 432 S .W.2d 800 (Ky. 1968), and was based on a
number of factors affecting a worker's post-injury earning capacity, one of which was
impairment . In 1996, the legislature revised the Act extensively, placing a greater
emphasis on impairment as determined under the latest edition of the American
Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Guides ).
The Fifth Edition of the Guides, page 2, defines impairment as being "a loss, loss
of use, or derangement of any body part, organ system, or organ function ." Viewed in
terms of KRS 342 .0011(1), impairment demonstrates that a harmful change in the
human organism has occurred . W. L. Harper Construction Co., Inc . v. Baker, 858
S .W.2d 202, 204 (Ky. App. 1993), and Arthur Larson and Lex K. Larson, Larson's
Workers' Compensation Law, § 80 .03(3) (2005), explain that maximum medical
improvement (MMI) refers to the point at which an injury has stabilized and will not be
improved by additional treatment although some treatment may still be necessary. Any
impairment remaining at that point is viewed as being permanent, so a permanent
impairment rating may be assigned using the Guides. A harmful change in the human
organism may or may not be permanent as was explained in Robertson v. United
Parcel Service, 64 S .W.3d 284 (Ky. 2001) . Under the Guides, impairment from a
harmful change that is permanent may or may not rise to the threshold for a permanent
impairment rating.
The post-December 12, 1996, version of KRS 342.0011 does not define
disability generally. It defines only the three specific types of disability for which KRS
342 .730 permits income benefits . Under KRS 342.0011(11)(a), temporary total
disability (TTD) requires findings that the worker has not reached MMI and has not
reached a level of improvement that would permit a return to work. As interpreted in
Central Kentucky Steel Corp v Wise, supra , it permits a worker whose restrictions
preclude the customary type of work to receive the benefit until the date of MMI .
Although income benefits continue to compensate workers for occupational disability, a
worker is entitled to permanent income benefits if an injury results in a permanent
impairment rating as determined under the Guides. See Adkins v. R & S Body Co., 58
S.W.3d 428 (Ky. 2001); Ira A. Watson Dept . Store v. Hamilton , 34 S.W .3d 48 (Ky.
2000). In other words, KRS 342.730(1)(a) and (b) equate the existence of a permanent
impairment rating with disability that is permanent and appreciable enough to warrant
income benefits .
Unlike KRS 342.0011 (11) and KRS 342.730(1), KRS 342 .020(1) does not state
that eligibility for medical benefits requires proof of a permanent impairment rating, of a
permanent disability rating, or of eligibility for permanent income benefits . Moreover, it
states clearly that liability for medical benefits exists "for so long as the employee is
disabled regardless of the duration of the employee's income benefits ." Mindful of the
relationship between impairment and disability under the 1996 Act, we conclude that
disability exists for the purposes of KRS 342.020(1) for so long as a work-related injury
causes impairment, regardless of whether the impairment rises to a level that it
warrants a permanent impairment rating, permanent disability rating, or permanent
income benefits .
Finding that the claimant had no permanent impairment rating and was not
entitled to future medical treatment, the ALJ relied on evidence that Dr. Kilambi
ultimately released him to return to work without restrictions and that Dr. Moskal noted a
successful ulnar nerve transposition with intact motor strength, no evidence of chronic
regional pain syndrome, and a resolution of the numbness. The evidence clearly
permitted a reasonable finding that claimant's disability was not appreciable enough to
warrant permanent income benefits, but this was not a case such as Robertson v.
United Parcel Service, supra , which involved only a temporary flare-up of symptoms
from a pre-existing, non-work-related condition.
The claimant's condition was entirely work-related and serious enough to require
surgery . He testified that he continued to receive physical therapy when he was
deposed, and no medical evidence indicated that future medical treatment would be
unreasonable or unnecessary. Therefore, he was entitled to an award of future medical
benefits . That does not mean that any particular medical expense would be
compensable . Under 803 KAR 25:012; Mitee Enterprises v. Yates, 865 S.W .2d 654
(Ky. 1993); and National Pizza Co . v. Curry, 802 S .W.2d 949 (Ky. App. 1991), an
employer is free to move to reopen an award to contest the reasonableness or
necessity of any medical treatment and also whether the need for treatment is due to
the effects of the injury .
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed .
All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT,
FEI INSTALLATION, INC . :
Kimberly D. Newman
Kim Van Der Heiden
Allen, Kopet & Associates, PLLC
P.O. Box 34048
Lexington, KY 40588
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE,
RICHARD WILLIAMS :
Ched Jennings
Jennings Law Office
239 South Fifth Street, Suite 412
Louisville, KY 40202
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