NEWTON (TINA), ET AL. VS. NEWTON (JAMES)
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RENDERED: AUGUST 19, 2011; 10:00 A.M.
TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2010-CA-001877-MR
TINA NEWTON AND CARLA FERGUSON,
CO-ADMINISTRATRICES OF THE ESTATE
OF CLARA SANDERS
v.
APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM NELSON CIRCUIT COURT
HONORABLE CHARLES C. SIMMS, III, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 07-CI-00379
JAMES NEWTON
APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CAPERTON, COMBS, AND, THOMPSON, JUDGES.
CAPERTON, JUDGE: The Appellants are representatives of the Estate of Clara
Sanders. Sanders was slain by Appellee, James R. Newton, who was convicted on
a plea of guilty for reckless homicide. At issue between the parties is a title dispute
between the Estate and Newton over the property they held jointly with right of
survivorship.
On May 20, 2007, Sanders was on the premises she and Newton
owned in joint tenancy with right of survivorship.1 The two had lived on the
property together as unmarried cohabitants for some time. On that date, they had
thrown a party for Sanders’s grandchild. According to Newton, Sanders became
intoxicated and belligerent, and Newton attempted to restrain her. While doing so,
Newton recklessly choked and held Sanders down, resulting in her death. Newton
was criminally charged in her death and subsequently pled guilty to reckless
homicide, a class D felony. Newton was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment,
which he has now served.
The Estate thereafter filed the case sub judice in the Nelson Circuit
Court seeking damages for the wrongful death2 of Clara Sanders and for Newton’s
forfeiture of the farm real estate pursuant to KRS 381.280. The Estate moved for
summary judgment asserting that, pursuant to KRS 381.280, Newton’s conviction
for a felony with regard to Sanders’s death had the legal effect of his predeceasing
her, thereby resulting in the Estate’s being able to seize all joint property held
between the two with a right of survivorship. The trial court denied that motion,
1
On July 16, 2004, L.C. Geoghegan and his wife, Valla H. Geoghegan, executed a deed which
transferred real property to Sanders and Newton to be held “for and during their joint natural
lives, with the remainder in fee simple to the survivor of them.”
2
The wrongful death claim was settled as evidenced by an agreed order of partial dismissal dated
April 7, 2010.
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finding that Newton was entitled to half of the property and the Estate to the other
half.3 This appeal followed.
The Estate argues that pursuant to KRS 381.280, Newton forfeited all
of his interest in and to the property shared between him and Sanders. The Estate
argues that KRS 381.280 has been universally interpreted such that the slayer is
considered to predecease the victim. In so arguing, the Estate asserts that the trial
court erred in relying on Heuser v. Cohen, 655 S.W.2d 9, 10 (Ky.App. 1982),
which it asserts contradicts the holding of our Supreme Court in Bates v. Wilson,
313 Ky. 572, 574-75, 232 S.W.2d 837, 838 (1950).4
3
Procedurally, the court initially entered a September 9, 2009, order in which it made the
following determinations: (1)that pursuant to KRS 381.280, Newton was precluded from taking
any interest as a surviving joint tenant in the real property at issue; (2)that as a result, the real
property would be taken as follows: (a)one-half of the real property to Newton, and (b)one-half
of the real property to the heirs-at-law of Sanders, (3)that the motion to lift a temporary
restraining order was denied; and (4)that the Court would be willing to place the real property
into receivership. In the same September 9, 2009, order, the court denied the Estate’s motion for
partial summary judgment in regard to its argument that Newton had forfeited all of his interest
in the real property due to his conviction for reckless homicide.
On August 4, 2009, the parties had requested sixty days to determine whether they could
resolve this action. If no resolution was made, the Court advised the parties that it would take
the following action: (1)that the property would be placed in receivership so that it could be sold
forthwith, (2)that the sale proceeds would then be placed in the hands of the Nelson Circuit Clerk
because the Estate intended to appeal the court’s interpretation of KRS 381.280, and (3) that the
court would enter a final order so that the Estate could pursue its appeal.
The parties could not come to an agreement. As a result, the court entered an October 8,
2010, order finalizing its previous order of September 9, 2009.
4
The issue addressed was whether a grandchild might inherit from deceased grandparents an
interest in property which her father would have taken had he not forfeited the right to do so by
virtue of his having killed them. In rejecting such an argument, the Court stated,
There is no plausible reason for giving her father’s share of the estates to her
uncle, John C. Bates. * * * The further I go into this matter, the more thoroughly
I become convinced that the Legislature intended that ‘any person found guilty of
murder should not inherit, either by will or otherwise, from the person killed, but
should be considered as though he had preceded in death the person whom he
killed.’
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In Heuser, the trial court, following Bates, held that the heirs of a
woman murdered by her husband took all the proceeds of the insurance policy on
the home the woman held jointly in the entirety with her husband. On appeal, this
Court decided that on the basis of equity, the slayer would retain half the interest in
the property and the victim’s heirs would retain the other half. The Estate asserts
that applying the holding in Heuser to the matter sub judice would allow Newton
to benefit from killing Sanders. Accordingly, it argues that the circuit court erred
in relying upon Heuser and should be reversed.
In response, Newton argues that as he and Sanders were not married,
the nature of the ownership of the property was not a marital tenancy by the
entireties but instead a scenario in which each party was half-owner of the
undivided property. Newton argues that his one-half share of the real estate was
not Sanders’s property, and that, therefore, KRS 381.280 should not cause a
forfeiture of that share. To the contrary, Newton asserts that the only interest he
should forfeit is the interest that would have passed by survivorship which, in the
case of joint tenants with right of ownership, is a life estate with a survivorship
interest. Newton states that as a result of Sanders’s death, her heirs succeeded to
her life estate and survivorship interest as if they were tenants in common instead
In the companion case we held that Robert J. Bates, by the acts of killing his
parents, forfeited his right to inherit from either of them. The acts of killing took
place immediately before his parents died. By these murderous acts[,] Robert J.
Bates forfeited all right to inherit or receive property from his parents. . . . Robert
J. Bates is to be considered as though he had preceded in death his parents whom
he killed.
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of the interest passing by survivorship to Newton, as it would have done otherwise.
However, he argues that he should not have to forfeit his own individual interest in
the property, despite conceding that the statute requires him to forfeit his rights of
survivorship.
Newton distinguishes Bates, supra, by asserting that in that case,
unlike the case herein, the accused defendant had no interest in the property of the
decedent. He argues that the son who murdered his parents in Bates was a
beneficiary under the parents’ will and had only a contingent interest, at best.
Ultimately, Newton argues that KRS 381.280 was designed to prevent killers from
profiting as a result of their own misdeeds but was not designed to strip from them
additional property to which they otherwise had a right of ownership.
At the outset, we note that, as previously set forth herein, the court
entered an initial interlocutory order in which it denied the Estate’s motion for
partial summary judgment, set forth how it proposed to divide the estate, and
granted the parties a period in which to attempt their own resolution of these
issues. When that attempt failed, the court entered a final and appealable order on
October 8, 2010, affirming the findings in the earlier order of September 9, 2009.
For purposes of our review, the circuit court’s findings of fact shall be
reversed only if they are clearly erroneous. See CR 52.01. Findings of facts are
clearly erroneous only if they are manifestly against the weight of the evidence.
Frances v. Frances, 266 S.W.3d 754, 756 (Ky. 2008); Wells v. Wells, 412 S.W.2d
568, 571 (Ky. 1967). As always, this Court reviews de novo the trial court’s
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application of the law to the facts to determine whether its decision was correct as
a matter of law. Payton v. Com., 327 S.W.3d 468, 471-72 (Ky. 2010).
In reviewing the arguments of the parties, we note that KRS
381.280(1) provides as follows:
If the husband, wife, heir-at-law, beneficiary under a
will, joint tenant with the right of survivorship or the
beneficiary under any insurance policy takes the life of
the decedent and is convicted therefor of a felony, the
person so convicted forfeits all interest in and to the
property of the decedent, including any interest he would
receive as surviving joint tenant, and the property interest
so forfeited descends to the decedent's other heirs-at-law,
unless otherwise disposed of by the decedent.
Having reviewed the applicable law, we find that Newton is correct in
distinguishing the holdings in both Bates and First Kentucky Trust Co. v. U.S., 737
F.2d 557 (6th Cir. 1984)5 from the matter sub judice, insofar as both of those cases
5
In which the Sixth Circuit addressed the circumstances of Mr. and Mrs. Moore, who owned a
home with “title vested in them as tenants by the entirety,” and in which Mrs. Moore was killed
by Mr. Moore. The Court held that the entire value of the residence was properly included in
Mrs. Moore’s estate since, “Kentucky law bars Mr. Moore from recovering any interest in the
residence at the death of his wife by homicide at his hand, but instead requires distribution of the
residence to the devisees or heirs at law of Mrs. Moore.” In affirming, the federal appellate court
stated:
We turn next to the question of the residence. The habendum
clause quoted above has the effect of creating a tenancy by the
entirety. At the death of one of the grantees[,] the whole estate
belongs to the survivor absolutely. KRS 381.050; Francis v.
Vastine, 229 Ky. 431, 17 S.W.2d 419 (1929). Once again,
however, plaintiff is faced with the insurmountable barrier of
Kentucky’s Forfeiture Statute, KRS 381.280, supra. Having been
convicted of a felony for taking the life of Mrs. Moore, Mr. Moore
is barred from asserting any interest he would receive as a
surviving tenant. See Wilson v. Bates, 313 Ky. 333, 231 S.W.2d
39 (1950); Bates v. Wilson, 313 Ky. 572, 232 S.W.2d 837 (1950).
The district court correctly construed the Kentucky
forfeiture law. Therefore, the entire value of the residence
is a part of the estate of Mrs. Moore.
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involved situations in which the murderer and the victim held the property as
tenants by the entirety.
A tenancy by the entirety is a statutory form of ownership created by a
conveyance to a husband and wife. A tenancy by the entirety is an estate which is
founded upon the legal unity of the husband and wife, which is indivisible in them
both as well as in the survivor, but which neither of them can destroy by a separate
act. Hoffmann v. Newell, 249 Ky. 270, 60 S.W.2d 607 (1932). Thus, those parties
to a tenancy by the entirety are indivisibly joined to the property.
By contrast, joint tenants, as were Newton and Sanders herein, may
deal with the property between them as they wish, making decisions as individuals,
and not as one entity. Indeed, if one joint tenant decides to convey his or her
interest in the property, the joint tenancy is destroyed. Each tenant may deal with
the property independently of the other. Essentially, in a tenancy by the entirety,
the feature distinguishing it from joint tenancy is that the survivor of a joint
tenancy by the entirety takes at the death of the other not by virtue of the death, but
because by law each was viewed to own the entire estate from the time of its
creation. Sanderson v. Saxon, 834 S.W.2d 676 (Ky. 1992). In a joint tenancy,
however, each is merely entitled to enjoyment of the estate with an interest passing
at death to the survivor. Id.
Sub judice, both Newton and Sanders each had their own separate
ownership share and could have conveyed their respective interest in the property
whenever and to whomever they chose. Had Sanders conveyed her interest to
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another, she would be conveying a life estate with a right of survivorship. See
Sanderson, supra. We are thus in agreement with the Estate, and Newton himself
concedes, that by killing Sanders he forfeits his right of survivorship. Thus, the
interest which would otherwise have been his but for his criminal act vests in the
heirs of Sanders. However, we cannot agree that the statute, as written or
interpreted by the courts of this Commonwealth, strips Newton of the ownership of
property that was already vested in him. Had Sanders not died at the hand of
Newton, he would have taken the entire property as a result of his right of
survivorship. Because of the crime he committed, Newton must forfeit that right,
which has, we believe correctly, passed to the heirs of Sanders. We believe the
result to have been reached in this regard by the trial court to be equitable and in
accordance with the law. Accordingly, we affirm.
Wherefore, for the foregoing reasons, we hereby affirm the October 8,
2010, and September 9, 2009, orders of the Nelson Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:
BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Andrew J. Horne
Louisville, Kentucky
Jason P. Floyd
Bardstown, Kentucky
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