In re Paternity of Rogers

No. 3--97--0353

_________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT
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In re PATERNITY OF VICTOR PAUL ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ROGERS III, a Minor ) of Du Page County.
)
) No. 96--F--0082
(Victor P. Rogers II, )
Petitioner-Appellant, v. The )
People of the State of Illinois )
ex rel. Department of Public )
Aid, and Susan Rogers, n/k/a ) Honorable
Susan Kratky, Respondents- ) James W. Jerz,
Appellees). ) Judge, Presiding.
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JUSTICE HUTCHINSON delivered the opinion of the court:
On February 27, 1996, petitioner, Victor P. Rogers II
(Victor), filed a petition in the Du Page County circuit court (Du
Page court or trial court) pursuant to the Illinois Parentage Act
of 1984 (the Parentage Act) (750 ILCS 45/1 et seq. (West 1996)) to
establish the nonexistence of a parent-child relationship and to
declare that Victor is not liable for child support. The petition
named his former wife, Susan Rogers, n/k/a Susan Kratky (Susan), as
respondent. The State appeared as a respondent on behalf of the
Department of Public Aid (State) and filed a motion to strike and
dismiss the petition pursuant to section 2--619 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/2--619 (West 1996)) on the
ground that Victor's action was barred by a prior judgment
dissolving the marriage of the parties. After reconsidering its
initial ruling to the contrary, the trial court dismissed Victor's
petition on December 2, 1996, concluding that the principles of res
judicata and, more particularly, collateral estoppel applied. On
March 27, 1997, the trial court denied Victor's motion to
reconsider, and this timely appeal followed. We affirm.
The record discloses that Victor Paul Rogers III (the child)
was born to Susan on March 9, 1988. Four months later, on July 18,
1988, Victor and Susan were married. Two years later, on March 1,
1990, their marriage was dissolved by a judgment entered by the
Cook County circuit court (the Cook court). Victor did not appear
in the dissolution proceeding and was found in default. However,
the Cook court made certain findings in entering the judgment of
dissolution. First, the Cook court determined that Victor
received due notice of the proceedings and the court was satisfied
that all proper means had been taken to notify Victor of the
pendency of the suit. The Cook court found, inter alia, that
Victor Paul Rogers III was a child born to the parties, Victor and
Susan; that Victor was unemployed and was living in Berwyn,
Illinois; and that the parties were able to support themselves.
The Cook court granted custody of the child to Susan, granted
Victor reasonable visitation privileges with the child, and
ordered Victor to pay certain marital debts and to pay child
support of 20% of his net weekly income or $25 per week (whichever
was greater) through the clerk of the court pursuant to the county
child support enforcement program. The Cook court expressly
retained jurisdiction of the cause to enforce all the terms of the
judgment of dissolution.
Nearly eight years after the child's birth, Victor petitioned
the Du Page court to establish the nonexistence of the parent-
child relationship between him and the child. In his petition,
Victor alleged that, in June 1994 he obtained knowledge of
relevant facts that he was excluded as the biological father of
the minor child through DNA testing technology. The purported
result of this test by Genetic Design, Inc., is not found in the
record, although it is referenced in the petition. At this point
we note that an action to declare the nonexistence of the parent-
child relationship is barred if brought later than two years after
the petitioner obtains knowledge of relevant facts. 750 ILCS
45/8(a)(3) (West 1996).
After the Du Page court dismissed his petition, Victor filed
a motion to reconsider on January 2, 1997, in which he challenged
the trial court's application of the principles of res judicata
and collateral estoppel. He also alleged for the first time that
the issue of paternity was not fully adjudicated on the merits
during the dissolution proceeding because Susan took deliberate
steps to prevent Victor from appearing in the dissolution
proceeding. Victor alleged, though unsupported by specific facts
or affidavits, that Susan verbally reassured him that the
dissolution proceeding would be dismissed and that she intercepted
legal notices directed to him regarding pending court dates prior
to the entry of the final judgment.
In denying Victor's motion to reconsider, the trial court
concluded that the issue of parentage could not again be
relitigated under the Parentage Act as parentage in the
dissolution proceeding was previously determined and that the
matter was res judicata. The court further opined that the proper
remedy would have been for Victor to pursue a section 2--1401
petition to amend the judgment in the original dissolution
proceeding. See 735 ILCS 5/2--1401 (West 1996). The court also
observed that Victor was no longer a presumed father who could
bring the action under the Parentage Act because he was already
found to be the father of the child and the rebuttable presumption
of paternity no longer existed. See 750 ILCS 45/7(b) (West 1996).

On appeal, Victor argues that his paternity was not
adjudicated on the merits in the prior default proceeding to
dissolve his marriage, and thus, his petition to establish the
nonexistence of a parent-child relationship should not be barred
by the principles of res judicata or collateral estoppel. He
asserts that he never had the opportunity to litigate the issue of
paternity due to Susan's allegedly fraudulent conduct.
Furthermore, he argues for the very first time, in a footnote to
this claim, that Susan failed to file an affidavit that Victor was
not on active military duty (although he now claims he was)
pursuant to the provisions of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil
Relief Act of 1940 (the Relief Act) (50 U.S.C.A. 501 et seq.
(West 1990)). Consequently, he claims that the Cook court did not
have jurisdiction to enter the judgment and the judgment of
dissolution was therefore void.
The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2--619
of the Code is to afford litigants a means to dispose of issues of
law and easily proved issues of fact. Zedella v. Gibson, 165 Ill. 2d 181, 185 (1995). A dismissal is allowed when the claim
asserted is barred by other affirmative matters that defeat the
claim. 735 ILCS 5/2--619(a)(9) (West 1996). A section 2--619
motion to dismiss admits all well-pleaded facts as well as the
reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts, and the
motion should be granted if no genuine issue of material facts
exists. Aspling v. Ferrall, 232 Ill. App. 3d 758, 761 (1992).
The standard is similar to the one applicable to a summary
judgment, and the court considers the pleadings, affidavits, and
depositions when ruling on such a motion. Aspling, 232 Ill. App.
3d at 761. Absent an issue of material fact, the question on
review is whether the dismissal was proper as a matter of law
(Zedella, 165 Ill. 2d at 185-86), and this court employs a de novo
standard of review (Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v.
Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116 (1993)).
Notwithstanding Victor's attempts to interject factual issues
into this appeal, the essential and material facts in this case
are undisputed. The central question before this court is a legal
one: whether the trial properly applied the principles of res
judicata and collateral estoppel in granting respondent's motion
to dismiss Victor's petition. We conclude that Victor is barred
from relitigating the issue of paternity.
The doctrine of res judicata provides that a final judgment
on the merits is conclusive as to the rights of the parties,
constituting an absolute bar to a subsequent action involving the
same claim, demand, or cause of action. Rodgers v. St. Mary's
Hospital, 149 Ill. 2d 302, 311-12 (1992). When res judicata is
established as a bar against the prosecution of a second action
between the same parties upon the same claim or demand, it is
conclusive not only as to every matter that was offered to sustain
or defeat the claim or demand, but as to any other matter that
might have been offered for that purpose. Housing Authority v.
YMCA, 101 Ill. 2d 246, 251-52 (1984). For the doctrine to apply,
there must be (1) a final judgment on the merits rendered by a
court of competent jurisdiction; (2) an identity of the causes of
action; and (3) an identity of the parties or their privies. Rein
v. David A. Noyes & Co., 172 Ill. 2d 325, 335 (1996).
In determining whether causes of action are the same for res
judicata purposes, one test is whether the evidence needed to
sustain the second suit would have sustained the first or whether
the same facts were essential to maintain both actions. Rodgers,
149 Ill. 2d at 312. A second test, the transactional approach,
is whether both suits arise from the same transaction, incident,
or factual situation. The assertion of different kinds or
theories of relief still results in a single cause of action if a
single group of operative facts gives rise to the assertion of
relief. Rodgers, 149 Ill. 2d at 312.
The doctrine of collateral estoppel or estoppel by verdict,
a branch of res judicata, is narrower in scope and prohibits the
relitigation of an issue essential to and actually decided in an
earlier proceeding by the same parties or their privies. Identity
of party for the application of collateral estoppel is satisfied
so long as the party against whom its application is sought is
identical in both actions and had a full and fair opportunity to
contest an issue which was necessarily determined in the prior
proceeding. Herriford v. Boyles, 193 Ill. App. 3d 947, 953
(1990). Where the party against whom collateral estoppel is
asserted has had a full and fair opportunity to contest an issue
that was necessarily determined in the original proceeding, the
defensive use of collateral estoppel may be applied to bar
relitigation of the issue even where a default judgment has been
entered provided no injustice results from the application of the
doctrine. Herriford, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 953-54; Coronet
Insurance Co. v. Booker, 158 Ill. App. 3d 466, 471 (1987).
In the present case, the three requirements of res judicata
have been met. First, a final judgment on the merits was reached
by the Cook court that dissolved the marriage of Victor and Susan
in which the court found that the child was a child of the
parties, ordered Victor to pay child support, and granted him
visitation. Parentage was an issue raised and ruled upon in that
proceeding, and a finding of paternity in a dissolution decree is
a final judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction.
In re Marriage of Klebs, 196 Ill. App. 3d 472, 480 (1990). Thus,
any party or privy to that proceeding may be barred from
attempting to relitigate the issue of parentage. Klebs, 196 Ill.
App. 3d at 480; see also In re Marriage of Emmerson, 115 Ill. App.
3d 712, 715 (1983).
The same claim or cause of action is involved in both the
dissolution proceeding and the parentage action because the same
evidence or operative facts would sustain a finding of parentage
whether in a dissolution proceeding or in a parentage action
irrespective of the statutory ground or theory for the claim. See
Rein, 172 Ill. 2d at 340. Undeniably, Victor and Susan were named
as opposing parties in each of the proceedings; thus, the third
requirement is met. The judgment of dissolution is binding as to
them. We hasten to add, however, that we do not decide here
whether the child is precluded from relitigating the issue of his
parentage. See Simcox v. Simcox, 131 Ill. 2d 491, 496-97 (1989)
(holding that children are not privies of their parents where they
are not properly represented in dissolution proceedings, and they
are not bound by findings of paternity unless they are made
parties to the proceedings); see also In re Parentage of Rodgers,
279 Ill. App. 3d 648 (1996).
The entry of a default judgment in the dissolution proceeding
does not change the applicability of res judicata in this case.
A default judgment is always res judicata as to the ultimate claim
or demand presented by the complaint. Housing Authority, 101 Ill. 2d at 254; Grisanzio v. Bilka, 158 Ill. App. 3d 821, 827 (1987).
Collateral estoppel also bars Victor from relitigating the
issue of parentage. Even assuming arguendo that a statutory
parentage proceeding is not identical to a dissolution proceeding
and all of the parties are not identical, the issue of parentage
has been necessarily adjudicated and determined by a court of
competent jurisdiction in the dissolution proceeding, and Victor
was a party to each proceeding.
We also disagree with Victor's assertion that he was not
provided a full and fair opportunity to contest the issue of
parentage in the original proceeding, and we find no injustice in
applying the doctrine of collateral estoppel in this case. See
Herriford, 193 Ill. App. 3d at 953-54. The judgment of
dissolution recites that Victor was properly notified of the
proceeding and that he was living in Berwyn, Illinois, at the
time. It appears that he chose not to appear in the proceeding
and waited six more years to challenge the legality of the
finding of parentage--when the child was nearly eight years old.
We still have no satisfactory explanation for Victor's excessive
delay in pursuing his legal remedies, nor are we informed why his
suspicions about his paternity only surfaced in 1994 when he
decided to undergo testing.
Victor's untimely and vague allegations that Susan
fraudulently prevented him from appearing in the dissolution
proceeding are not persuasive. This claim, made for the first
time in a motion to reconsider the final judgment of dismissal in
the parentage action, is both a belated and a transparent attempt
to circumvent the requirements of a section 2--1401 petition (735
ILCS 5/2--1401 (West 1996)) to vacate or reopen the original
judgment within the usual two-year limitation period. See Ptaszek
v. Michalik, 238 Ill. App. 3d 72, 76 (1992) (after two-year period
for filing petition, litigant must additionally establish that
grounds for relief were fraudulently concealed to toll limitation
period). The allowance of new matter in a motion to reconsider is
subject to the trial court's discretion and should not be
permitted without a reasonable explanation of why it was not made
available at the time of the original hearing. Taylor v. Peoples
Gas Light & Coke Co., 275 Ill. App. 3d 655, 664 (1995); In re
Marriage of Davis, 215 Ill. App. 3d 763, 776 (1991). Again,
Victor has not offered a satisfactory explanation for his delay in
raising this issue during the parentage proceeding, and the trial
court properly denied his motion to reconsider.
We also point out that fraud must be pleaded with specificity
and proved by clear and convincing evidence. International Meat
Co. v. Bockos, 157 Ill. App. 3d 810, 815 (1987). Specificity is
lacking in this case. Victor failed to present specific
allegations or supporting affidavits to establish that Susan knew
he was not the father and intentionally misled him about that
fact--a fact upon which he relied to his detriment. Ptaszek, 238
Ill. App. 3d at 77. Neither has he pleaded sufficiently specific
facts, including references to particular times, dates, documents,
and incidents, to support his vague claim that Susan improperly
prevented him from appearing in the dissolution proceeding.
Finally, Victor raises for the first time on appeal a factual
question regarding the alleged failure of Susan to comply with the
provisions of the Relief Act, and he claims that the judgment of
dissolution was therefore void. Here again, as in the trial
court, Victor has engaged in belated and improper piecemeal
litigation. It is improper practice to engage in piecemeal
litigation--seeing one theory of the case to conclusion before
proposing another. See Powers v. National Mirror Works, 52 Ill.
App. 3d 592, 599 (1977). In any case, no support for this
voidness claim exists in the record, and we deem it waived. A
claim or question should not be considered for the first time on
appeal, particularly where proof might have been offered in the
trial court to refute it. Sasser v. Alfred Benesch & Co., 216
Ill. App. 3d 445, 452 (1991) (issue of voidness of engineer's
manual under statutory provision waived where raised for first
time on appeal); People v. Rodriguez, 169 Ill. App. 3d 131, 138
(1988) (issue of voidness of custody order waived where raised for
the first time on appeal).
We observe nevertheless that, although the purpose of the
Relief Act is to protect persons in the military from having
default judgments entered against them without their knowledge,
the entry of such a judgment is not prevented when notice of the
pendency of the action and adequate time and opportunity to appear
and defend have been afforded. Roqueplot v. Roqueplot, 88 Ill.
App. 3d 59, 61 (1980); accord Fifth Third Bank of NW Ohio, N.A. v.
Kuney, 107 Ohio App. 3d 601, 669 N.E.2d 271 (1995). A member of
the military must seek to set aside the judgment according to the
terms and time limitations of the Relief Act and must show
prejudice by reason of military service and a meritorious defense;
a judgment entered in violation of the Relief Act is merely
voidable, and not void. In re Custody of Nugent, 955 P.2d 584
(Colo. Ct. App. 1997); Krumme v. Krumme, 6 Kan. App. 2d 939, 636 P.2d 814 (1981); see Scheidegg v. Department of Air Force, 715 F. Supp. 11, 14 (D.N.H. 1989) (judgment is merely voidable and
subject to attack only in court that rendered judgment).
We conclude, as did the trial court, that Victor is bound by
the judgment of the Cook court on the grounds of res judicata and
collateral estoppel. Victor has failed to establish a sufficient
legal basis to vitiate that conclusion. The Du Page court's
decision to dismiss his parentage petition was proper as a matter
of law, and that court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Victor's motion to reconsider.
The judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is
affirmed.
Affirmed.
INGLIS and COLWELL, JJ., concur.