United States v. Adam Fernandez, No. 12-3358 (8th Cir. 2013)
Annotate this CaseCourt Description: Criminal case - Criminal law. Nondelegation challenge to SORNA rejected as SORNA's relatively narrow delegation of authority to the Attorney General was guided by an intelligible principle for delegation and was consistent with the requirements of the nondelegation doctrine.
Download PDF
United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit ___________________________ No. 12-2767 ___________________________ United States of America lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee v. Adam Ray Fernandez lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant ___________________________ No. 12-2774 ___________________________ United States of America lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee v. Jonathon Patrick Curry lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant ___________________________ No. 12-2784 ___________________________ United States of America lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee v. William Earl Mefford lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant ___________________________ No. 12-2787 ___________________________ United States of America lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee v. Terrent Allen Chronister lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant ___________________________ No. 12-3358 ___________________________ United States of America lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee v. John Sharp lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant ____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas - Harrison ____________ Submitted: March 11, 2013 Filed: April 1, 2013 [Published] ____________ Before MURPHY, SMITH, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges. ____________ PER CURIAM. In these consolidated appeals from the Western District of Arkansas the appellants all challenge the constitutionality of a provision of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 42 U.S.C. § 16901 et seq, under which they were convicted. Appellants argue that SORNA violates the nondelegation doctrine of the United States Constitution by giving the Attorney General authority to determine its applicability to sex offenders convicted before the statute's enactment. The district courts1 upheld the constitutionality of the Act. The defendants appeal, and we affirm. SORNA requires persons convicted of sex crimes to register and update information about their whereabouts, employment, and other personal information. For persons whose convictions predate the passage of SORNA, the Act specifies that the Attorney General shall have the authority to specify the applicability of the requirements of this subchapter. 42 U.S.C. § 16913(d). Although SORNA was passed in 2006, the Attorney General did not explicitly apply its registration 1 The Honorable Judge Robert Dawson, United States District Judge for the Western District of Arkansas, and the Honorable Judge Jimm Larry Hendren, United States District Judge for the Western District of Arkansas. -3- requirements to preenactment offenders until 2007. This resulted in conflicting decisions by the courts as to whether the Act applied to preenactment offenders from the date of its enactment in 2006 or only after the Attorney General s decision in 2007. This court had decided that the Act applied to SORNA offenders from the date of its enactment. United States v. May, 535 F.3d 912, 919 (8th Cir. 2008). Subsequently the Supreme Court ruled to the contrary, holding that SORNA did not apply to preenactment offenders until such time as the Attorney General validly specifies that the Act's registration provisions apply to them, which he did not do until 2007. Reynolds v. United States, 132 S.Ct. 975, 980 (2012). Appellants have been convicted of failing to register under SORNA; their original sex offenses all predated the statute's enactment. They argue that the § 16913(d) grant of power to the Attorney General to determine the law's applicability to preenactment offenders violated the nondelegation doctrine of the United States Constitution. Prior to Reynolds, we had rejected this argument because we understood SORNA's registration requirements to apply to such offenders even without any action by the Attorney General. Appellants lacked standing at that time to raise the question now before the court. May, 535 F.3d at 921. After Reynolds was decided, the Supreme Court remanded several similar cases for our court to consider on the merits. We in turn remanded them to the district courts in which their cases originated. The presiding district courts rejected the nondelegation challenges, and the defendants appeal. We review constitutional challenges de novo. United States v. Howell, 505 F.3d 960, 963 (8th Cir. 2010). The nondelegation doctrine arises from Article I, section I of the Constitution, which vests Congress with all legislative powers. This has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean that Congress cannot transfer or delegate its authority to enact legislation to another branch. See Panama Ref. Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, 421 (1935). Congress can nevertheless delegate authority to the executive branch to implement enacted legislation, see U.S. Const. Art. II, § 3, -4- if it provides an intelligible principle to the delegee. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 372 (1989). So long as Congress clearly delineates the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of the delegated authority, it has provided an intelligible principle. Am. Power & Light Co. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm n, 329 U.S. 90, 105 (1946). The Supreme Court has upheld delegations when the "intelligible principle" guiding the administrator was to set "fair and equitable" prices, Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 426 (1944), and when the FCC regulates broadcast licenses "as public interest, convenience, or necessity" require, Nat l Broad. Co. v. United States, 319 U.S. 190, 225 226 (1943). Indeed, with the exception of two cases in 1935, Panama Ref. Co., 293 U.S. at 388, A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), the Supreme Court has uniformly rejected every nondelegation challenge it has considered. See Mistretta, 488 U.S. at 373. This court recently considered and rejected an identical challenge to SORNA in United States v. Kuehl, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 3373 (8th Cir. February 19, 2013). We concluded that SORNA s broad policy statement that it was designed to protect the public from sex offenders and offenders against children was sufficient to provide an intelligible principle for delegation. Id. at *5 6 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 16901). This guiding principle compares favorably to other policy statements which the Court has previously upheld as providing intelligible principles. See, e.g., Nat l Broad. Co., 319 U.S. at 226. We also observed in Kuehl that SORNA s delegation is relatively narrow, only permitting the Attorney General to determine whether SORNA s requirements apply to offenders whose convictions predate its enactment. This is a considerably more limited and narrow question than, for example, Congress decision to allow the United States Sentencing Commission to create federal sentencing guidelines. See Kuehl, 2013 U.S. App. at *6 7; Mistretta, 488 U.S. at 374 79. -5- SORNA s relatively narrow delegation of authority to the Attorney General is guided by an intelligible principle and is consistent with the requirements of the nondelegation doctrine. Moreover, we remain bound by our earlier decision in Kuehl. We thus affirm the district court decisions under review here. ______________________________ -6-
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
