GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON, HOWARD SULLIVAN and AGNES SULLIVAN V. R & B CONTRACTING, INC., and LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
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RENDERED: AUGUST 24,200O
TO BE PUBLISHED
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN and AGNES SULLIVAN
V.
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
R & B CONTRACTING, INC., and
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
APPELLEES
AND
1999-SC-0296-DG
R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
V.
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN, AGNES SULLIVAN
and LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND
LEASING, INC.
APPELLEES
AND
1999-SC-0302-DG
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
V.
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN, AGNES SULLIVAN
and R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE KELLER
REVERSING
APPELLEES
ISSUE
This injury-to-property case between landowners and construction companies
presents one primary issue and several lesser issues.
Landowners proved the cost of removing construction debris deposited on their
property by the construction companies, but did not otherwise show a diminution in their
property’s value. The construction companies’s expert witness, however, testified that
the debris did not affect the property’s value. The Court of Appeals set aside the jury’s
damage award and held that the trial court should have granted a directed verdict in
favor of the companies as to the issue of damages when the plaintiffs failed to
introduce direct evidence that the fair market value of the property had decreased.
Were the construction companies entitled to a directed verdict on damages? Because
we hold that the cost of removing the construction debris was sufficient evidence of
diminution in property value, the trial court properly submitted the damages issue to the
jury. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the jury’s verdict and
damage award.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 1991, the Kentucky Department of Transportation accepted a bid by Lawrence
Construction and Leasing, Inc. (hereinafter “Lawrence Construction”) to perform
contracting services on a multi-year construction project to widen and rebuild Kentucky
Highway 17 in Northern Kentucky.
Lawrence Construction subcontracted with R & B
Contracting, Inc. (hereinafter “R & B Contracting”) for excavation work which included
the disposal of waste materials (gravel, dirt, sand, and some paving) from Highway 17.
R & B Contracting performed this work from approximately March of 1991 through
December of 1992.
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Gilbert and Bonnie Ellison and Howard and Agnes Sullivan (hereinafter, “the
Ellisons/Sullivans”), the plaintiffs below, owned a piece of property fronting the
reconstructed Kentucky Highway 17. The Ellisons/Sullivans sued Lawrence
Construction and R & B Construction for trespass and alleged that the two companies,
without the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ consent, stored and serviced heavy equipment and
deposited debris from the highway construction project on the Ellisons’/Sullivans’
At trial, the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced testimony that large pieces of concrete
and blacktop, culvert pipe, dirt and gravel were deposited on the property. An expert
witness who had examined topographical survey maps estimated on the basis of
changes in the property contours between 1985 and 1995 that approximately 14,500
cubic yards of material had been added to the property. Other testimony established
that R & B Construction employees drained oil onto the property from some of the
heavy equipment and that Lawrence Construction left behind paint removed during
sandblasting of construction equipment. Based on testimony suggesting it would cost
the Ellisons/Sullivans ten cents (log) per cubic yard to remove the material from their
property, they asked for $145,000 in damages for the cost to return the property to its
prior state.
Lawrence Construction and R & B Construction introduced testimony that the
EllisonlSullivans had given their permission both for the companies to store equipment
on the property and for R & B to deposit materials from the highway excavation as fill
upon the property. An R & B representative testified that, while his company deposited
highway waste material on the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ property, the volume of highway
waste material involved was no more than 4,000 cubic yards.
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The defendant construction companies also introduced the testimony of a real
estate appraiser indicating that depositing waste material on the Ellisons’KSullivans
property resulted in no diminution in the value of the property and that its fair market
value, therefore, did not change between the time immediately before and after the
alleged trespass. Lawrence Construction and R & B Construction also disputed the
Ellisons’/Sullivans’ figures regarding the cost of removing the material from the property
and introduced testimony suggesting that the Ellisons/Sullivans could contract for the
removal of the property at a price substantially less than ten cents (IO@) per cubic yard.
The jury found for the Ellisons/Sullivans on the trespass issue by deciding that
both Lawrence Construction and R & B Construction had, “without the express or
implied consent of the Plaintiffs, deposited landfill material on Plaintiffs’ land.” The next
question on the special verdict form asked the jury:
What sum of money do you find from the evidence is the
cost of restoring Plaintiffs’ land to substantially the same
condition as immediately before the dumping of the landfill
material by the defendants, as described in the evidence,
not to exceed the sum of $145,000.00?
The jury answered $72,500 and apportioned ninety-five percent (95%) of the fault to R
& B Contracting and five percent (5%) of the fault to Lawrence Construction. The trial
court entered judgment in accordance with the jury verdict and adjudged R & B
Contracting liable to the Ellisons/Sullivans for $68,875 and Lawrence Construction
liable to the Ellisons/Sullivans in the amount of $3,625.
Before we address the specific legal issues before this Court in their current
procedural posture, we feel it would be of benefit to the bench and bar to review the
types of damages available to a claimant for injury to real estate. In cases such as the
one before us, we have upheld two distinct types of damages: (1) if the injury to the
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property is permanent, the amount by which the fair market value of the property
decreased immediately prior to and after the trespass;’ but (2) if the injury to the
property is temporary, the cost to return it to its original state.2 We have distinguished
between “permanent” and “temporary” injuries on the basis of the cost of restoration
and have held that injuries to real estate are “permanent” where the cost to restore the
property to substantially its original state exceeds the amount by which the injury
decreased the property’s value.3
Reasonable restoration costs are an available remedy
only in “temporary” injury cases where the property may be restored to its original state
at a cost less than the amount by which the market value of the property decreased as
a result of the trespass.
As a practical matter, therefore, the amount by which the injury to the property
diminishes its total value operates as an upper limit on any damage recovery.
Claimants may receive restoration cost damages in injury-to-property cases only when
compensation in the form of restoration costs is the least expensive way to make those
‘a, m, Island Creek Coal Co. v. Rodgers, Ky.App., 644 S.W.2d 339, 345
(1983); Middle States Coal Co. V. Hicks, Ky.App., 608 S.W.2d 56, 57 (1980); River
Queen Coal Co.. Inc. v. Mencer, Ky., 379 S.W.2d 461, 464 (1964); United Fuel Gas Co.
v. Rowe, KY., 375 S.W.2d 264, 265 (1964); BlueDiamond
Ky., 253 S.W.2d 580, 582 (1952); Nisbet v. Lofton, 211 Ky. 487, 277 S.W. 828, 831
(1925); Kentucky Traction & Terminal Co. v. Bain, 161 Ky. 44, 170 S.W. 499, 501
(1914).
*a, m, Burkshire Terrace. Inc. v. Schroerlucke, Ky., 467 S.W.2d 770, 772
(1971); Kentucky Stone Company. Inc. v. Gaddie, KY., 396 S.W.2d 337, 340 (1965).
3See Newsome v. Billups, Ky.App., 671 S.W.2d 252, 255 (1984) (“However,
repair is unreasonable when its cost exceeds the difference in the before and after
value.” Id.); Island Creek Coal Co. v. Rodaers, supra note 1 at 345 (“The cost of repair
is “reasonable” only if it does not exceed the difference in fair market value before and
after the injury.” Id.); Edwards & Webb Construction Co.. Inc. v. Duff, Ky.App., 554
S.W.2d 909, 911 (1977); Burkshire Terrace. Inc. v. Schroerlucke, supra note 2 at 772
(“[IIf the costs of restoration exceed the diminution in value they are presumptively
unreasonable.” Id.).
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claimants whole.4 This Court’s most recent opinions addressing the issue of the
damages available in injury-to-property cases have sidestepped the “permanent” versus
“temporary” distinction and focused on the way in which the amount by which the
decrease in property value operates as a practical limit on the amount of recovery.5 We
reiterate today, however, that cost to repair damages are available only where the
factfinder determines that the injury to the property may properly be characterized as
“temporary” by finding that the property may be restored at an expense less than the
total amount by which the injury decreased the property’s value.
Questions regarding the cost of repairing a particular injury to real estate and the
extent of any diminution in fair market value of the real estate as a result of an injury are
41n 1,
supra note 3 at 911, the Court of
Appeals explained the logic behind this rule in terms of an auto accident case in which
one of the vehicles was “totalled”:
Certainly, if one has a $400.00 automobile and sustains
damages that would cost $1000.00 to repair, the vehicle is a
total loss and an insurer, or tort-feasor, must pay only the
total value.
A test of whether or not the property may be reasonably
repaired is whether or not the cost of repair exceeds the
difference in market value before and after the injury. If the
cost of repairs (or rebuilding) exceeds the difference in the
market value of the property before and after the injury, then
such cost is manifestly unreasonable and the building may
not be reasonably repaired at the expense of the tort-feasor,
although repair is technically possible. Id.
‘Kentuckv StoneCo. v. Gaddie, Ky., 396 S.W.2d 337, 340 (1965) (“mhe
measure of damages in this type case is the cost of repair, if repair may be readily
accomplished---or, if not, then the difference in market value before and after the
alleged damage.” Id.); Burkshire Terrace, Inc. v. Schroerlucke, supra note 2 at 772
[“The measure of damages for injury to real estate “is the cost of repair, if repair may be
readily accomplished---or, if not, then the difference in market value before and after
the alleged damage,” although in no case, of course, may the amount of recovery
exceed the diminution in market value.” Id. (citation deleted)].
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questions of fact. Accordingly, we hold that in future cases where a claimant seeks
compensation in the form of repair costs for an injury to land, trial courts shall require
the jury to find whether the injury may be repaired at a cost less than the diminution in
the value of the property, and, if the jury finds otherwise, limit the claimant’s recovery to
the diminution in the value of the property.
The following sample damages instruction
taken almost verbatim from J. Palmore and R. Eads, Kentuckv Instructions to Juries,
s39.12 (Anderson Publishing Co. 1989) accomplishes this purpose:
INSTRUCTION NO.
If you find for P you will determine from the evidence and
award [P] the lesser of the following two amounts:
(A) the reasonable cost of restoring [P’s]
property to substantially the same condition as
immediately before it was damaged by [ 1.
OR
(B) the difference between the fair market
value of [P’s] entire property immediately
before and immediately after the property was
damaged, not to exceed .
“Fair market value” is the price that a person who is willing
but not compelled to buy would pay and a seller who is
willing but not forced to sell would accept for the property in
question.6
Because a jury could find that a particular injury to the property rights of a plaintiff
resulted in no decrease in the property’s fair market value, trial courts should, in
appropriate trespass cases, also instruct juries that, even if the plaintiff suffered no
actual damage as a result of the trespass, the plaintiff is entitled to nominal damages.7
6J. Palmore & R. Eades, Kentucky Instructions to Juries, § 39.12 (Anderson
Publishing Co. 1989).
‘a Huahett v. Caldwell Countv 313 Ky. 85, 230 S.W.2d 92 (1950) (“It is the
universal inference of the law that every unauthorized entry upon the land of another
person results in some damage, though it may be nominal. Where there is actual
(continued.. .)
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Returning to the case before us, we note that each of the three.parties sought
review of the trial court’s judgment in the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals
denied the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ request that the matter be remanded with instructions for
the trial court to grant them injunctive relief and to submit the issue of punitive damages
to a jury. Instead, the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment on the grounds that the
trial court should have granted a directed verdict as to damages in favor of Lawrence
Construction and R & B Construction at the close of the plaintiffs’ evidence. The
Ellisons/Sullivans sought discretionary review in this Court on the directed verdict
issue,8 and, after we granted discretionary review as to that issue, we granted
‘(...continued)
injury, just compensation must be made.” Id.); Fletcher v. Howard, 226 Ky. 258, 10
S.W.2d 825 (1928) (“The evidence was vague as to the amount of damage, but where
a trespass has been committed upon the property of another, he is entitled at least to
nominal damages for the violation of his rights.” Id. at 826-7.). A jury instruction as to
nominal damages in a case of this type may read:
INSTRUCTION # [v]
If you find for P, but if, and only if, you do not award P a
sum in damages under Instruction No. ,
you will award
nominal damages to P.
“Nominal damages” are a trivial sum of money awarded to
a litigant who has established a cause of action but has not
established that he or she is entitled to compensatory
damages.
Some authorities have suggested that a nominal damages award may support a
further award of punitive damages. See Restatement (Second) of Torts, $908,
Comment c (American Law Institute 1978) (“Although . . . the extent of the harm may be
considered in determining their amount, it is not essential to the recovery of punitive
damages that the plaintiff should have suffered any harm, either pecuniary or physical.
Thus an award of nominal damages . . . is enough to support a further award of punitive
damages, when a tort, such as a trespass to land, is committed for an outrageous
purpose, but no significant harm has resulted.” Id.). As no question of punitive
damages is properly before this Court, see. infra note 8, we do not address this
possibility.
*The Ellisons’ Motion for Discretionary Review focused solely on the directed
(continued.. .)
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discretionary review as to issues raised by R & B Construction before the Court of
Appeals concerning the jury instructions, presentation of evidence in the trial court, and
whether the construction companies were entitled to directed verdicts on the damages
issue at the close of all the evidence. After carefully reviewing each issue, we reverse
the Court of Appeals and reinstate the trial court’s original judgment.
JURY INSTRUCTION ISSUES
R & B Construction argued before the Court of Appeals that the jury instructions
submitted by the trial court were erroneous in that they: (1) failed to instruct the jury as
to the proper measure of damages and allowed the jury to return a damage award in
excess of diminution of fair market value, and (2) failed to include a requested
instruction on the defense of estoppel. As the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment
on other grounds, its opinion did not address issues relating to the jury instructions, and
this Court granted R & B’s cross-motion for discretionary review in order to do so.
Although we have addressed the proper measure of damages in a case of this
type and suggested instructions which will fully inform the jury as to its role as
factfinder, we do not believe that R & B Construction preserved this error for our review
in the trial court. Civil Rule 51 provides litigants with an opportunity to preserve
objections to jury instructions:
(1) At any time before or during the trial, the court may direct
the parties to tender written instructions. At the close of the
evidence any party may move the court to instruct the jury
on any matter appropriate to the issues in the action.
*(-continued)
verdict issue and made no mention of the punitive damage and injunctive relief issues
they raised before the Court of Appeals. Although those issues were briefed before us
and addressed at oral argument, we find that neither the punitive damages nor the
injunctive relief issue is properly before this Court. CR 76.20(3)(d).
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(2) After considering any tendered instructions and motions
to instruct and before the commencement of the argument,
the court shall show the parties the written instructions it will
give the jury, allowing them an opportunity to make
objections out of the hearing of the jury. Thereafter, and
before argument to the jury, the written instructions shall be
given.
(3) No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to
give an instruction unless he has fairly and adequately
presented his position by an offered instruction or by motion,
or unless he makes objection before the court instructs the
jury, stating specifically the matter to which he objects and
the ground or grounds of his objection.g
On September 29, 1995, the trial court set the matter for trial by jury and ordered
counsel for the parties to “furnish the Court and opposing counsel with a trial brief at
least five days prior to [trial] containing . . . requests for instructions, subject to the right
to supplement such on matters that cannot reasonably be anticipated.” On December
1, 1995, Lawrence Construction filed its trial brief, but included no proposed instructions
as to the measure of damages but “respectfully submitted that at the conclusion of the
plaintiffs case, this court should direct a verdict on behalf of the defendants dismissing
this action in its entirety.” R & B Construction filed its trial brief the same day and also
proposed no jury instructions as to damages. At trial, Lawrence Construction and R &
B Construction reiterated their arguments with respect to their directed verdict motions
and objected that the trial court should give the jury no instructions as to damages, but
neither defendant made a specific objection to the form of the instructions given or
proposed an alternative instruction.”
9CR 51.
“When the trial court allowed counsel to make their objections as to the jury
instructions, counsel for Lawrence Construction stated:
First of all, we would object to the instructions on the basis
(continued...)
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We find this error as to the instructions unpreserved for our revjew. The
procedure outlined in CR 51 gives the trial judge an opportunity to correct any errors
before instructing the jury.” This Court has held time and time again that, in order to be
considered on appeal, a specific objection must have been raised in the trial court,‘*
and a party may not preserve an error relating to the instructions by post-verdict
motion.13
We believe R & B Construction Company is precluded from contending on
appeal that the wording of the instructions given by the trial court was erroneous when
neither offered a written instruction of its own nor objected to the form of those
prepared and given by the trial court. In order to preserve this error for our review, R &
B Construction should have complied with the trial court’s pre-trial order and submitted
proposed instructions.
Although the construction companies also failed to include a draft instruction as
to their requested defense instruction as to estoppel, we believe that they preserved the
“(...continued)
of our motion for DV and for the same reasons.
Secondarily, we feel that there was no justification---the law
was clear that there was no evidence to support any claim
for damages, and those instructions should not be given.
And the instructions regarding the question of whether or not
there was any violation of law by either defendant has
clearly been shown by the evidence and the law. And the
plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden. For that reason
we object to the instructions in their entirety.
Counsel for R & B Construction merely joined in these objections.
“Brumley v. Richardson, KY., 273 S.W.2d 54 (1954).
‘*See. e.a., Pioelines. Inc. v. Muhlenbera County Water Dist., KY., 465 S.W.2d
927 (1971); Tillman v. Heard, Ky., 302 S.W.2d 835 (1957); Youna v. DeBord, Ky., 351
S.W.2d 502 (1961), Kentucky Border Coal Co. v. Mullins, Ky., 504 S.W.2d 696 (1973).
13Scudamore v. Horton, Ky., 426 S.W.2d 142 (1968); Binoham v. Davis, Ky., 444
S.W.2d 123 (1969).
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question for our review because the specificity of their request gave the trial court notice
of the nature of the instruction requested and of the testimony which R & B
Construction believed justified such an instruction. Although we find this issue
preserved, we disagree with R & B Construction’s allegation of error. The trial court
instructed the jury to find for the defendants if it believed that the Ellisons’/Sullivans’
conduct represented implicit consent to the trespass:
INSTRUCTION NO II
You will find for the Plaintiffs if you are satisfied from the
evidence that one or both Defendants, without the consent
of Plaintiffs, deposited landfill material on Plaintiffs’ land.
Otherwise, you will find for Defendants.
Consent may be express or implied from the
circumstances or conduct of the oartv.
QUESTION NO. 1:
Do you find from the evidence that Lawrence Construction
and Leasing, Inc., without the express or implied consent of
Plaintiffs, deposited landfill material on Plaintiffs’ land?
.
Answer “Yes” or “No”
QUESTION NO. 2:
Do you find from the evidence that R & B Contracting, Inc.,
without the express or imolied consent of Plaintiffs,
deposited landfill material on Plaintiffs’ land?
Answer “Yes” or “No”
.14
R & B Construction cites us to no authority suggesting that a trial court should
instruct the jury regarding the estoppel defense by separate instruction in a case of this
type. We believe that the instructions given by the trial court in this case properly
addressed the factual dispute at trial regarding whether the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ conduct
induced the construction companies to believe that the Ellisons/Sullivans had given
their consent for the storage of equipment and disposal of highway waste on their
14Emphasis added.
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property. If the jury believed the construction companies’ testimony that the
Ellisons/Sullivans observed and assisted them in disposing highway waste upon the
Ellisons/Sullivans’ property in such a way that the construction companies reasonably
believed that the Ellisons/Sullivans had consented to the disposal, the instructions
required the jury to find for the defendants. R & B Construction and Lawrence
Construction presented a host of evidence suggesting that the Ellisons/Sullivans had
given them permission to dispose of the highway waste upon their property, but the jury
found for the Ellisons/Sullivans. As we believe the trial court properly instructed the jury
regarding the factual basis for the defense of estoppel by requiring a defense verdict in
the event the Ellisons/Sullivans implicitly consented to the trespass by their conduct, we
find no reversible error.
DIRECTED VERDICT ON DAMAGES
The directed verdict issues presented in this appeal give us an opportunity to
examine issues relating to the burden of proof as to damages in an injury-to-property
case. The Ellisons’/Sullivans’ appeal from the opinion of the Court of Appeals reversing
the trial court’s judgment on the grounds that a directed verdict should have been
granted at the close of the plaintiffs’ evidence because the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced
no testimony concerning the fair market value of their property after the trespass.
Lawrence Construction and R & B Construction argue that the Court of Appeals holding
is correct, but submit that the trial court could also have been reversed because of a
failure to grant a directed verdict in their favor either: (1) at the close of all evidence,
because expert testimony submitted by the defense conclusively established that any
trespass committed by the two construction companies resulted in no diminution in the
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fair market value of the property; or (2) at the close of the plaintiffs’ case when the
EllisotVSullivans failed to prove their damages with the requisite specificity.
THE ELLISONWSULLIVANS
FAILURE TO INTRODUCE APPRAISAL TESTIMONY
In Newsome v. Billups,’ the Court of Appeals correctly recognized that a plaintiff
seeking restoration cost damages in an injury-to-property case need not introduce
evidence of a diminution in the fair market value of the property in order to state a prima
facie case and overcome a motion for directed verdict because reasonable inferences
may be drawn from evidence of restoration costs:
In order to sustain a motion for a directed verdict, the court
must draw all fair and rational inferences from the evidence
in favor of the party opposing the motion. A verdict should
not be directed unless the evidence is insufficient to sustain
the verdict. The Newsomes’ proof was based solely on the
cost to cure by repair. They did not offer any direct proof of
the difference in the fair market value of their property
immediately before and immediately after the alleged
damages . . . . [I]t may be presumed that the anticipated cost
of repair would reduce the value by an equal amount. The
directed verdict was properly denied.16
In Newsome, the Court of Appeals cited to State Propertv & Buildina Commission v.
H.W. Miller Construction Co.,” where our predecessor court reversed a directed verdict
in favor of the defense at the close of the plaintiffs’ evidence because the plaintiff failed
to introduce any evidence of a diminution in fair market value in a breach of
construction contract case. The old Court of Appeals held that a party seeking
damages in a property case whose evidence relating to damages only addresses the
“Supra note 3 at 254-5.
161d. (citations deleted).
“KY., 385 S.W.2d 211, 214 (1964).
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cost to repair has produced a prima facie case, but the Court’s dicta suggests that
direct evidence regarding fair market value may require contrary direct evidence:
[when the owner has proved what it reasonably cost him to
make the building conform to the contract it should not be
necessary for him to go into the question of market value
unless that question is raised by the defense. In the
absence of evidence to the contrary it would ordinarily be
presumed (and our decisions have tacitly recognized this)
that as between a willing seller and a willing buyer of a new
building known to be in need of certain repair work the
anticipated cost of the remedial work would reduce the price
by an equivalent amount. So, unless there is evidence to
inject it, the question of market value need not be
considered, and the commission’s evidence in this case was
not deficient in that respect.18
Therefore, in the case now before us, the Court of Appeals incorrectly concluded that
the construction companies should have been granted a directed verdict because of the
Ellisons’/Sullivans’ failure to introduce evidence of a diminution in the fair market value
of their property during the plaintiffs’ case-in-chief.
The Ellisons/Sullivans introduced
evidence showing that the construction companies dumped a quantity of highway waste
material upon their property and they proved the cost to remove that waste and return
the property to its original state. Such evidence created a reasonable inference as to
the diminution in fair market value of the subject property, and the trial court correctly
denied the defendant construction companies’ motions for directed verdict at the close
of the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ evidence.
The question of whether the trial court should have granted a directed verdict to
the construction companies at the close of all evidence is a question of first impression
for this Court, although appellate courts in this state have discussed the issue before in
‘%J. at 214.
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dicta. Where the trial court overrules a motion for directed verdict, we must examine
the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion:
In considering the sole question before us, i.e., whether the
defendant was entitled to a directed verdict, the court must
draw all fair and rational inferences from the evidence in
favor of the plaintiff, and the evidence of such party’s
witnesses must be accepted as true, for the purposes of
such a motion.”
This Court has conceptualized its review of whether a defendant was entitled to a
directed verdict as determining whether a jury could reasonably have reached its verdict
on the basis of the evidence before it:
A motion for directed verdict admits the truth of all evidence
which is favorable to the party against whom the motion is
made. Upon such motion, the court may not consider the
credibility of evidence or the weight it should be given, this
being a function reserved to the trier of fact. Moreover, the
trial court should favor the party against whom the motion is
made with all inferences which may reasonably be drawn
from the evidence. Upon completion of the foregoing
evidentiary review, the trial court must determine whether
the evidence favorable to the party against whom the motion
is made is of such substance that a verdict rendered thereon
would be “palpably or flagrantly” against the evidence so as
“to indicate that it was reached as a result of passion or
prejudice.” If the trial court concludes that such would be
the case, a directed verdict should be given. Otherwise, the
motion should be denied.20
If we apply this standard of review to the case before us, we must assume as true the
following: (1) the construction companies deposited approximately 14,500 cubic yards
of highway waste on the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ property without permission; and (2) it
would cost the Ellisons/Sullivans ten cents (lO$) per cubic yard to remove the waste.
“Cassinelli v. Bealev, KY., 433 S.W.2d 651, 655 (1968).
20National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Hornung, Ky., 754 S.W.2d 855
(1988) (citations omitted).
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As we must also draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the Ellisons/Sullivans, we
must accept the reasonable inference that the value of a piece of property has
decreased by the amount necessary to restore it to its original condition.
The construction companies contend that the trial court should have entered a
directed verdict in their favor at the close of all evidence because the Ellisons/Sullivans
introduced no evidence to contradict the opinion of real estate appraiser Robert Daniels
that the fair market value of this parcel remained constant at $325,000 between May
and November of 1992. In other words, they argue that the direct evidence of the fair
market value of the piece of property which they introduced by way of expert testimony
from a real estate appraiser acted as a trump card which entitled them to a directed
verdict. Unquestionably, the Ellisons/Sullivans elected not to engage in a so-called
“battle of the experts” by introducing testimony from a different real estate appraiser to
rebut the testimony of Mr. Daniels, and they certainly took a risk that a properly
instructed jury would find the expert testimony credible and return a defense verdict.
We feel, however, that the totality of the evidence before the jury at the close of all
evidence justified a damage award for the Ellisons/Sullivans. Parties can contradict
expert testimony in more than one way. We believe the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ inferential
evidence regarding a diminution in the fair market value of their property as a result of
the “clean up costs” associated with restoring the property to its original position was a
sufficient basis for the trial court’s submission of the damages issue to the jury.
Evaluation of the weight which should be given to expert testimony is the exclusive
province of the jury,*’ and a jury may properly conclude that indirect evidence gives it a
2’See. a, Commonwealth. Dept. of Hiahwavs v. Tackett, Ky., 498 S.W.2d 630
(continued...)
-17-
better sense of the fair market value of a piece of property than does an “expert’s”
opinion.
When we view the evidence as to damages through the directed verdict “lens,”
we believe a reasonable jury could have disregarded the testimony of Mr. Daniels and
believed that the fair market value of the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ property did decline after
the highway waste was deposited on it.
Despite dicta to the contrary in Newsome v.
Billups and c,23
State Pro e
reasonable inferences regarding diminution in fair market value drawn from evidence of
restoration costs do not evaporate when an “expert” expresses an opinion contrary to
the reasonable inference. The experts opinion is additional evidence for the jury to
consider in deciding the issue, but no more and no less. Therefore, at the close of all of
the evidence, although the Ellisons/Sullivans had introduced no “direct” evidence of a
decline in the fair market value of the land through the testimony of a real estate
appraiser, we believe that the trial court correctly considered the evidence presented
*‘(...continued)
(1973) (“We have said many times . . . it is for the valuation expert to determine what he
considers the factors which determine market price, and it is for the jury to evaluate that
testimony.” Id. at 632-33.); Commonwealth. Dept. Of Highways v. Spillman, Ky., 489
S.W.2d 811 (1973) (“It was for the witness to decide what property he considered as
comparable and after the information was furnished to the jury for it to determine what
weight should be given to the testimony.” Id. at 814.); Commonwealth. Dept. of
Hiahways v. Dehatt, KY., 465 S.W.2d 720 (1971) (“The fact that [the jury] awarded a
sum [which was in between the two figures suggested by the opposing experts] does
not render the verdict excessive or make it unsupported by sufficient probative
evidence. In fact, it shows that the jury was dutifully performing one of the ancient
functions assigned to it--weighing the probative value of evidence and choosing that
particular testimony most convincing to it. When a verdict is based on substantial
evidence of probative value it will be upheld even though the court might prefer the
opposite line of evidence or something in between.” Id. at 722 (citations omitted).).
22Supra note 3.
23Supra note 17.
-1%
concerning the cost to remove the highway fill material as inferential evidence of
diminution in value.
The trial court implicitly determined by overruling the motion for directed verdict
that it would not be unreasonable for a jury to find that the property in question had
diminished in value as a result of the depositing of the debris upon it. We do not find
such ruling clearly erroneous.
Counsel for the Ellisons/Sullivans cross-examined Mr. Daniels regarding his
opinions regarding the fair market value of the property on the relevant dates and was
able to demonstrate that the appraiser’s opinion was based, at least in part, on his
belief that an insignificant amount of fill had been added to the property during that time
span. At trial, the parties had contested the extent of the dumping on the
Ellisons’/Sullivans’ property, and evidence in the record would support a jury’s disregard
of the appraiser’s conclusions. We note that neither party examined Mr. Daniels
regarding how he reached his opinion regarding the fair market value of the property,
and the jury was given no basis for Daniel& opinion other than his qualifications and
appraisal experience. This Court is not prepared to label as “palpably or flagrantly
against the evidence” the trial court’s conclusion that a jury could find that the value of
the property had declined in the face of the appraiser’s testimony. We also must note
that the jury visited the property and had an opportunity to personally view and assess
its condition for the purposes of evaluating the in-court testimony.
INSUFFICIENT SPECIFICITY OF DAMAGES
R & B Construction argues that it was entitled to a directed verdict at the close of
the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ evidence because the Ellisons/Sullivans failed to prove their
damages within a reasonable degree of specificity as required by law. R & B
-19-
Construction alleges that the evidence introduced by the EllisonsKSullivans merely
demonstrated that the contours of the property had changed since 1985, but was silent
as to important questions relating to the source of the fill material. The subcontractor
emphasizes that the evidence at trial showed that fill material had been placed on the
property at other times (both before and after the highway project) by persons
unconnected with the highway project, and the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced no
evidence which would enable a jury to determine what portion of the contour-analysisproduced figure of 14,500 cubic yards of material came from the highway project.
In
other words, it is alleged that the extent of the Ellison/Sullivans’ evidence at trial was:
(1) Between 1985 and 1995, 14,500 cubic yards of material were added to the
Ellison/Sullivan property; (2) Some of this material came from the highway construction
project; and (3) Some of the highway waste material was deposited on the property by
R & B Construction.
We disagree with this characterization of the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ evidence, and
believe the damages were proven with sufficient specificity. While R & B Construction
correctly identifies that the testimony at issue merely deduced from changes in the
contour of the property that the elevation of the property had changed by 14,500 cubic
yards, other evidence demonstrated that R 81 B construction contributed substantially to
this total. Perhaps the most telling evidence that this material came from R & B
Construction’s highway excavation project can be found in the physical description of
the material itself, which Bud Ellison described at trial as huge chunks of concrete and
blacktop, culvert pipe, dirt and gravel. At trial and now before this Court, R & B
Construction maintains that the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ failure to prove the exact proportion
of the fill material traceable to the highway construction companies mandated a
-2o-
directed verdict because without such data, a reliable damage calculation would be
impossible. Our review of the record leads us to believe the evidence presented by
both sides created a factual issue appropriate for jury resolution with regard to the
amount of highway waste material dumped on the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ property by the
construction companies. Accordingly, the trial court correctly denied R & B
Construction’s motion for directed verdict.
The subcontractor cites Howard v. Carmichael.24
a factually unique trespass
case concerning a trespass suit complicated by a litany of land ownership questions, in
support of its claim that the plaintiffs failed to prove their damages with requisite
specificity.
Our predecessor court held that the commissioner below acted within his
discretion in denying damages for timber removal because of two factually unique
aspects of that case: (1) the Commissioner could not determine what proportion of the
timber removed in connection with the coal mining operations came from the disputed
property as opposed to property owned by the coal mining company, and (2) the
Commissioner could not determine-from which of the claimants’ property timber was
removed:
Evidence was submitted as to the various items of damage,
and it was shown that the taking of timber was a major item.
But it was very vague and indefinite. Representatives of the
coal companies testified that in taking the timber no
consideration was given to any particular portion of the
boundary, and it was cut indiscriminately . . . . It was shown
that these particular seams of coal yielded about 4,000 tons
to the acre, and it required 20,000 feet to timber an acre.
The quantity of coal removed from the Gibson property was
definitely ascertained to be 462,265 tons. On this basis
about 2,310,OOO feet were required, which, at the lowest
24237 Ky 462, 35 S.W.2d 852 (1931). See also Carmichael v. Old Straiaht
Creek Coal Corporation, 232 Ky. 133, 22 S.W.2d 572 (1930).
-21-
price of $6 per thousand feet on the stump, made the value
of the timber used in the Gibson mine $13,260. But it
cannot be ascertained how much of the timber came from
the Howard and how much from the Gibson land. Perhaps it
might be reasonably concluded that one-half of the timber
used in the entire mining operations on both the Howard and
Gibson properties was taken from the Howard lands. But
when it comes to allocating the value of that timber among
the different Howard parcels, we quite agree with the
chancellor that the evidence was too vague and uncertain to
justify any decree respecting the item. It consisted only of
estimates of some of the parties, and those estimates were
as far apart as the poles. A court is not expected to guess
the correct solution, and litigants ought not to complain when
the court refuses to do so because of their failure to produce
the proof.25
The case before us contains none of the land ownership issues which prevented
apportionment in the authority cited by the subcontractor, and here all of the evidence
demonstrates that R & B Construction deposited highway waste material upon property
owned by the Ellisons/Sullivans.
We find that the Ellisons/Sullivans proved their
damages through just and reasonable inference as far as was reasonably possible, and
“with as much certainty as the nature of the tort and the circumstances permitted.“26
We decline R & B Construction’s invitation to hold plaintiffs to a standard of
mathematical precision. R & B Construction’s dispute is, at its essence, a factual one: it
maintains that it deposited no more than 4,000 cubic yards of material on the property,
while the Ellisons/Sullivans argue for a larger volume. Under any interpretation, the
Ellisons’/Sullivans’ evidence warranted submission of the case to the jury for it to
determine the extent of the construction companies’ liability and the trial court correctly
denied this motion for directed verdict.
*‘Howard v. Carmichael, suora note 24 at 856.
26Restatement
(Second) of Torts, §912 (American Law Institute 1978).
-22-
EVIDENTIARY ISSUES
R & 6 Construction argues that it was prejudiced by erroneous trial court rulings
as to the admission and presentation of evidence. Specifically, R & B argues: (1)
Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 21, which consisted of pages of a highway construction manual
requiring a contractor to obtain written permission prior to dumping, was not properly
authenticated and the trial court should not have allowed its admission into evidence;
(2) the trial court improperly allowed Randy Ellison to testify in rebuttal although he was
present in the courtroom in violation of the trial court’s order requiring separation of
witnesses during defense testimony; and (3) that it was prejudiced by having to begin
presenting its evidence prior to the time when the trial court had arranged for the jury
members to visit and view the site in question.
After a review of the record, we believe that the trial court acted well within its
discretion in ruling upon the presentation of evidence, and we find no error in the trial
court’s handling of these issues raised by R & B Construction.
For the reasons outlined above, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals
and reinstate the judgment of the Kenton Circuit Court.
Lambert, C.J.; Cooper, Graves, Stumbo, and Wintersheimer, JJ., concur.
Cooper, J., concurs by separate opinion with Lambert, C.J., and Stumbo, J., joining
that concurring opinion. Johnstone, J., dissents by separate opinion.
-23-
COUNSEL FOR GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON, HOWARD SULLIVAN
AND AGNES SULLIVAN:
Kelly J. Brown
1037 Madison Avenue
Covington, Kentucky 41011
Curtis Harlan Hatfield
1037 Madison Avenue
Covington, Kentucky 41011
COUNSEL FOR R & B CONTRACTING, INC.:
H. Lawson Walker, II
Brown, Todd & Heyburn
50 East Rivercenter Boulevard
Suite 1500
Covington, Kentucky 41011
Robert S. Walker, III
Brown, Todd & Heyburn
2700 Lexington Financial Center
250 West Main Street
Lexington, Kentucky 40507
Giles T. Hertz
Monohan, Hertz & Blankenship
7711 Ewing Boulevard, Suite 100
Florence, Kentucky 41042
Carl Edward Grayson
Brown, Todd & Heyburn
50 East Rivercenter Boulevard
Suite 1500
Covington, Kentucky 41011
COUNSEL FOR LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.:
James G. Osborne
Osborne & Osborne
998 Dudley Road
P.O. Box 17746
Edgewood, Kentucky 410 17-0746
-24-
RENDERED: AUGUST 24,200O
TO BE PUBLISHED
1998-SC-0535-DG
GILBERT ELLISON; BONNIE ELLISON;
HOWARD SULLIVAN; and AGNES SULLIVAN
V.
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
R & B CONTRACTING, INC.; and
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
APPELLANT
R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON; BONNIE ELLISON;
HOWARD SULLIVAN; AGNES SULLIVAN;
and LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND
LEASING, INC.
AND
.
APPELLEES
1999-SC-0302-DG
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
V.
APPELLEES
1999-SC-0296-DG
AND
V.
APPELLANTS
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON; BONNIE ELLISON;
HOWARD SULLIVAN; AGNES SULLIVAN;
and R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
CONCURRING OPINION BY JUSTICE COOPER
APPELLEES
In this case, the defendants dumped 14,500 cubic yards of waste material on the
plaintiffs’ properties. The jury found that the cost to remove the waste material and thus
restore the properties to their original condition was $72,500. The defendants produced
an “expert” who testified that the presence of the waste material did not affect the fair
market value of the plaintiffs’ properties. Justice Johnstone’s dissent posits that a literal
interpretation of State Prooertv & Buildinas Commission v. H. W. Miller Construction
Co., Ky., 385 S.W.2d 211 (1964) and Newsome v. Billips, Ky. App., 671 S.W.2d 252
(1984) mandates a directed verdict for the defendants in accordance with the opinion of
their expert -- and he may be right, though a directed verdict was held improper in both
cases. But if that is the law of this Commonwealth, it ought to be changed. Since those
cases are products of the judicial branch, this is the proper forum in which to effect that
change. I would limit the holdings in those cases to their facts, i.e., damage to
structures caused by faulty construction, blasting or the like, not damage to unimproved
real estate caused by dumping. If the majority opinion is a departure from a common
law rule that a property owner cannot recover the cost of removing waste material
illegally dumped on his property absent proof that the presence of the waste material
has diminished the fair market value of the property, then I am proud to be riding on
that train.
Lambert, C.J., and Stumbo, J., join this concurring opinion.
-2-
RENDERED: AUGUST 24,200O
TO BE PUBLISHED
1998-SC-0535-DG
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN and AGNES SULLIVAN
V.
APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
R & B CONTRACTING, INC., and
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
APPELLEES
AND
1999-SC-0296-DG
R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
V.
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN, AGNES SULLIVAN
and LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND
LEASING, INC.
APPELLEES
AND
1999-SC-0302-DG
LAWRENCE CONSTRUCTION AND LEASING, INC.
V.
APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
96-CA-1298, 96-CA-1452, 96-CA-1511
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 93-Cl-1585
GILBERT ELLISON, BONNIE ELLISON,
HOWARD SULLIVAN, AGNES SULLIVAN
and R & B CONTRACTING, INC.
APPELLEES
DISSENTING OPINION BY JUSTICE JOHNSTONE
I must respectfully dissent from the majority opinion holding that the trial court
properly submitted the issue of damages to the jury. In so holding, this Court has
misconstrued the rules governing the operation of presumptions, and thus used the
incorrect standard of measurement in determining the sufficiency of the evidence.
Rule 301 of the Kentucky Rules of Evidence governs the use of presumptions in civil
actions.’ The drafters of this Rule explained its intended operation thusly:
This provision adopts what is commonly known as the “bursting
bubble” approach to presumptions. Proof of the basic facts of the
presumption will shift the burden of going forward with evidence to the
opponent of the presumption. If the opponent fails to satisfy this burden
the party in whose favor the presumption operates is entitled to a directed
verdict on the presumed fact. If the burden is satisfied the presumption
disappears from the case and has no additional impact on the burden of
proof. Specifically, it does not have an impact on the placement of the
burden of persuasion as to the presumed fact; this burden remains on the
party to whom it would be allocated if no presumption existed.
Study Committee, Kentuckv Rules of Evidence - Final Draft, p. 18 (Nov. 1989).
In the case at bar, when the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced evidence as to the
dumping of waste on their land and the subsequent cost of removal, a presumption was
created that the diminution in fair market value of the land equaled the cost to return the
land to its original state. We stated a similar principle in State Prooertv and Buildinas
‘The rule reads as follows:
In all civil actions and proceedings when not otherwise provided for by
statute or by these rules, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is
directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the
presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of
the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains throughout the trial on the party on
whom it was originally cast.
-2-
Commission of Department of Finance v. H. W. Miller Construction Co., Ky., 385
S.W.2d 211 (1964):
In the absence of evidence to the contrarv it would ordinarilv be oresumed
that as between a willing seller and a willing buyer of a new building
known to be in need of certain repair work the anticipated cost of the
remedial work would reduce the price by an equivalent amount. So,
unless there is evidence to iniect it, the auestion of market value need not
be considered . . . .
Id. at 214 (emphasis added).
In this case, however, the construction companies
rebutted that presumption by introducing expert testimony that the value of the land
before and after the trespass was the same. At this point, the presumption “burst,” and
the burden of going forward with the evidence shifted back to the Ellisons/Sullivans.
Professor Lawson explains the task faced by a trial judge when a party has
presented evidence in rebuttal to a presumption as follows:
Under this standard a trial judge is obligated to make one of the following
findings in evaluating evidence presented in contradiction of a
presumption: (i) that no reasonable juror could find the nonexistence of
the presumed fact; (ii) that reasonable jurors could differ as to the
existence or nonexistence of that fact; or (iii) that no reasonable juror
could find the existence of the presumed fact. A finding of the first type
would call for a directed verdict in favor of the proponent of the
presumption. A finding of the second type would result in a jury
submission on the issue of the presumed fact. A findina of the third type
would revive the burden of aoina forward with evidence as to the
presumed fact and shift it back to the orooonent of the presumption: a
directed verdict in favor of the opponent of the presumption would be
reauired if additional evidence of the oresumed fact is not oroduced.
Robert G. Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook, § 10.05 at 552 (3d ed.
1993) (emphasis added).
The above analysis is to be done in light of the weight and sufficiency of the
rebuttal evidence. If this evidence simply casts doubt upon the presumed fact, then the
presumption is reduced to a permissible inference. See Workman v. Wesley Manor
-3-
Methodist Home, Ky., 62 S.W.2d 898, 900 (1971). However, if the rebuttal evidence is
strong enough to “burst” the presumption rather than simply cast doubt upon it, then the
proponent of the presumption must come forward with evidence in support of the
presumed fact in order to survive a motion for directed verdict,
In the case at bar, the construction companies’ direct evidence as to the before
and after value of the land completely rebutted the presumption of diminution of value
created by the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ introduction of evidence of clean-up costs. This
renewed the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ burden of going forward with the evidence, which they
failed to do. Thus, the construction companies were entitled to a directed verdict.
The operation of the above principles is demonstrated in the case of Newsome
v. Bill&, Ky. App., 671 S.W.2d 252 (1984), which is factually indistinguishable from the
case at bar. Defendant Billips damaged rental property owned by Plaintiffs, the
Newsomes, while the former’s mining company was conducting blasting operations.
The Newsomes sued for damages and proved the cost of repair at somewhere
between $9,500 and $12,500. Billips put on evidence through an expert appraiser that
the value of the house before the damage was $25,000 and was valued at $24,200
immediately thereafter and also put on evidence that the cost of repair was $600. After
the close of evidence, Billips moved for a directed verdict on the grounds that the
Newsomes failed to show the fair market value of the house immediately before
and after the alleged damages. The trial court denied the motion, and in affirming the
trial court, the Court of Appeals correctly stated:
In order to sustain a motion for a directed verdict, the court must
draw all fair and rational inferences from the evidence in favor of the party
opposing the motion. A verdict should not be directed unless the
evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict. The Newsomes’ proof was
based solely on the cost to cure by repair. They did not offer any direct
-4-
proof of the difference in the fair market value of their property.
immediately before and immediately after the alleged damages, but the
fact that the only proof of the difference in the before and after values was
to be less than their estimated cost of repair was not in issue. In the
absence of evidence to the contrarv. it mav be oresumed that the
anticioated cost of reoair would reduce the value bv an eaual amount.
The directed verdict was properly denied.
Id. at 254-55 (emphasis added and internal citations omitted).
In discussing the effect of Billips’ direct evidence as to the before and after
values of the property on the presumption created by the Newsomes’ evidence of cost
repair, the Court of Appeals again correctly stated:
In Kentucky, the real measure of damages in a blasting case where
the injury is partial or “temporary” is the reasonable cost of repair.
However, repair is unreasonable when its cost exceeds the difference in
the before and after values. The unreasonableness of the Newsomes’
cost fiaures was brouaht into issue bv Billios’ Proof of the diminished
value. Anv oresumotion the Newsomes miaht have enioved was
eliminated by Billips’ proof. The Newsomes offered nothing to counter it.
The law is clear enough. The problem in this case is with the proof
and the development of the facts. The estimated cost to repair ranged
from $600.00 to $12500.00. The loss in value was essentially fixed at
$800.00. The jury could have awarded damages between $600.00 and
$800.00. The verdict of $800.00 was proper whether it was based on the
jury’s determination of a cost to repair or the actual loss in value as was
proven.
u. at 255 (emphasis added and internal citations omitted).
As in Newsome v. Bill&, the Ellisons/Sullivans in the case at bar were entitled to
the presumption that their proof of cost to restore the land to its original condition
equaled the diminution in value of the land. However, the construction companies’
proof of the before and after value of the land eliminated that presumption.
Consequently, this limited the amount of the Ellisons’/Sullivans’ damages to the
construction companies’ proof of diminution of the fair market value of the property.
-5-
Unfortunately for the Ellisons/Sullivans, they failed to present any competent
countervailing evidence as to the diminution in value. As a result, the
Ellisons’/Sullivans’ unrebutted proof of no diminution in value entitled the construction
companies to a directed verdict, since the Ellisons/Sullivans failed to prove damages.
I believe the majority opinion loses sight of that which Newsome v. Billips makes
obvious by misconstruing the issue, which it frames thusly:
Despite dicta to the contrary in Newsome v. Billips and State Property and
Buildinas Commission of Department of Finance v. H. W. Miller
Construction Co., reasonable inferences regarding diminution in fair
market value drawn from evidence of restoration costs do not evaporate
when an “expert” expresses an opinion contrary to the reasonable
inference. The expert’s opinion is additional evidence for the jury to
consider in deciding the issue, but no more and no less.
Maioritv Opinion at 18.
However, the issue in this case is not whether expert testimony concerning fair
market value of property trumps lay testimony on the same question. Indeed, our case
law clearly holds that an owner of land or other lay witness is not excluded from
testifying as to the value of property on grounds that he or she is not an expert. a,
m, Commonwealth. Department of Hiahways v. Fister, KY., 373 S.W.2d
720, 722-23
(1963). Rather, the issue is whether evidence of the cost to restore the land to its pretrespass conditions is competent evidence to prove the fair market value of the land
post-trespass.
While conceding that the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced “no ‘direct’ evidence of a
decline in the fair market value of the land . . . ,‘I2 the majority nonetheless holds that
the Ellisons/Sullivans introduced sufficient “inferential evidence” of diminution of the fair
‘Majority Opinion at 18.
-6-
market value of the property in the form of “‘clean up costs’ associated with restoring
the property to its original position . . . .‘I3
It is axiomatic that diminution of the fair
market value of the property in this case equals the fair market value of the property
pre-trespass minus the fair market of the property post-trespass. Thus, the majority
holds that evidence to restore the property to its original state is competent evidence of
the property’s fair market value post-trespass, which is simply incorrect.
The number of cases dealing with the competency of evidence in demonstrating
fair market value are legion within the Commonwealth. Like the majority, I can find not
one of them that holds that cost of repair or restoration is competent evidence of fair
market value. Unlike the majority, I am willing to admit my failure rather than trying to
reach a desired result via misdirection with the pertinent issues.
Determining fair market value is essential in assessing damages to real estate.
Where such damage is permanent, it acts as a benchmark, with the difference between
the property’s fair market value immediately prior to and subsequent to the injury
determining damages. River Queen Coal Co.. Inc. v. Mencer, Ky., 379 S.W. 2d 461,
464 (1964). Where such damage is temporary, it serves to determine the
reasonableness of the cost of repairs, a prerequisite being that such cost not exceed
the property’s pre-existing fair market value. Kentucky Stone Co. v. Gaddie,
S.W.2d
Ky., 396
337, 340 (1965). In either event, without such a determination of fair market
value, no proper assessment of damages is possible. To allow evidence of the cost of
repair or restoration to serve as competent evidence of diminution in value is to do
away with the requirement under our law that the cost of repairs or restoration in a
‘Majority Opinion at 17.
-7-
temporary trespass case be reasonable. Such a change in this area.of the law is
significant, and in my view, unwarranted.
The property owners, in failing to go forward with competent evidence
demonstrating a diminution of fair market value, failed to prove damages. Under a
permanent damage analysis, the diminution of the property’s fair market value was $0,
while a temporary damage analysis yields that any repair costs was prima facie
unreasonable. As a result, the trial court had an insufficient basis as a matter of law for
submitting that issue to the jury. I would therefore affirm the holding of the Court of
Appeals that the trial court erred in failing to grant a directed verdict to the construction
companies at the close of evidence.
-8-
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