United States v. Under Seal, No. 13-4267 (4th Cir. 2013)
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John and Jane Doe appealed the district court's order holding them in civil contempt for refusing to comply with grand jury subpoenas. The Does are the targets of a grand jury investigation in the district court seeking to determine whether they used secret Swiss bank accounts to conceal assets and income from the IRS and the Treasury Department. Because the court found that the records at issue met all the requirements of the required records doctrine, the Fifth Amendment privilege was inapplicable and the Does could not invoke it to shield themselves from the subpoenas' commands. Because the Does' Fifth Amendment privilege was not implicated, the court need not address their request for immunity. Accordingly, the court affirmed the judgment of the district court.
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PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 13-4267 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. UNDER SEAL, Defendant - Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Leonie M. Brinkema, District Judge. (1:12-dm-00020-LMB-1) Argued: October 29, 2013 Decided: December 13, 2013 Before KING, GREGORY, and AGEE, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Agee wrote the opinion, in which Judge King and Judge Gregory joined. ARGUED: Caroline Rule, KOSTELANETZ & FINK, LLP, New York, New York, for Appellant. Elissa Hart-Mahan, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert Steven Fink, Juliet Leah Fink, KOSTELANETZ & FINK, LLP, New York, New York; David G. Barger, GREENBERG TRAURIG, LLP, McLean, Virginia, for Appellant. Neil H. MacBride, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia; Kathryn Keneally, Assistant Attorney General, Frank P. Cihlar, Chief, Criminal Appeals & Tax Enforcement Policy Section, Gregory Victor Davis, Tax Division, UNITED STATES Appellee. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 2 Washington, D.C., for AGEE, Circuit Judge: John and Jane Doe (the Does ) appeal the district court s order holding them in civil contempt for refusing to comply with grand jury subpoenas. The Does contend that the district court erred in finding that the required records doctrine overrode their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and required production of certain foreign bank records. reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of For the the district court. I. The underlying facts in this case are undisputed. The Does are the targets of a grand jury investigation in the United States District seeking to Court determine for the whether Eastern they District used of secret Virginia Swiss bank accounts to conceal assets and income from the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) and the Treasury Department. received evidence that on June 2, 2008, John The grand jury Doe opened an account at the Swiss investment bank Clariden Leu (now Credit Suisse AG) in the name of [Redacted Corporation]. He was the beneficial owner of the account, which was valued in excess of $2.3 million at the close of 2008. the Swiss firm Beck Verwaltungen AG. The account was managed by When John Doe closed this account in January 2009, he transferred $1.5 million to Beck 3 Verwaltungen AG s account at a different Swiss private bank, Bank Sarasin. On May 18, 2012, the Does were served grand jury subpoenas requesting that they produce certain foreign bank account records that they were required to keep pursuant to Treasury Department regulations governing offshore banking. The subpoenas demanded production of [a]ny and all records required to be maintained pursuant to 31 C.F.R. § 1010.420 (formerly 31 C.F.R. § 103.32) for the past five (5) years relating to foreign financial bank, securities, or other financial accounts in a foreign country for which you had/have a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over and are required by law to file a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Account (FBAR). The records required to be maintained pursuant to 31 C.F.R. § 1010.420 (formerly 31 C.F.R. § 103.32) include records that contain the name in which each such account is maintained, the number or other designation of such account, the name and address of the foreign bank or other person with whom such account is maintained, the type of such account, and the maximum value of each such account during the reporting period. (J.A. 10.) The Does timely moved to quash the subpoenas, citing their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The Government opposed the motion, arguing that under the required records doctrine, the privilege does not apply to records that the Does were required by law to retain. 4 financial After hearing argument, the district court denied the Does motion to overrode quash, their finding Fifth that the Amendment required records privilege doctrine against self- incrimination, and ordered them to comply with the subpoenas. The Does refused to comply, and pursuant to a stipulation by the parties, the district court held the Does in civil contempt. 1 The Does now appeal, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. II. A. We review the district court s denial of a motion to quash a subpoena for an abuse of discretion. 2 In re Grand Jury Subpoena: John Doe, No. 05GJ1318, 584 F.3d 175, 182 (4th Cir. 2009). based But [i]nsofar as the district court s determination was upon interpretations conclusions de novo. of law, . . . we review those In re Grand Jury Subpoena (T-112), 597 F.3d 189, 195 (4th Cir. 2010). 1 The district court stayed the execution of the contempt order until this Court adjudicates the Does appeal. 2 Although the Does formally appeal the district court s order holding them in civil contempt, the underlying basis of the contempt order is the court s denial of their motion to quash the grand jury subpoenas. 5 B. The Bank Secrecy Act (the BSA or the Act ), 31 U.S.C. §§ 5311-25, regulates offshore banking and contains a number of recordkeeping and inspection provisions. Among the purposes of the BSA is to require certain reports or records where they have a high degree of usefulness in criminal, tax, or regulatory investigations or proceedings. 31 U.S.C. § 5311. Section 241(a) of the Act instructs the Treasury Secretary to require a resident or citizen of the United States . . . to keep records, file reports, or keep records and file reports, when the resident, citizen, or person makes a transaction . . . with a foreign financial agency. that statutory regulations directive, that require Id. § 5314(a). the (1) Treasury U.S. In furtherance of Secretary citizens and implemented residents to disclose their foreign bank accounts, see 31 C.F.R. § 1010.350, and (2) that the records for such accounts be retained by each person having a financial interest in or signature or other authority over any such account for at least five years and be kept at all times available for inspection as authorized by law, id. § 1010.420. These recordkeeping regulations were in effect at all times relevant to this case. 6 III. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that [n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. amend. V. U.S. Const. The Supreme Court has held that the privilege against self-incrimination bars the government from compelling a person to give testimony that incriminates him. States, 425 U.S. 391, 409 (1976). Fisher v. United Because the privilege protects a person only against being incriminated by his own compelled testimonial communications, the Court has determined that it does not shield production of private papers voluntarily prepared or prepared by a third party. Id. at 409. The Does contend that the required records doctrine which, if it applies, renders the Fifth Amendment privilege inapplicable does not apply here and that the district court erred in finding otherwise. Essentially, the Does argue that [w]here documents are required to be kept and then produced, they are arguably compelled. In re M.H., 648 F.3d 1067, 1071 (9th original). Cir. 2011) (emphasis in The Supreme Court, however, has held that the privilege against self-incrimination does not bar the government from imposing recordkeeping and inspection requirements as part of a valid regulatory scheme. See Shapiro v. United States, 335 U.S. 1, 17 (1948) (noting that the nature of documents and the capacity in which they are held 7 may indicate that the custodian has voluntarily assumed a duty which overrides his claim of privilege ). In Shapiro, the Court required a wholesaler of fruit and produce to turn over certain records he was obliged to keep and maintain for examination pursuant to the Emergency Price Control Act ( EPCA ), which was enacted during World War II to prevent inflation and price gouging. that the EPCA represented Id. at 4 11. a valid The Court determined exercise of Congress regulatory authority and that the recordkeeping provisions of the EPCA were essential to the administration of the statute s objectives. Id. at 31 32. Further, the Court reasoned that this required records doctrine applies not only to public documents in public offices, but also to records required by law to be kept in order that there may be suitable information of transactions which are the appropriate subjects of governmental regulation, and established. the enforcement of restrictions validly Id. at 17 (emphasis omitted). The Court revisited its decision in Shapiro twenty years later in Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39 (1968) and Grosso v. United States, 390 U.S. 62 (1968). the required records doctrine was In holding that inapplicable to the circumstances before it in both cases, the Court articulated three requirements derived from Shapiro s holding for determining the applicability of the required records doctrine. 8 As summarized purposes of in the Grosso, United those requirements States inquiry are: must be (1) the essentially regulatory; (2) information is to be obtained by requiring the preservation of records of a kind which the regulated party has customarily kept; and (3) the records themselves must have assumed public aspects which render them at least analogous to a public document. This Court principles 390 U.S. at 67 68. has announced recognized in the define Grosso that the foregoing required three records doctrine, see, e.g., United States v. Webb, 398 F.2d 553, 556 (4th Cir. 1968) (recognizing required records doctrine in context of regulation of interstate trucking), but has yet to address the applicability foreign bank records. of the doctrine in the context of We do so now and join the consensus of the courts of appeals to have considered the issue that the required records doctrine applies in concluding that records required to be maintained under the BSA fall within the required records doctrine. 3 We further conclude that all three requirements of the doctrine are met in this case. 3 See, e.g., In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 696 F.3d 428, 433 34 (5th Cir. 2012); In re Special Feb. 2011-1 Grand Jury Subpoena Dated Sept. 12, 2011, 691 F.3d 903, 909 (7th Cir. 2012); In re M.H., 648 F.3d at 1073; In re Doe, 711 F.2d 1187, 1191 (2d Cir. 1983). 9 A. In order to fall under the required records doctrine, the purpose of the recordkeeping must be essentially regulatory. Grosso, 390 U.S. at 68. We have held that a recordkeeping requirement is essentially regulatory if it is imposed in an essentially noncriminal and regulatory area of inquiry and [is] not directed to a selective group inherently suspect of criminal activity. Webb, 398 F.2d at 556 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Does recordkeeping regulatory. such as that, provision is for several criminal in reasons, nature, the BSA s rather than They contend that unlike truly regulatory schemes, those retention argue that of condition certain employment records, or the licensure BSA s on the purpose is prosecutorial i.e., to grant law enforcement access to otherwise unavailable evidence of foreign financial transactions. The Does cite language referring to criminal investigation as one of the BSA s aims in the statute s declaration of purpose, legislative history, and descriptions on the IRS website, to support their position that the BSA s recordkeeping requirements prohibitively operate in a criminal those suspected of tax fraud. that because the BSA lists area of inquiry against Implicit in the Does argument is first among its purposes the gathering of information that has a high degree of usefulness 10 in criminal . . . investigations, 31 U.S.C. § 5311, the Act s chief purpose is to fight crime. These same arguments failed to persuade the other appellate courts which have considered the issue, and do not persuade us either. See, e.g., In re M.H., 648 F.3d at 1073 74 (noting and rejecting party s citations to language in the BSA and the IRS website); In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 696 F.3d at 434 35 (same). The Supreme Court has observed that a statute which includes a criminal law purpose in addition to civil regulatory matters does not strip the statute of its status as essentially regulatory. See Cal. Bankers Ass n v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21, 77 (1974) ( [T]hat a legislative enactment manifests a concern for the enforcement generalized of pall the of criminal law constitutional does suspicion not cast over any it. ). Notwithstanding their own argument, the Does acknowledge that the BSA has purposes unrelated to criminal investigation. plain language of the BSA verifies its concomitant The tax, regulatory, and counterterrorism purposes in addition to its law enforcement goals. be kept where See 31 U.S.C. § 5311 (requiring records to they have a high degree of usefulness in criminal, tax, or regulatory investigations or proceedings, or in the conduct of intelligence or counterintelligence activities, including analysis, to protect against international terrorism (emphasis added)). Elaborating on the non-criminal 11 purposes of the BSA, the relevant House Report acknowledges that the Act s recordkeeping constituted and in authorities reporting requirements aid duly lawful investigations but also underscores that the requirements facilitate the supervision of financial institutions properly subject to federal supervision and provide for the collection of statistics necessary for the formulation of monetary and economic policy. 975 (1970), reprinted in 1970 H.R. Rep. No. 91- U.S.C.C.A.N. 4394, 4405. Consequently, the Treasury Department shares the information it collects pursuant to agencies including the the requirements Office of of the the BSA with Comptroller of other the Currency, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Office of Thrift Supervision none prosecutions. of which are empowered to bring criminal See 31 U.S.C. § 5319; 31 C.F.R. § 1010.950(a)- (b). Further, the Supreme Court has noted, in discussing the recordkeeping Congress and seems reporting to have requirements been equally of the concerned [BSA], that with civil liability which might go undetected by reason of transactions of the type required to be recorded or reported. U.S. at 76. Schultz, 416 Indeed, the BSA s comprehensive statutory scheme contains recordkeeping requirements that carry both civil and 12 criminal penalties. See 31 U.S.C. §§ 5321, 5322 (individual s failure to report or retain required records of foreign bank accounts does not give rise to criminal liability unless that failure is proven willful ). 4 Additionally, the BSA s recordkeeping requirements broadly cover all those who maintain foreign bank accounts, rather then a particular subgroup. The Ninth Circuit has explained: There is nothing inherently illegal about having or being a beneficiary of an offshore foreign banking account. According to the Government, § 1010.420 applies to hundreds of thousands of foreign bank accounts over half a million in 2009. Nothing about having a foreign bank account on its own suggests a person is engaged in illegal activity. The fact distinguishes this case from Marchetti and Grosso, where the activity being regulated gambling was almost universally illegal, so that paying a tax on gambling wagers necessarily implicated a person in criminal activity. Admitting to having a foreign bank account carries no such risk. That the information contained in the required record may ultimately lead to criminal charges does not convert an essentially regulatory regulation into a criminal one. In re M.H., 648 F.3d at 1074 75. Moreover, § 1010.420 has a reporting requirement. The regulation mandates that the required records shall be kept at all times available for inspection as authorized by law. 4 31 31 U.S.C. § 5321 permits the Secretary of Treasury to commence civil actions to recover monetary penalties for various violations of the BSA. 13 C.F.R. § 1010.420. The Supreme Court has indicated that no meaningful difference exists between an obligation to maintain records for inspection, and such an obligation supplemented by a requirement that those records officers of the United States. be filed periodically with Marchetti, 390 U.S. at 56 n.14. Because the BSA s recordkeeping requirements serve purposes unrelated to criminal law enforcement and the provisions do not apply exclusively to those engaged in criminal activity, we find that those requirements are essentially regulatory. Accordingly, we conclude that the first prong of the required records doctrine is satisfied. B. The records must also be of a kind which the regulated party has customarily kept. this prong of satisfied here. the Does must the required Grosso, 390 U.S. at 68. records doctrine to be We find easily The records sought are of the same type that report annually to the IRS pursuant to the regulation of offshore banking: the name, number, and type of account(s), the name and address of the bank where an account is held, and the maximum value of the account during the reporting period. See 31 C.F.R. §§ 1010.350, 1010.420. Furthermore, the records sought are also of the same type that a reasonable account holder, foreign or domestic, would 14 keep in order to access his or her account. See In re M.H., 638 F.3d at 1076 (reasoning that foreign account holders routinely retain basic foreign bank records if only to access their own accounts). account The Does argue that individuals are unlikely to keep records § 1010.420, for given the the five years three-year required statute under of 31 C.F.R. limitations for civil tax adjustments, and because foreign banks are notorious for failing to provide customers with records. fails, however, given the clear language in This argument § 1010.420 that requires the retention of the account information that has been subpoenaed. 5 Because it is the failure to maintain such records that probative can be of criminal activity, rather than the contents of the records, foreign account holders can reasonably be expected to follow the law governing their choice to engage in offshore banking. Accordingly, we conclude that the records sought are of a kind customarily kept and the second prong of the required records doctrine is satisfied. 5 We also find the Does five-year argument dubious in view of 26 U.S.C. § 6501(e), which contains a six-year statute of limitations for many taxpayers and fosters a generally accepted accounting practice to advise taxpayers to keep their pertinent records until the § 6501(e) period has expired. 15 C. Finally, the records [sought] must have assumed public aspects which render them at least documents. Grosso, 390 U.S. at 68. held if that the government s analogous to public Two courts of appeals have purpose in imposing the regulatory scheme is essentially regulatory, then it necessarily has some public aspects sufficient to satisfy the third prong of the required records doctrine. (citing Shapiro, 335 U.S. In re M.H., 638 F.3d at 1076 at 33); accord Mehlenbacher, 652 F.2d 228, 231 (2d Cir. 1981). Donovan v. For purposes of this case, we agree. Drawing a distinction between entities and individuals who publicly engage in business with the public and those who privately open a foreign bank account, the Does contend that there is nothing public about the unlicensed private activity of owning a foreign bank account. (Appellant s Br. 49.) The Does argue that the subpoenaed records are private, personal financial records which are unrelated to legitimate regulatory goals. This argument by the Does misapprehends this prong of the required records public access. doctrine by Although conflating the Does public argue that aspects and substantive regulations designed to protect the public from harm and open to public access may imbue otherwise private documents with public 16 aspects, it does not follow that public aspects exist only under these circumstances. considered private That does not requisite public aspects. ( [T]hat the the records bar them sought from are typically possessing the See In re M.H., 648 F.3d at 1077 information sought is traditionally private and personal as opposed to business-related does not automatically implicate the Fifth Amendment. ); In re Kenny, 715 F.2d 51, 52 54 (2d Cir. 1983) (reasoning that subpoenaed medical records possessed sufficient public aspects to satisfy the third prong of the required records doctrine). As discussed above, the Treasury Department shares the information it collects pursuant to the Act s recordkeeping and reporting requirements with a number of other agencies. § 1010.950(a)-(b). This See data 31 U.S.C. sharing is § 5319; 31 designed C.F.R. to serve important public purposes, including the formation of economic, monetary, and sufficient regulatory to imbue policy, otherwise records with public aspects. any of private which foreign are more bank than account See In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 696 F.3d at 436. Finally, records the begets Does a contend more that attenuated a requirement relationship to retain with the government than a requirement to report their contents, such that documents maintained under a mere recordkeeping requirement have insufficient public aspects. 17 The Supreme Court, however, has squarely rejected this proposition. See Marchetti, 390 U.S. at 56 n.14 ( We perceive no meaningful difference between an obligation to maintain records for inspection, and such an obligation supplemented by a requirement that those records be filed periodically with officers of the United States. ). We therefore conclude that the records in question have public aspects sufficient to satisfy the third prong of the required records doctrine. IV. Because we find that the records sought in the grand jury subpoenas meet all the requirements of the required records doctrine, the Fifth Amendment privilege is inapplicable, and the Does may not invoke it to shield themselves from the subpoenas commands. As the Does implicated, we need not Fifth address Amendment their privilege request for is not immunity. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 18
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