In re K.A.

No. 2--95--0222



IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT


In re K.A., a Minor ) Appeal from the Circuit
) Court of Winnebago County.
)
) No. 88--J--303
)
(The People of the State of ) Honorable
Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, ) Steven M. Nash,
v. K.A., Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding.

JUSTICE COLWELL delivered the opinion of the court:
The State filed a second supplemental delinquency petition
against the respondent, K.A., seeking to have him adjudicated a
delinquent minor and made a ward of the court pursuant to the
Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1--1 et seq. (West 1994)).
The petition alleged that K.A. had committed the following
offenses: unlawful possession of a controlled substance for
knowingly and unlawfully possessing less than 15 grams of a
substance containing cocaine (720 ILCS 570/402(c) (West 1994));
unlawful delivery of a controlled substance for knowingly and
unlawfully possessing with the intent to deliver less than one gram
of a substance containing cocaine (720 ILCS 570/401(d) (West
1994)); unlawful possession of a controlled substance for knowingly
and unlawfully possessing more than 15 but less than 100 grams of
a substance containing cocaine (720 ILCS 570/402(a)(2)(A) (West
1994)); and unlawful delivery of a controlled substance for
knowingly and unlawfully possessing with the intent to deliver more
than 15 but less than 100 grams of a substance containing cocaine
(720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West 1994)). The trial court
subsequently issued an order of adjudication finding K.A. to be a
delinquent minor for committing the charged offenses and issued a
dispositional order revoking K.A.'s probation and committing K.A.
to the juvenile division of the Department of Corrections. K.A.
appeals.
On appeal, K.A. argues that the evidence was insufficient to
find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt on any of the counts of
unlawful possession of a controlled substance and unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with the intent to deliver.
In addition, K.A. contends that the trial court committed errors
during K.A.'s dispositional hearing. We reverse.
Testimony at the adjudicatory hearing revealed the following
facts. Detective Joe Vincere testified that at approximately 12:10
p.m. on November 1, 1994, several members of the Rockford police
department metro narcotics unit executed a search warrant at 313
South Fourth Street. The building at that address was a two-story
dwelling containing three or four apartments. The search warrant
was executed in a lower apartment.
Detective Vincere knocked on the rear door of the apartment
and announced his office. He received no verbal response but heard
some type of movement within. At that point, an officer used a
battering ram to force open the door.
Detective Vincere was the first officer to enter the
apartment. Detective Vincere immediately observed K.A. and Myron
Taylor running in the living room toward the front door. K.A.
exited the apartment behind Myron but stopped on command after
about 40 yards. Myron continued running, was caught, and was
returned to the apartment.
Detective Vincere estimated that, when he first observed K.A.
and Myron, they were between one foot to three feet away from a
McDonald's box under which cocaine was later discovered and five to
six feet away from a closet in which cocaine was later discovered
in a hole in the floor. The closet was located between the kitchen
and the living room.
Detective Vincere testified that K.A. and Myron told him at
the scene that they were visiting the apartment. Detective Vincere
also testified that K.A. later told him that Myron had told him to
go to the apartment the evening before the raid and that he had
arrived at the apartment at about 11:45 a.m. to smoke a joint and
listen to some music. K.A. explained that he ran because he was
afraid. K.A. denied any knowledge of narcotics within the
apartment.
Detective Vincere also testified that no cannabis was
recovered in the apartment or on K.A. In addition, Detective
Vincere admitted on cross-examination that no scales or cutting
agents were recovered and that K.A. did not have a key to the
apartment.
Detective Vincere further testified to the condition of the
interior of the apartment. The apartment contained some McDonald's
boxes in a garbage bag, an empty refrigerator, no furniture, except
for a kitchen chair and some cushions, and no clothing. He did not
recall observing any type of device to play music. He did not
observe any indications that someone was staying in the apartment
on a regular basis and no documents were located regarding the
tenancy of the apartment.
Detective Vincere also testified that the apartment had been
raided on three previous occasions within the last four months.
The apartment was also under surveillance earlier in the morning
prior to the November 1, 1994, raid. K.A. was never observed on
any of the prior occasions or on the morning of the raid.
Different people were present in the apartment on each occasion.
According to Detective Vincere, the rear door of the apartment
was in bad condition from the previous raids. Although the door
could be shut and locked, it was not very sturdy, meaning that
anyone could enter the apartment through that door.
Detective Mark Welsh's testimony corroborated Detective
Vincere's testimony regarding the interior of the apartment.
According to Detective Welsh, the apartment was basically vacant of
any furniture, food, or clothing, and it appeared no one lived
there. He did not observe any machine capable of playing music.
Detective Welsh did observe garbage, such as McDonald's boxes,
around the apartment.
Detective Welsh also testified that he found a McDonald's box
opened up and facing down in the living room. Under the box,
Detective Welsh found 10 corners of clear plastic bags which
contained an off-white, rock-like substance later identified as
cocaine. In a hole in the floor of the closet, Detective Welsh
also found two bags, each tied in a knot and containing several
smaller corners of clear plastic bags with an off-white, rock-like
substance later identified as cocaine. The closet was located
between the kitchen and the living room about six to eight feet
from the McDonald's box. There were a total of 87 smaller corners
of plastic bags.
Detective Welsh admitted on cross-examination that he could
not determine what was located under the McDonald's box without
turning it over. Detective Welsh also admitted that the closet
door was closed, but not locked, and that the kitchen cupboard
doors were closed.
In the kitchen cupboards, Detective Welsh observed a large
quantity of plastic bags with the corners cut off. The narcotics
found in the apartment were wrapped in what appeared to be corners
cut from plastic bags. Detective Welsh did not observe any drug
paraphernalia, nor did he find any cannabis within the apartment or
on K.A. or Myron.
Detective Welsh searched K.A. and found $140 in United States
currency in his front pant pocket. K.A.'s mother testified that a
few days before November 1, 1994, she gave K.A. $140 so he could
buy some clothes.
K.A. testified that Myron told him to go to the apartment and
that he arrived at about 11:45 a.m. K.A. knocked on the front door
and Myron let him in. Myron was already in the apartment when K.A.
arrived. K.A. spent most of his time in the living room without
looking around the apartment. K.A. observed a television, some
cushions, a boom box, some tapes, and some garbage in the
apartment.
K.A. testified that he was listening to music for about 15
minutes when he heard an unusual sound coming from the back door.
K.A. then observed the back door caving in and when he turned
around he saw Myron unlocking and running out the front door. K.A.
then followed Myron out the front door but stopped on command of
the police.
K.A. did not think that Myron lived at the apartment but
thought one of Myron's relatives lived in the apartment. K.A.
testified that he had never been to the apartment before.
At an adjudicatory hearing to determine whether a minor is
delinquent, the State must prove the elements of any substantive
offense alleged in a delinquency petition beyond a reasonable
doubt. In re W.C., 167 Ill. 2d 307, 336 (1995). "The standard of
review in determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." In re
W.C., 167 Ill. 2d at 336.
To establish the elements of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance, the State must prove the defendant's
knowledge of the possession of the controlled substance and that
the controlled substance was in the defendant's immediate and
exclusive control. People v. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 360
(1992). Possession may be actual or constructive. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d at 361.
In the instant case, K.A. was clearly not in actual possession
of a controlled substance, and the State does not make such a
claim. Rather, the State contends that K.A. was in constructive
possession of a controlled substance. Constructive possession
exists without actual personal present dominion over a controlled
substance, but with an intent and capability to maintain control
and dominion. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d at 361. Constructive
possession may be inferred from the defendant's exclusive control
of the premises where narcotics were found. People v. Butler, 242
Ill. App. 3d 731, 733 (1993). Once it is established that
narcotics were found on premises under the defendant's control, it
may be inferred that the defendant had the requisite knowledge and
possession for a conviction of possession of a controlled
substance, absent other facts and circumstances that might leave a
reasonable doubt as to guilt in the minds of the jury. Frieberg,
147 Ill. 2d at 361.
Here, the narcotics were found in the apartment occupied by K.A.
during the raid. The mere presence in the vicinity of contraband,
however, cannot establish constructive possession. People v.
Adams, 242 Ill. App. 3d 830, 832 (1993). Nonetheless, where other
circumstantial evidence is sufficiently probative, proof of
proximity combined with inferred knowledge of the presence of
contraband will support a finding of guilt on charges of
possession. People v. Brown, 277 Ill. App. 3d 989, 998 (1996).
In the instant case, there is a reasonable doubt, in light of
the evidence when viewed as a whole, that the apartment where the
drugs were found was under K.A.'s exclusive control. As a result,
it cannot be inferred that the narcotics were in his constructive
possession.
The record contains no evidence to prove that K.A. owned,
rented, or resided in the apartment where the narcotics were found.
One way to prove the necessary control over the premises is to show
that the defendant lived there. People v. Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d
144, 147 (1993). The State presented no evidence of rental
receipts, utility bills, or clothing to show that K.A. lived in the
apartment. See Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 147. Additionally,
K.A. denied residing at the apartment, and Detective Vincere
admitted the police were unable to find proof of tenancy for the
apartment. Proof of residency, however, "has little if any
relevance to the issue of control" when the dwelling is a "drug
house." See Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 147-48.
A drug house is a dwelling not used primarily as a residence
but instead as a center for the packaging and distribution of
drugs, and typically it contains very little or no furniture,
appliances, food, or clothing. See Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d at
147-48; People v. Bond, 205 Ill. App. 3d 515, 517 (1990).
Detectives Vincere and Welsh both testified that the apartment
contained very little furniture besides a chair and some cushions,
no food, and no clothing. Neither observed any type of device to
play music despite K.A.'s testimony that the apartment also
contained a television and a radio. It appeared to both detectives
that no one lived in the apartment. Thus, K.A. was present in a
drug house at the time of the raid. As a result, the fact that
K.A. did not own, rent, or reside in the apartment is not fatal to
a finding that he controlled the apartment and therefore
constructively possessed the drugs found therein. See Lawton, 253
Ill. App. 3d at 148.
Even though residence is not a major factor in determining
control of a drug house, the State must still prove the defendant's
control over a drug house to establish constructive possession.
For example, in Lawton, the evidence showed that the defendants
admitted owning a key to the locked drug house, the cocaine was
found in plain view in the drug house, and a field test showed the
presence of cocaine on the defendants' hands. Lawton, 253 Ill.
App. 3d at 148. Similarly, in Bond, a key to the drug house was
found in the defendant's car, a scale found in the apartment was
set to the precise weight of a bag of cocaine found in the
defendant's car, and the defendant's fingerprints were found on a
bottle of a substance used to dilute cocaine. Bond, 205 Ill. App.
3d at 517.
In this case, however, the State did not present any evidence
of K.A.'s fingerprints on the narcotics or on any drug
paraphernalia in the apartment. There was no evidence of drug
paraphernalia, and the State presented no testimony to characterize
the cut plastic bags as drug paraphernalia. In addition, there was
no evidence of cocaine residue or any other drugs on K.A.
Furthermore, the police never found a key to the apartment and
there was no evidence that K.A. admitted owning a key to the
apartment. In fact, K.A. testified that Myron was already in the
apartment and let K.A. into the apartment when he arrived.
Finally, the narcotics were not in plain sight; they were
concealed. Detective Welsh testified that the narcotics under the
McDonald's box and in the hole in the closet could not be seen.
Moreover, other factors that tend to prove a defendant's
control of premises other than a drug house, but that would also be
relevant in determining control of a drug house, were not present
in this case. For instance, K.A. was not found in the presence of
drugs in a secluded place. See People v. Brown, 277 Ill. App. 3d
989, 998-99 (1996) (finding defendant's control over secluded crawl
space used to hide things). Instead, K.A. was first seen in an
open living room. See People v. Ray, 232 Ill. App. 3d 459 (1992)
(reversing convictions based upon constructive possession where
defendants found sitting in living room on couch 18 inches from
handgun, United States currency, and drugs).
In addition, the State presented no evidence to prove that
K.A. was ever present at the apartment on any other prior occasion
or that he frequently visited the apartment. See Butler, 242 Ill.
App. 3d at 733 (finding constructive possession where, inter alia,
defendant returned to premises on more than one occasion even
though defendant had moved out of the house and no longer possessed
a key to the bedroom where drugs were found); People v. Valdez, 230
Ill. App. 3d 975, 981 (1992) (finding evidence sufficient to
support inference of control of residence where, inter alia,
defendant observed on approximately 20 occasions entering house and
staying for considerable periods of time). Detective Vincere
testified that K.A. was never observed at the apartment during the
three prior drug raids or during the surveillance of the apartment
earlier in the morning, and K.A. denied ever being present at the
apartment on any other occasion.
The State also presented no evidence to establish that K.A.
kept any personal belongings in the apartment (see Ray, 232 Ill.
App. 3d 459 (reversing convictions based upon constructive
possession where, inter alia, no evidence that defendants kept
clothing or other personal belongings in apartment)), or that K.A.
was attempting to dispose of the narcotics (see People v. Rouser,
199 Ill. App. 3d 1062, 1065 (1990) (finding proof beyond a
reasonable doubt of constructive possession where, inter alia,
defendant was attempting to dispose of drugs)).
K.A. was also not present at the apartment for a significant
amount of time prior to the raid. See Brown, 277 Ill. App. 3d at
999 (defendant present at apartment for several hours on day in
question). At most K.A. was present in the apartment for 25
minutes, and he could have been present for as little as 15
minutes.
Moreover, K.A. was not alone when the police executed the
search warrant. See People v. Martine, 121 Ill. App. 3d 793, 799
(1984) (evidence supported inference of possession where, inter
alia, defendant alone at home when police searched the premises),
rev'd on other grounds, 106 Ill. 2d 429 (1985). Myron was also
present during this raid. In addition, Detective Vincere testified
that the apartment was basically available to anyone since the rear
door was so fragile and other people did access the apartment as
evidenced by the presence of different people during each of the
prior raids.
Furthermore, the police found no contraband on K.A.'s person.
See People v. Minkin, 133 Ill. App. 2d 549, 550 (1971) (reversing
conviction of unlawful possession of narcotic drugs where, inter
alia, no contraband was found on defendant's person). Detective
Welsh testified that no cannabis was found on K.A. or in the
premises, and there is no evidence in the record that any other
contraband was found on K.A.
Finally, K.A. did not admit that he possessed or controlled
the apartment. See People v. Richard, 34 Ill. App. 3d 621, 628
(1975) (finding possession not proved beyond reasonable doubt
where, inter alia, defendant did not admit that he possessed or
controlled the apartment); People v. Nettles, 23 Ill. 2d 306, 309
(1961) (finding trial court properly relied upon defendant's
statement, as an admission, that anything found in apartment was
his). On the contrary, K.A. specifically told Detective Vincere
that he did not reside at the apartment, that Myron told him to go
to the apartment, and that he was there to smoke a joint and listen
to some music. In addition, K.A. testified that he thought a
relative of Myron's lived at the apartment.
The only factors tending to show K.A.'s control of the
apartment are too weak when viewed in light of the overall
circumstances. For example, even though K.A. was present when the
police executed the search warrant (see Valdez, 230 Ill. App. 3d at
981 (defendant present during execution of search warrant)),
presence alone is insufficient to prove control over premises (see
Minkin, 133 Ill. App. 2d at 551). In addition, K.A. was in
possession of $140, but his mother testified that she gave him the
money. Finally, although K.A. fled from the scene, flight may only
be considered along with other factors tending to establish guilt;
flight by itself is not sufficient to establish guilt. People v.
Campbell, 146 Ill. 2d 363, 388 (1992).
In sum, the record shows that the State only proved that K.A.
was present in a drug house where the police found drugs and that
K.A. fled the apartment. In light of the overall circumstances of
this case, the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
K.A. exercised control over the apartment. Therefore, the State
failed to prove K.A.'s possession of the narcotics beyond a
reasonable doubt.
As a result of our ruling we need not consider the other
contentions raised by K.A. The judgment of the circuit court of
Winnebago County is reversed.
Reversed.
THOMAS and RATHJE, JJ., concur.