JAMES EMMETT V. CITY OF TACOMA, No. 15-35222 (9th Cir. 2017)
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 30 2017 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT JAMES DANIEL EMMETT, an individual, No. 15-35222 D.C. No. 3:14-cv-05010-BHS Plaintiff-Appellant, MEMORANDUM* v. CITY OF TACOMA, a municipal corporation; et al., Defendants-Appellees. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Benjamin H. Settle, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted May 15, 2017 Seattle, Washington Before: HAWKINS, GOULD, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges. Plaintiff James Emmett (“Emmett”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants Christopher Bain and Daniel Nettleton (“Defendants,” or “officers”), two Tacoma police officers who arrested Emmett * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. following a traffic stop. Emmett filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Defendants, alleging they violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from “excessive force” when the officers tased him after he resisted arrest. The district court held the officers were protected by qualified immunity. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm. We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Millennium Labs., Inc. v. Ameritox, Ltd., 817 F.3d 1123, 1129 (9th Cir. 2016). We consider qualified immunity under a two-part test, asking (1) “whether the officer violated a plaintiff’s constitutional right,” and, if so, (2) “whether the constitutional right was ‘clearly established in light of the specific context of the case’ at the time of the events in question.” Mattos v. Agarano, 661 F.3d 433, 440 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (hereinafter “Mattos II”) (quoting Robinson v. York, 566 F.3d 817, 821 (9th Cir. 2009)). At the first step, an officer violates a plaintiff’s rights if his use of force is not “objectively reasonable.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397 (1989). We determine reasonableness by balancing “the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests against the countervailing government interests at stake.” Id. at 396 (internal quotation marks omitted). 2 At the second step, a constitutional right is only “clearly established” if it is “beyond debate.” Stanton v. Sims, 134 S. Ct. 3, 5 (2013) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011)). While we “have never required a prior case ‘on all fours prohibiting that particular manifestation of unconstitutional conduct’ to find a right ‘clearly established,’” Torres v. City of Madera, 648 F.3d 1119, 1128 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1286 (9th Cir. 2001), the case law must demonstrate that an officer could not reasonably believe his use of force was constitutional, see Deorle, 272 F.3d at 1285. 1. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Emmett and resolving all factual disputes in his favor, we conclude that a reasonable jury could find that Defendants violated Emmett’s constitutional rights. Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 701, 707 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc). Deploying a taser in dart mode against Emmett was a significant intrusion on his Fourth Amendment interests. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396; Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d 805, 826 (9th Cir. 2010). And although Emmett resisted arrest, he was not armed, did not engage in any serious criminal activity, and did not attempt to flee. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. 2. At the time Emmett was arrested, however, our law relating to the use of tasers was not “clearly established.” Although we had held the use of a taser in 3 somewhat similar circumstances in Bryan, 630 F.3d 805 could warrant finding a Fourth Amendment violation, contrary holdings in Brooks v. City of Seattle, 599 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2010) and Mattos v. Agarano, 590 F.3d 1082 (9th Cir. 2010) were still good law. We did not reverse our holdings in Brooks and Mattos until our en banc decision in Mattos II in October 2011, three months after the events in this case. Although Emmett argues Brooks and Mattos are distinguishable and, as a result, Bryan controls, his argument is unpersuasive. The plaintiff in Bryan did not resist arrest, while the plaintiff in Brooks did. Compare Bryan, 630 F.3d at 822, with Brooks, 599 F.3d at 1021. Accordingly, whether Defendants could constitutionally deploy a taser against Emmett was not “beyond debate” at the time of his arrest. See Stanton, 134 S. Ct. at 5. AFFIRMED. 4
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