Thornton v. Garcini
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
Docket No. 107028. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS TONI THORNTON, Indiv. and as Special Adm r of the Estate of Jason Anthony Ebner, Deceased, Appellee, v. FRANCISCO J. GARCINI, M.D., Appellant. Opinion filed October 29, 2009. JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Chief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Karmeier, and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion. OPINION The primary issue we address in this appeal is whether expert testimony is required to prove negligent infliction of emotional distress. Defendant, Dr. Francisco Garcini, appeals from the second trial of a medical negligence claim. In that action, plaintiff, Toni Thornton, individually and as special administrator of the estate of her deceased infant son, sought damages for her son s death and compensation for negligent infliction of emotional distress. At the first trial, the jury found in favor of defendant. Plaintiff appealed, and the appellate court granted plaintiff a new trial. Thornton v. Garcini, 364 Ill. App. 3d 612 (2006). On retrial, the jury found in favor of defendant on plaintiff s wrongful-death and survival claims, but in favor of plaintiff on her negligent infliction of emotional distress claim. The appellate court affirmed. 382 Ill. App. 3d. 813. We allowed defendant s petition for leave to appeal. 210 Ill. 2d R. 315. We now affirm the judgment of the appellate court. I. BACKGROUND On August 28, 2000, plaintiff s son, Jason Anthony, was born prematurely in a breech position, at an approximate gestational age of 24 weeks. During childbirth, Jason s head became stuck in his mother s vagina, with the rest of his body outside the vagina. The infant died when the nurses at the hospital were unable to complete the delivery. Defendant arrived at the hospital an hour and 10 minutes later. Plaintiff, as administrator of Jason s estate, brought an action for medical negligence against defendant, Silver Cross Hospital, and individual nurses. Plaintiff s suit contained wrongful-death and survival claims. Her suit also included an individual claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, claiming she suffered emotional distress from the delivery. At the first trial, the jury found in favor of defendant and the nurses on the wrongful-death and survival claims and the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. On the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against the hospital, the jury found for plaintiff and awarded her $175,000. Plaintiff filed posttrial motions against all the defendants. During the pendency of this motion, the hospital and nurses entered into a release of claims and satisfaction of judgment upon payment of $175,000. The trial court later denied the posttrial motion against defendant. Plaintiff appealed only the judgment in favor of defendant. The appellate court reversed and granted plaintiff a new trial. Thornton, 364 Ill. App. 3d 612. At the second trial, defendant testified he was plaintiff s obstetrician. At 6:35 a.m. on the day of delivery, defendant was called at his home and advised that plaintiff was having contractions. He gave certain orders. The infant partially delivered in a breech position -2- 35 minutes later, at 7:10 a.m. Nurses were present for the delivery, but no physician was present. The infant became entrapped at the neck during the delivery. Defendant instructed the nurses not to deliver the infant unless it could be done easily, because of a risk of decapitation. The nurses were unable to deliver the infant, and he died before defendant left his home. When defendant was informed of the partial delivery, he first took a shower and then drove to the hospital and then delivered the dead infant. Plaintiff waited over an hour, with the deceased infant partially delivered, until defendant arrived to complete the delivery. Plaintiff testified about her emotional state from laying in a hospital bed for over an hour with the infant partially delivered. Plaintiff stated she was depressed, and could not eat, or sleep. She could only think about laying there for an hour and 10 minutes, and there was nothing she could do but sit there like that with my baby. She further testified that she has these thoughts [a]ll the time and she has had thoughts of suicide because [i]t was so horrible and I m always reminded of that hour and ten minutes that I sat there with him. The infant s father and plaintiff s mother testified to the effect the infant s death and the circumstances of the delivery had on plaintiff. No expert witness testimony was presented on plaintiff s claim for emotional distress. Plaintiff amended her complaint to conform to the proofs and submitted a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim to the jury. She only submitted her negligent infliction of emotional distress claim to the jury. Plaintiff did not submit her intentional infliction of emotional distress claim to the jury. The jury found in favor of defendant on the wrongful-death and survival claims and for plaintiff on the negligent infliction of emotional distress claim. The jury award plaintiff $700,000 in damages. Defendant filed a posttrial motion seeking a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, arguing that plaintiff failed to prove negligent infliction of emotional distress with expert testimony. Defendant s motion also sought a judgment notwithstanding the verdict based on the single recovery rule, and a setoff of the -3- settlement paid by the hospital. The trial court denied defendant s posttrial motion. The appellate court affirmed. 382 Ill. App. 3d 813. II. ANALYSIS A. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict Defendant contends he is entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict based on plaintiff s failure to produce expert testimony on the cause of her emotional distress. Specifically, defendant argues that plaintiff failed to adduce expert testimony to establish that her emotional distress was caused by the delay in delivering the deceased infant. Plaintiff argues that defendant forfeited or waived his right to object to the verdict for negligent infliction of emotional distress by failing to object to the jury instructions and to the competence of the lay witnesses who testified about emotional distress. We disagree with plaintiff that defendant has forfeited this issue. A defendant must object to an error at trial and include it in a written posttrial motion to preserve an issue on appeal. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). The record indicates defendant repeatedly maintained in the trial court that plaintiff failed to present competent proof of causation for her emotional distress claim, absent expert testimony. Defendant moved for a directed verdict both at the close of plaintiff s case and at the close of all the evidence. In his trial arguments, defendant raised the issue of whether plaintiff presented sufficient evidence as a matter of law to submit the emotional distress issue to the jury. Accordingly, we determine defendant did not forfeit or waive this issue. We review de novo a trial court s ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. McClure v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102, 132 (1999). Additionally, whether expert testimony is required to establish negligent infliction of emotional distress is an issue of law, subject to de novo review. See Woods v. Cole, 181 Ill. 2d 512, 516 (1998). A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict should only be granted when the evidence and inferences, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, so overwhelmingly favors movant that no contrary verdict -4- based on that evidence could ever stand. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 453 (1992). Defendant argues that under this court s decision in Corgan v. Muehling, 143 Ill. 2d 296 (1991), claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress must be proven by expert testimony to ensure that any verdict for emotional distress is supported by competent evidence. Conversely, plaintiff contends that Corgan does not require expert testimony to establish emotional distress. In Corgan, the plaintiff brought an action for psychological malpractice alleging the defendant therapist violated his duties when he engaged in sexual relations with her under the guise of therapy. This court examined the issue of whether a plaintiff must allege physical symptoms to support a claim for emotional distress. In rejecting such a requirement, we stated: [L]ack of precision is not a justifiable reason to preclude recovery, as expert witnesses such as psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers are fully capable of providing the jury with an analysis of a plaintiff s emotional injuries. *** *** *** [T]his court has not lost its faith in the ability of jurors to fairly determine what is, and is not, emotional distress. Furthermore, the women and men of the mental health care field have made significant improvements in the diagnosis, description and treatment of emotional distress. Corgan, 143 Ill. 2d at 311-12. In reaching our conclusion that a plaintiff need not allege physical symptoms of emotional distress, this court quoted Knierim v. Izzo, 22 Ill. 2d 73 (1961): The stronger emotions when sufficiently aroused do produce symptoms that are visible to the professional eye and we can expect much more help from the men of science in the future. [Citation.] In addition, jurors from their own experience will be able to determine whether *** conduct results in severe emotional disturbance. Corgan, 143 Ill. 2d at 311-12, quoting Knierim, 22 Ill. 2d at 85. -5- We agree with plaintiff that Corgan does not require expert testimony to establish emotional distress. The absence of medical testimony does not preclude recovery for emotional distress. Rather, [t]he existence or nonexistence of medical testimony goes to the weight of the evidence but does not prevent this issue from being submitted to the jury. Clark v. Owens-Brockway Glass Container, Inc., 297 Ill. App. 3d 694, 701 (1998). Defendant argues that Hiscott v. Peters, 324 Ill. App. 3d 114 (2001), supports his argument that a plaintiff cannot prove a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim without expert testimony. In Hiscott, the plaintiffs sought to recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress allegedly resulting from an automobile accident but did not present medical proof of emotional distress. Hiscott held that the plaintiffs failed to support their claim of emotional distress with expert medical proof. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 126. Hiscott concluded that this court s statement in Corgan that it has not lost its faith in the ability of jurors to fairly determine what is, and is not, emotional distress (Corgan, 143 Ill. 2d at 312) does not mean that all plaintiffs involved in personal injury actions may seek damages for negligently inflicted emotional distress without medically verifiable proof. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 126. The appellate court concluded that the plaintiffs testimony more appropriately [fell] under the definition of loss of a normal life than emotional distress. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 127. We determine that the court in Hiscott misread the holding in Corgan. Accordingly, we overrule the portions of Hiscott limiting Corgan to its facts and requiring all claims for severe emotional distress to be supported by expert medical proof. See Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 126. We hold that expert testimony, while it may assist the jury, is not required to support a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress. This court s recent decision in People v. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d 181 (2008), further supports our conclusion. In Hudson, the trial court allowed a 16-year-old victim of a home invasion to present lay testimony to establish her psychological trauma. On appeal, the defendant argued that expert testimony was required to establish psychological harm. This court held that jurors could reasonably find, without the assistance of expert testimony, that the circumstances of the offense were such as to cause psychological -6- injury to a 16-year-old girl. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at 199. Hudson did recognize, however, that expert testimony may be required in some cases to prove psychological injury, but it was unnecessary given the facts of that case. We believe the circumstances of this case are similar to those in Hudson. Based on personal experience alone, the jury could reasonably find that the circumstances of this case caused plaintiff emotional distress. Plaintiff explicitly testified on her experience of having the deceased infant protrude from her body for over an hour while awaiting Dr. Garcini s arrival. Plaintiff, the infant s father, and plaintiff s mother all testified about plaintiff s behavior and emotional state following the event. The record sufficiently established that plaintiff suffered emotional distress. Defendant also contends expert proof of causation is necessary when there is more than one possible cause of the emotional distress to ensure that the recovery is only for compensable emotional injuries proximately caused by the event for which defendant was found liable, and not for grief suffered, or other emotional distress resulting from other causes for which defendant is not liable. According to defendant, causation is at issue here when plaintiff simultaneously lost her infant and suffered a traumatic event by having the infant protruding from her body until defendant s arrival. Defendant surmises that expert testimony would have established whether the delay in delivering the deceased infant caused the entire emotional injury, as opposed to the death of the infant. Here, plaintiff s testimony established that the emotional distress she experienced derived directly from defendant s delay in delivering the deceased infant and not from the death of her child. Plaintiff testified that she was depressed, and could not eat, or sleep. She could only think about laying there for an hour and 10 minutes, and there was nothing she could do but sit there like that with my baby. She further testified that she has these thoughts [a]ll the time and she has had thoughts of suicide because [i]t was so horrible and I m always reminded of that hour and ten minutes that I sat there with him. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff as we must here, the trial testimony established that she suffered emotional distress because of defendant s delay in delivering the deceased baby. We cannot say that the evidence so -7- overwhelmingly favored defendant that no contrary verdict could ever stand. Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 453. Accordingly, we hold defendant is not entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict due to the lack of expert testimony on the issue of plaintiff s emotional distress. In the alternative, defendant argues he is entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the verdict against him violates the single-recovery rule. Defendant also argues that if the singlerecovery rule is inapplicable in this case, that he is entitled to a setoff for the amount paid to plaintiff by the hospital. We first address defendant s argument that the single-recovery rule prohibits plaintiff from seeking recovery from him for emotional distress. According to defendant, plaintiff suffered a single emotional distress injury. The jury in the first trial determined the amount of plaintiff s damages for that injury, and plaintiff accepted full payment in satisfaction of the judgment amount against the hospital. Defendant contends that the single-recovery rule prohibits plaintiff from seeking a second recovery from him for the same emotional distress injury. Again, our standard of review for a trial court s ruling on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is de novo. McClure, 188 Ill. 2d at 132. Generally, obtaining a judgment against one tortfeasor will not bar a plaintiff from bringing claims against any other tortfeasors. Saichek v. Lupa, 204 Ill. 2d 127, 137 (2003). A plaintiff may, however, receive only one full compensation for his or her injuries, and double recovery for the same injury is not allowed. Saichek, 204 Ill. 2d at 137. The initial judgment, however, will normally serve as a limit on the plaintiff s entitlement to redress. Saichek, 204 Ill. 2d at 137. Plaintiff argues the appellate court correctly found that defendant failed to preserve this issue by raising it for the first time in a posttrial motion. We agree with plaintiff that defendant has forfeited his right to claim the single-recovery rule prohibits plaintiff from seeking damages from defendant for emotional distress. Defendant did not claim the single-recovery rule until he filed his posttrial motion. The basis for defendant s claim, however, arose at the end of the first trial. Defendant had multiple opportunities to raise this theory before the second trial concluded: (1) as an affirmative defense in the second trial; (2) through pretrial motions in limine in -8- the second trial; (3) by filing a motion for direct verdict in the second trial; and (4) during the jury instruction conference in the second trial. Due to defendant s failure to raise this issue before the entry of the verdict after the second trial, plaintiff had no notice or opportunity during trial to defend against defendant s claim. Thus, defendant forfeited his right to assert the single-recovery rule by raising this issue for the first time in his posttrial motion. See MidAmerica Bank, FSB v. Charter One Bank, FSB, 232 Ill. 2d 560 (2009). Finally, we address defendant s argument that he is entitled to a setoff in the amount paid by the hospital to plaintiff. Plaintiff again asserts that defendant has forfeited this issue by raising it for the first time in his posttrial motion. Section 2 608 of the Code of Civil Procedure addresses when a claim by a defendant against a plaintiff must be raised. It provides, in relevant part: (a) Any claim by one or more defendants against one or more plaintiffs, or against one or more codefendants, whether in the nature of setoff, recoupment, cross claim or otherwise, and whether in tort or contract, for liquidated or unliquidated damages, or for other relief, may be pleaded as a cross claim in any action, and when so pleaded shall be called a counterclaim. (b) the counterclaim shall be a part of the answer, and shall be designated as a counterclaim. Service of process on parties already before the court is not necessary. 735 ILCS 5/2 608 (West 2002). Thus, section 2 608 provides that a setoff claim may be raised as a cross claim in the defendant s answer. 735 ILCS 5/2 608 (West 2002). Recently, in MidAmerica Bank, 232 Ill. 2d 560, this court recognized that although the pleading requirements of section 2 608 are framed as permissive, a party cannot be afforded relief without a corresponding pleading. MidAmerica Bank, 232 Ill. 2d at 574, citing Bartsch v. Gordon N. Plumb, Inc., 138 Ill. App. 3d 188, 200 (1985). We explained that [a] defendant is required to raise a claim for a setoff in the pleadings to give the plaintiff notice and an opportunity to defend against the claim. MidAmerica Bank, 232 Ill. 2d at 574-75. Accordingly, we held that the trial court did not err in denying the -9- defendant s request for a setoff when the defendant failed to raise the issue in the pleadings because the plaintiff did not have notice or opportunity to defend against the setoff claim until after the completion of the second trial. MidAmerica Bank, 232 Ill. 2d at 57475. We therefore hold in this case that defendant forfeited his setoff claim by raising the issue for the first time in his posttrial motion. III. CONCLUSION We hold that expert testimony is not required to support a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress. We further hold that defendant has forfeited the single-recovery rule and setoff issues. We therefore affirm the judgment of the appellate court. Affirmed. -10-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
