Johnson v. United States, No. 12-1739 (4th Cir. 2013)
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Plaintiff filed suit against the government, seeking a refund of payments on a federal withholding tax penalty assessed against her under 26 U.S.C. 6672. The government counterclaimed against plaintiff and her husband to reduce to judgment the remaining balance of the trust fund recovery penalties assessed against them. The district court granted summary judgment to the government. The court affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment against the husband individually where he did not provide a basis of law for his contention that the assessment of the 100% penalty against him was not made within the limitation period set forth in section 6672; affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment against plaintiff because the undisputed record showed that she was properly liable for the 100% penalty where she was a "responsible person" under section 6672 during the relevant tax periods and where she "willfully" failed to see that the withholding taxes were paid; and affirmed the district court's determination of the amounts of the respective tax liabilities under section 6672.
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PUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 12-1739 MARY JOHNSON, Plaintiff - Appellant, FORD JOHNSON, Counter Defendant - Appellant, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendant - Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Deborah K. Chasanow, Chief District Judge. (8:09-cv-00787-DKC) Argued: September 17, 2013 Decided: November 5, 2013 Before WILKINSON, DUNCAN, and AGEE, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Agee wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Duncan joined. ARGUED: Diana M. Schobel, DMS LAW, LLC, Frederick, Maryland, for Appellants. Gretchen M. Wolfinger, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland; Kathryn Keneally, Assistant Attorney General, Teresa E. McLaughlin, Tax Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. 2 AGEE, Circuit Judge: Mary Johnson ( Mrs. Johnson ) brought this suit against the United States seeking a refund of payments on a federal withholding tax penalty assessed against her under 26 U.S.C. § 6672. 1 The Government counterclaimed against both Mrs. Johnson and her husband, Ford Johnson ( Mr. Johnson ), individually, to reduce to recovery judgment penalties the remaining assessed balance against them. of the The trust fund Johnsons now appeal the district court s grant of summary judgment to the Government against each of them. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court. I. The following facts are either uncontroverted, taken in the light most favorable to the Johnsons, or have been admitted by the Johnsons in their pleadings. 2 1 In 1969, Mr. Johnson formed a The § 6672 assessment was made against Mrs. Johnson for the following tax quarters ending: December 31, 2001; September 30, 2002; March 31, 2003; June 30, 2003; June 30, 2004; September 30, 2004; and December 31, 2004. (J.A. 27.) 2 When reviewing the district court s grant of summary judgment, we construe the facts in the light most favorable to the Johnsons, the nonmoving party. Laber v. Harvey, 438 F.3d 404, 415 (4th Cir. 2006) (en banc); see also Bright v. QSP, Inc., 20 F.3d 1300, 1305 (4th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. (1994) (statements in a party s pleadings are conclusively binding on that party). 3 non-profit corporation, Koba Institute, Inc. ( Koba Institute ), 3 to perform various government contracts in conjunction with Koba Associates, Inc. ( Koba Associates ), a for-profit corporation that he owned and managed. When Koba Associates failed to pay its payroll taxes in the mid-1990s, the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) assessed trust fund recovery Johnson pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6672. 4 taxes, accompanied by the lien penalties against Mr. The outstanding payroll subsequently imposed on Mr. Johnson for the § 6672 trust fund recovery penalties, ultimately led Mr. Johnson to close Koba Associates. 5 The presence of the lien severely limited Mr. Johnson s ability to obtain credit for Koba Institute. 3 Koba Institute provides residential services to special needs children in Maryland. 4 Section 6672 provides in pertinent part: and educational Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title [a responsible person ] who willfully fails to . . . account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over. 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a). 5 When the IRS assessed trust fund recovery penalties against Mr. Johnson for the failure of Koba Associates to pay its payroll taxes, the IRS considered assessing the same penalties against Mrs. Johnson but ultimately declined to do so. 4 This fiscal reality led Mr. Johnson to approach Mrs. Johnson about restructuring Koba Institute so as to facilitate a continuation of their business. In 1998, Koba Institute converted to a for-profit corporation under Maryland law, with Mrs. Johnson as its sole shareholder. Because Mrs. Johnson was not encumbered by a lien like Mr. Johnson, her status as the corporation s owner enabled Koba Institute to enter into leases and other contracts, as well as obtain lines of credit based on Mrs. Johnson s endorsement. (J.A. 998.) As the sole shareholder of Koba Institute, Mrs. Johnson elected herself as chair of the corporation s board of directors in 2001. The corporation s bylaws require that the chair of the board be elected President of the Institute. 6 (J.A. 615.) 6 The bylaws describe the president s role as follows: The President [who] shall be chairperson of the Board of Directors . . . shall preside at all meetings of the Board and/or officers. [S]he shall review, approve and recommend to the Board all proposed projects and budgets on an annual basis. [S]he shall be authorized to execute . . . legal papers, documents and instruments on behalf of the Institute. [S]he shall have general authority to manage the business and affairs of the Institute on a day to day basis, subject to and in accordance with the directions of the Board of Directors. (J.A. 617 18.) The bylaws also authorize the board members to approv[e] . . . proposed projects and budgets, establish[ ] . . . banking relations including [the] power to borrow money, (Continued) 5 According to the Johnsons, because they had agreed that Mrs. Johnson would be the primary caregiver of the couple s children, Mrs. Johnson delegated and entrusted her authority in the corporation to Mr. Johnson, and thereafter elected Mr. Johnson president of Koba Institute on February notwithstanding the contrary bylaw requirement. 478, 480, 1481 82, 1515.) 20, 2001, (See J.A. 16, Mrs. Johnson, in turn, served as the corporation s vice president. The same day that Mrs. Johnson appointed herself as board chair, February 20, 2001, Koba Institute s board of directors comprised of the Johnsons and an unrelated corporate secretary unanimously approved the following resolution: The present holders of the offices of President, Vice-President, Treasurer and Secretary are authorized to sign checks, drafts, instruments, . . . and . . . orders for the payment of money from [Koba Institute] accounts, to endorse checks, instruments, evidences of indebtedness and orders payable, owned or held by [Koba Institute], and to . . . sign any application, deposit agreement, signature card or other documentation required by the Bank [of America], with the following limitation: . . . that either Ford T. Johnson, Jr. (President of the Company/Treasurer) or Mary L. Fogg Johnson (Vice-President of the Company/Chairperson) may act alone or with any other named signatory to said accounts in any and control and manage[ ] . . . property, including [the] power to purchase, . . . and dispose of the same. (J.A. 616 17.) 6 transactions with the Bank; however, any transactions . . . which are not signed by either [of them] must be signed by at least two of the following people . . . . (J.A. 612 (emphasis added).) Koba Institute s payroll account expressly Johnson provided that Mrs. singularly on that account. had the power to sign (J.A. 647, 651, 670; see also J.A. 537 38, 1486 87.) Having Johnson s delegated actual her authority involvement at Koba during the 2001 through 2004 period. office at Koba Institute and to Mr. Johnson, Institute was Mrs. limited Nonetheless, she had an received a significant annual salary ranging from approximately $100,000 to $193,000, as well as a corporate car and cell phone. In addition, the rent for Mrs. Johnson s residence, shared with Mr. Johnson, was provided by Koba Institute. 7 In the 2001 to 2004 period, Mrs. Johnson only came to work once per month. resolutions, such When she did so, she would approve any board as ratification of Mr. Johnson s acts as president, or perform tasks in the human resources department. Thus, while Mrs. Johnson may have given an opinion regarding 7 During the same periods, Mr. Johnson received no direct salary from the corporation, instead having Koba Institute pay the rent for the couple s home. In 2001, 2002, and 2004, these rent payments totaled between $40,000 and $50,000. (J.A. 468 69, 473, 556, 594 95.) In 2003, however, Koba Institute did not make any rent payments on Mr. Johnson s behalf, and he received no compensation from the corporation. 7 hiring and firing employees during the relevant time frame, Mr. Johnson made the ultimate decisions regarding employment. J.A. 1508 09, 1608, 1661.) (See Indeed, because Mr. Johnson oversaw the corporation s day-to-day operations, other employees viewed him as the one who decides everything and went to Mr. Johnson rather than Mrs. Johnson with any questions that arose in the business, including financial matters such as the payment of payroll taxes. (J.A. 1605.) When Mr. Johnson was out of the office, he left explicit instructions business, for Mrs. including Johnson which to checks follow to on sign in Koba his Institute absence. Because of her limited involvement with the corporation s daily operations, however, Mrs. Johnson was unaware of the background or the context for these checks and did not feel comfortable signing any checks that Mr. Johnson had not authorized. 1576.) (J.A. Accordingly, from 2001 through 2004, she never attempted to write checks that Mr. Johnson had not already approved. Near the end of 2004, Mrs. Johnson received a notice from the IRS that Koba Institute had not paid its payroll taxes for several quarters from 2001 through 2004. Prior to that time, Mrs. Johnson was unaware that the payroll taxes were unpaid. Upon receipt of the notice, she had a serious talk with Mr. Johnson and told him that the situation was unacceptable and that Koba Institute had to take steps to make sure that it [did 8 not] happen again. (J.A. 1501.) Mrs. Johnson then fired the finance director, who had been tasked with making payroll tax payments, and directed Mr. Johnson to personally handle all future tax payments as of January 2005. (J.A. 17.) She required Mr. Johnson to provide her with visual proof of all withholding tax payments that Koba Institute subsequently made. (J.A. 17.) Additionally, at least with regard to the payroll account, Mrs. Johnson no longer followed the prior procedure for check authorization; that is, she no longer required instruction from Mr. Johnson before writing checks herself from the payroll account for payment of the taxes. Due to Mrs. Johnson s revamped oversight of tax payments, Koba Institute began remitting its post-2004 payroll taxes to the IRS in corporation payroll full did taxes and, not, for generally, however, the 2001 pay on time. the through (J.A. outstanding 2004 17.) The delinquent delinquent periods although it continued to pay its other business debts, such as employee wages and Mrs. Johnson s compensation. the IRS assessed trust fund recovery Subsequently, penalties (the 100% penalty ) against Mr. and Mrs. Johnson individually, pursuant to 9 26 U.S.C. § 6672. 8 Mrs. Johnson later paid $351.00 toward her assessed penalty. On March 30, 2009, Mrs. Johnson filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland seeking a refund of the penalty she had paid, asserting that the § 6672 assessment against her was erroneous. 9 The Government filed a counterclaim against both of the Johnsons in order to reduce its assessments to judgment, assessments due, seeking including to recover penalties, the interest, balance and of costs. Based upon transcripts of account showing the balances due as of August 22, 2011, the Government ultimately sought to recover $304,355.90 from Mrs. Johnson and $240,071.12 from Mr. Johnson. The Government filed separate motions for summary judgment against Mr. and Mrs. Johnson, contending that each was liable under § 6672 as a responsible person who failed to pay over the withheld payroll taxes. supported the assessments with Forms had willfully The Government 4340 Certificates of Assessments, Payments, and Other Specified Matters, noting that the assessments on the Forms 4340 were presumptively correct and that the burden fell on the Johnsons to demonstrate otherwise. 8 The § 6672 trust fund recovery penalty is commonly termed the 100% penalty by tax practitioners and we use that term here for the § 6672 penalties assessed. 9 Mrs. Johnson initially named the IRS as the defendant in this action. The parties subsequently agreed that the proper defendant was the United States, which was substituted as such. 10 The Government also moved to strike the reports and testimony of an expert witness the Government anticipated the Johnsons would rely upon in opposing summary judgment. The strike, Johnsons and jointly separately summary judgment. opposed opposed the the Government s Government s motion motions to for Mr. Johnson also moved for partial summary judgment against the Government as to him. The summary district court judgment, granted denied Mr. the Government s Johnson s motion motions for for partial summary judgment, and denied the Government s motion to strike as moot. With respect to Mr. Johnson, the district court determined that the assessment against him was valid, rejecting his argument that the assessment was not made within the threeyear limitations period established by I.R.C. § 6501. The district court then concluded that no material issue of disputed fact remained as to Mr. Johnson. With respect to Mrs. Johnson, the district court held that she had also failed to show a genuine dispute of material fact regarding her liability. The court determined that Mrs. Johnson was a responsible person at Koba Institute during the relevant quarters corporation s even affairs was though her minimal, participation and that she in had the acted willfully in failing to see to it that the outstanding tax liabilities were paid. (J.A. 253, 268.) 11 The district court also concluded that the judgment entered against Mrs. Johnson would not result in a double recovery for the Government. retaining only The one court full noted the satisfaction Government s of an policy underlying of tax liability despite it being able to attempt to collect against any responsible party, and reasoned that any potential issues could be avoided through careful drafting of the final judgment order. Finally, the district court denied as moot the Government s motion to strike the reports of the Johnsons expert and to exclude his testimony at trial, finding that in their opposition to the Government s motions for summary judgment, the Johnsons had neither relied upon [the expert s] reports nor produced any evidence to create prohibit the entry an of issue of summary material judgment fact against that them. would (J.A. 271.) The district court accordingly entered judgment in favor of the Government against Mr. and Johnson against for Mrs. Johnson $240,071.12, for plus $304,955.90 interest in and each instance at the rate specified in I.R.C. § 6601 from August 22, 2011 until payment. The judgment order provided that the judgment would be reduced to the extent that the United States . . . has collected or will collect on those debts pursuant to the offer in compromise it approved with Koba Institute. 12 (J.A. 274.) The Johnsons filed a joint motion to alter, amend, or relieve the judgment, which the district court denied. The Johnsons timely noted this appeal, and we have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. II. The Internal Revenue Code ( I.R.C. or the Code ) requires employers to withhold federal social security and income taxes from the wages of their employees. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 3102(a), 3402(a); Erwin v. United States, 591 F.3d 313, 319 (4th Cir. 2010). Because the employer holds these taxes as special fund[s] in trust for the United States, 26 U.S.C. § 7501(a) (emphasis added), the withheld amounts are commonly referred to as trust fund taxes, Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 243 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Code assure[s] compliance by the employer with its obligation . . . to pay trust fund taxes by imposing personal liability on officers or agents of the employer responsible for the employer s decisions regarding withholding and payment of the taxes. Id. at 247 (interpreting 26 U.S.C. § 6672). To that end, § 6672(a) of the Code provides that [a]ny person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax . . . who willfully fails to do so shall be personally liable for a penalty equal to the amount of the tax evaded, or not . . . paid 13 over, the 100% penalty. 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a). Although labeled as a penalty, § 6672 is not primarily a punitive provision as it brings to the government only the same amount to which it was entitled by way of the tax. F.2d 173, 178 n.6 (5th Cir. Turnbull v. United States, 929 1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). Personal liability for a corporation s unpaid trust fund taxes extends collection fail[s] to and to see any person payment that of the who (1) those taxes is taxes; are responsible and paid. (2) for willfully Plett v. United States, 185 F.3d 216, 218 (4th Cir. 1999); O Connor v. United States, 956 F.2d 48, 50 (4th Cir. 1992). Once the IRS assesses a taxpayer for this liability, the taxpayer has the burden of proof at trial on both elements of § 6672 liability. See O Connor, 956 F.2d at 50. We judgment review to the de novo a district Government, favor of the taxpayer. court s resolving all grant of disputed See O Connor, 956 F.2d at 50. summary facts in To defeat summary judgment, however, the taxpayer like any other litigant must identify an error of law or a genuine issue of disputed material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986); see also Bouchat v. Balt. Ravens Football Club, Inc., 346 F.3d 514, 522 (4th Cir. 2003). [I]n the absence of disputed material facts, summary judgment 14 represents a favored mechanism to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of taxpayer liability under § 6672. Plett, 185 F.3d at 223 (emphasis in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 1). III. With the foregoing principles claims of error raised on appeal. in mind, we turn to the Mr. Johnson contends that the grant of summary judgment was erroneous because the assessment of the 100% penalty as to him was time-barred under § 6501 of the Code. Mrs. Johnson argues that the grant of summary judgment against her was erroneous because she was neither a person responsible Koba Institute s withholding taxes nor willfully failed to do so. Lastly, the Johnsons posit liabilities that under § for the the payment amounts 6672 were of of their incorrectly respective calculated tax because disputed issues of material fact remained to be determined. We consider each argument in turn. A. Mr. Johnson contends that the assessment of the 100% penalty against him was not made within the limitations period set forth in 26 U.S.C. § 6672. (Br. 29.) However, Mr. Johnson s one-page argument on brief as to this issue gives no 15 description as to the basis at law for his contention. Even after questioning at oral argument, we are left with no firm guide as to why Mr. Johnson contends the assessments are timebarred. Mr. Johnson has not challenged the basis for the district court s decision in any meaningful way. 28(a)(9)(A) opening (requiring brief to argument contain See Fed. R. App. P. section appellant s of an appellant s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies ). has failed Appellate explaining to comply Procedure how the with the dictates 28(a)(9)(A), district as court Here, Mr. Johnson of he Federal offers erred; no rather, Rule of argument he simply states the issue he wishes to raise and cites several sections of the Code, but without analysis of how these statutes would apply to him. abandoned or As a result, we consider Mr. Johnson to have waived his challenge to the district court s determination that the assessment of the 100% penalty against him under § 6672 was not timely. See Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 234, 241 n.6 (4th Cir. 1999) ( Failure to comply with the specific dictates of [Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(9)(A)] with respect to a particular claim triggers abandonment of that claim on appeal. ); see also Oken v. Corcoran, 220 F.3d 259, 274 n.2 (4th Cir. 2000) (Michael, J., 16 concurring) ( In order to preserve an issue on appeal, however, it is not enough to simply assert the claim; a party must provide supporting argument. ). Accordingly, we affirm the district court s grant of summary judgment against Mr. Johnson individually. B. We next address the argument that the district court erred in granting Specifically, person summary Mrs. judgment Johnson responsible for against Mrs. that was contends the payment she of Koba Johnson. not (1) a Institute s withholding taxes; and (2) did not willfully fail to pay over those taxes. We must disagree with Mrs. Johnson because the undisputed record shows that she was properly liable for the 100% penalty. 1. The Code defines a responsible person as one required to collect, U.S.C. § truthfully 6672(a) account (emphasis for, and added). pay over any The Supreme tax, Court 26 has interpreted this statutory language to apply to all persons responsible for collection of third-party taxes and not . . . [only] to those persons in a position to perform all three of the enumerated duties. Slodov, 436 U.S. at 250. 17 Thus, the Code deems anyone required to collect or account for remit taxes a responsible person for purposes of § or 6672. See Plett, 185 F.3d at 219. In determining whether a person is responsible under § 6672, we undertake a pragmatic, substance-over-form inquiry focused on the person s status, duty, and authority within the corporation. Id. The crucial inquiry is whether the person had the effective power to pay the taxes that is, whether he [or she] had the actual authority or ability, in view of his status within the corporation, to pay the taxes owed. Id. (quoting Barnett v. IRS, 988 F.2d 1449, 1454 (5th Cir. 1993)). Because form, this holding taxpayer a a analysis corporate responsible focuses title person. on substance alone does O Connor, rather not 956 than render F.2d at a 51. While a determination of that status is necessarily fact-based, summary judgment is nonetheless appropriate where, in the absence of genuine disputes of material fact, it is clear as a matter of law that the taxpayer satisfies this test and is a responsible person. Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454 & n.10 (acknowledging that countless courts have found responsibility [for purposes of § 6672] as a matter of law because extensive caselaw . . . narrowly constrains a factfinder s province in § 6672 cases ). Our analysis is guided by a list of non- exclusive factors common in the § 6672 case law, such as whether 18 the taxpayer served as an officer of the corporation or a member of its board of directors, controlled the corporation s payroll, determined which creditors to pay and when to pay them, participated in the corporation s day-to-day management, had the ability to hire and fire employees, and possessed check-writing authority. Erwin, 591 F.3d at 321; Plett, 185 F.3d at 219. Although a party cannot be presumed to be a responsible person merely from titular authority, O Connor, 956 F.2d at 51, status as an officer or director is nevertheless material to this determination, Teets v. United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 697, 706 (Fed. Cl. 1993). Mrs. Johnson had been the corporation s sole shareholder since 1998 and consequently had the effective power to change the officers and directors as she chose and thereby direct the business of the corporation. Separately as both vice president and chair of the board of directors since early 2001, Mrs. Johnson enjoyed considerable actual authority at Koba Institute. The corporation s documents demonstrate bylaws, that board Mrs. resolutions, Johnson was a and banking responsible person, as it is clear that she had effective control of the corporation, including its finances. See Taylor v. IRS, 69 F.3d 411, 416 17 (10th Cir. 1995) (holding corporate director and officer a responsible person as a matter of law because he possessed sufficient control over 19 corporate finances, had authority to borrow funds and write checks and thereby had the effective power to pay those taxes (quoting Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454)). The foregoing corporate documents indicate that Mrs. Johnson, while serving as chair of the board, would also serve as president of the corporation, a role that included authority to manage Koba Institute s daily affairs and to execute checks and other legal documents on its behalf. Although Mrs. Johnson delegated and entrusted this authority to Mr. Johnson prior to 2005, (See J.A. 16, 478, 480, 482, 1481 82, 1515), remaining only minimally involved in the corporation s affairs as board chair and vice president, delegation of such authority does not relieve a taxpayer of responsibility under § 6672, Purcell v. United States, taxpayer s 1 F.3d function in 932, an 937 (9th Cir. 1993) (That enterprise is unconnected a to financial decision making or tax matters is irrelevant where that individual has the authority to pay or to order the payment of delinquent taxes. ); Erwin, 591 F.3d at 322. A taxpayer may be a responsible person if she had the authority required to exercise significant control over the corporation s financial affairs, regardless of whether [s]he exercised such control in fact. Purcell, 1 F.3d at 937 (concluding that a president and sole shareholder, who was also an authorized signatory on the corporation s checking account, was a responsible person even though he had fully delegated all financial duties to another 20 employee). Thus, Johnson permitting and despite delegating him to run her the authority to corporation s Mr. daily affairs, Mrs. Johnson remained a responsible person because she had effective control of the corporation and the effective power to direct the corporation s business choices, including the withholding and payment of trust fund taxes. Although Mrs. Johnson maintains that any authority she held was merely technical in nature, the undisputed evidence establishes that she possessed both legal and actual authority over Koba Institute. See United States v. Landau, 155 F.3d 93, 103 (2d Cir. 1998) (if taxpayer fails to show a genuine dispute of material fact on nature of authority, the court may reasonably conclude that the documentary evidence of authority reflects the reality ). Mrs. Johnson s voluntary minimal involvement in daily corporate affairs before 2005, however, and assertions authority that fail Mr. to Johnson create a exercised genuine all dispute daily of operating material fact regarding limitations on her effective power as to the trust fund taxes. Any deferral by Mrs. Johnson in the exercise of her authority never altered the fact that she possessed effective power over Koba Institute at all times. at 1454. Indeed, Mrs. Johnson s See Barnett, 988 F.2d actions immediately after learning of the tax delinquencies in December 2004 a period that cast[s] light on her responsibility from 2001 through 2004 21 demonstrate that her actual authority was co-extensive with the legal authority she possessed. Erwin, 591 F.3d at 321. Mrs. Johnson admits in her pleadings that she fired the finance director, the employee tasked with making payroll tax payments, as soon as she discovered that Koba Institute had not remitted these taxes as required by law. directed Mr. Johnson to personally (J.A. 17.) handle all She also future tax payments as of January 2005 and required him to provide her with visual proof of all tax payments the corporation made. (J.A. 17.) These admissions indicate that Mrs. Johnson s status in the corporation during the quarters at issue enabled her to have substantial input into [its financial] decisions [from 2001 through 2005], had [s]he wished to exert [her] authority. 10 Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1455 (quotation marks omitted). 10 Although not singly determinative, Mrs. Johnson s execution of corporate leases and lines of credit as a guarantor for Koba Institute offers additional support for the conclusion that she was a responsible person for § 6672 purposes. See Erwin, 591 F.3d at 322 (discussing a taxpayer s personal guarantees of corporate loans in determining his responsibility, but noting that this fact [did] not alone establish his status as a responsible person ). Without these acts by Mrs. Johnson, the corporation s financial capacity would have been adversely affected. Because Mrs. Johnson actively intervened to keep the corporation financially viable, Koba Institute was able to pay its creditors. The record further reflects that Mrs. Johnson made more than a dozen loans to Koba Institute between 2001 and 2003, after Mr. Johnson had informed her that the corporation needed additional funds to cover its operating expenses. 22 Moreover, the fact that, from 2001 through 2004, Mrs. Johnson followed the corporation s internal policy and did not write checks without knowing that Mr. Johnson had previously approved them status. does (See not J.A. negate 1484 91, § 6672 1576.) responsible Although she person followed corporate procedure without exception during that time, it is undisputed that Mrs. Johnson ceased following this policy almost immediately upon deficiencies and learning could of have the done 2001-2004 so at payroll any earlier tax time. Following her revamped oversight of tax payments, Mrs. Johnson would write checks from the instruction from Mr. Johnson. payroll account without (J.A. 17, 1484 85.) any Accordingly, the fact that Mrs. Johnson previously chose not to write checks without Mr. Johnson s approval does not show that she was prevented earlier from doing so other than by her own choice. See, e.g., Thosteson v. United States, 331 F.3d 1294, 1299 1300 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding corporate officer and stockholder a responsible person as a matter of law even though he had limited check writing authority, up to only $750, without a countersignature ); Lyon v. United States, 68 F. App x 461, 469 (4th Cir. 2003) (unpublished) (per curiam) ( The fact that [the taxpayer] chose not to exercise his legal authority is not enough to show that he had no actual authority. . . . [He] has not demonstrated that his father actually prevented him, or that 23 he could have prevented him, from paying the taxes if [he] had attempted to do so. ). The record also indicates that Koba Institute operating opened several accounts between 2001 and 2005, and that on each of those accounts, Mrs. Johnson was fully authorized to write checks and execute other bank documents. While she operations Johnson of had may the a not have been corporation non-delegable running between 2001 responsibility Institute s financial affairs. the and to day-to-day 2004, Mrs. monitor Koba See Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1457 ( [W]e believe that not only is it a bad business practice for a high-level company official such as [Mrs. Johnson] to fail to monitor [the corporation s] finances, it also subjects [her] to being held a responsible party under § 6672. ). Mrs. Johnson had the effective power to exercise authority when she chose to do so, even though she chose at times to voluntarily limit her involvement in corporate affairs. Although Mrs. Johnson often chose not to exercise the authority which she possessed, such a decision is insufficient to permit a taxpayer to avoid § 6672 responsibility. (6th Cir. exercise 1993) his See Kinnie v. United States, 994 F.2d 279, 284 (stating powers to that remain a taxpayer need responsible for not always seeing that withholding taxes are paid, and may not escape liability by delegating the task of paying over the taxes to someone else ). Moreover, after 2004, while the prior periods payroll taxes 24 remained unpaid, Mrs. Johnson actively exercised her authority over the affairs of Koba Institute while continuing to receive substantial compensation and benefits from the corporation. 11 We therefore conclude that the Government presented undisputed evidence that established as a matter of law that Mrs. Johnson was a responsible person under § 6672 during the relevant tax periods because she had the effective power to pay the trust fund taxes of Koba Institute. 12 11 While also relevant to the willfulness finding discussed in the next section, the same evidence of Mrs. Johnson s knowing receipt of substantial assets from the corporation while the payroll taxes remained unpaid also bolsters the proof of her responsible person status. The record shows that Mrs. Johnson received an annual salary ranging from approximately $100,000 to $193,000 from 2001 through 2004, as well as a corporate car and cell phone. Koba Institute also paid the rent for the Johnsons home, totaling between $40,000 and $50,000 in 2001, 2002, and 2004. 12 We note that other courts have reached precisely the same conclusion in considering similar facts. See, e.g., Jefferson v. United States, 546 F.3d 477, 481 (7th Cir. 2008) (holding board president responsible person as a matter of law because he secured loans and directed past payment of taxes for the corporation, reviewed financial reports, and had check-signing authority); Thosteson, 331 F.3d at 1299 1300 (holding corporate officer and stockholder a responsible person as a matter of law even though he had limited check writing authority, up to only $750, without a countersignature ); Taylor, 69 F.3d at 417 (holding corporate director and officer a responsible person as a matter of law because he possessed sufficient control over corporate finances, had authority to borrow funds and write checks and thereby had the effective power to pay those taxes (quoting Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454)); Greenberg v. United States, 46 F.3d 239, 243 44 (3d Cir. 1994) (holding in-house controller a responsible person as a matter of law even though he took instructions from the controlling stockholder and feared for his job were he to independently issue a check for (Continued) 25 2. Having found Mrs. Johnson a responsible person, we turn to the other necessary element of § 6672 liability, whether she willfully failed to collect, account for, or remit payroll taxes to the United States. F.3d at 219. 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a); Plett, 185 This inquiry focuses on whether Mrs. Johnson had knowledge of nonpayment or reckless disregard of whether the payments were being made. Plett, 185 F.3d at 219 (quoting Turpin v. United States, 970 F.2d 1344, 1346 (4th Cir. 1992)). Mrs. Johnson contends that she did not act willfully in failing to remit because she did notified her Koba not in Institute s learn December of the 2004. delinquent deficiency This payroll until argument, taxes the IRS however, overlooks that a taxpayer may act willfully for purposes of § 6672 even though she does not learn about unpaid taxes until after the responsible corporation person has learns failed that to pay withholding them. taxes [W]hen have a gone unpaid in past quarters for which he [or she] was responsible, the [tax] delinquency ); Kinnie, 994 F.2d at 284 (holding corporate vice president and fifty-percent shareholder a responsible person as a matter of law because he had checksigning authority, hired an accountant to review the books, and eventually took control of the business); Mazo v. United States, 591 F.2d 1151, 1156 (5th Cir. 1979) (holding corporate stockholders, officers, and directors responsible persons as a matter of law even though others handled all day-to-day operations and prepared all corporate checks). 26 he [or she] unencumbered those has a funds taxes. duty to available Erwin, use to 591 all the F.3d current and corporation at 326. If to the future pay back taxpayer thereafter knowingly permits payments of corporate funds to be made to other appropriate. creditors, a finding of willfulness is See id. ( Even assuming . . . that [the taxpayer] did not act willfully prior to learning of the full extent of the tax deficiencies unquestionably . . evidences ., his conduct willfulness as a after that point of law. matter (emphasis in original)). The record demonstrates that Koba Institute continued to make payments to other creditors using unencumbered funds following Mrs. Johnson s receipt of the IRS notice in December 2004. the The Government has produced numerous salary checks that corporation issued Johnson readily cashed. to Mrs. Johnson in 2005, which Mrs. Yet it is undisputed that Mrs. Johnson, a responsible person, knew that payroll taxes for numerous quarters from 2001 through 2004 remained unpaid. Mrs. Johnson s failure to remedy the payroll tax deficiencies upon learning of their existence in December 2004, while directing corporate payments elsewhere, including to herself, constitutes willful conduct under § 6672. This is particularly so given that, at Mrs. Johnson s direction, Koba Institute paid other creditors during this period. And, as noted earlier, during the 2001 to 27 2004 delinquent excess of tax $500,000 periods, in Mrs. Johnson compensation and received benefits corporation while the payroll taxes went unpaid. well from in the Cf. Turpin, 970 F.2d at 1347 ( The intentional preference of other creditors over the United States is sufficient to establish the element of willfulness under omitted)). Even section viewing 6672(a). the (internal evidence in quotation the light marks most favorable to Mrs. Johnson, we conclude that the record allows no conclusion other than that the failure to pay the payroll taxes was willful on Mrs. Johnson s part. 3. In sum, we conclude that the Government has presented undisputed evidence sufficient to establish as a matter of law that Mrs. Johnson was a responsible person under § 6672 during the relevant tax periods, and that she willfully failed to see that the withholding taxes were paid. No genuine dispute as to any material fact remains to be decided which would alter this conclusion. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not granting err in summary judgment individually. 28 against Mrs. Johnson C. Finally, we briefly address the claims raised by the Johnsons with respect to the district court s determination of the amounts Relying on of the their reports respective of their 100% expert penalty liabilities. witness, Leo Bruette ( Bruette ), the Johnsons assert that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to the amounts of that liability. allege that Bruette identified numerous errors, They omissions[,] and inconsistencies in the tax assessments made against them, which therefore undermined the Government s proof of the amounts owed. (Br. 26.) The district court, however, found that the Johnsons neither relied upon Bruette s reports nor produced any evidence to create an issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. (J.A. 271.) Indeed, the Johnsons did not discuss or cite Bruette s reports in either of their opposition briefs to the Government s motion for summary partial summary opposing summary judgment. the district appeal. judgment court s motions, judgment, or in even Mr. as Johnson s exhibits in Further, the Johnsons do not contest factual conclusion in this regard on The reports, therefore, could not and did not create a genuine issue of material fact. 29 We also find that Mrs. Johnson s concerns regarding double recovery are without merit. 13 Mrs. Johnson asserts that entering judgment against her could result in double recovery for the Government because it may collect a significant portion of the unpaid trust fund taxes through an offer in compromise that Koba Institute negotiated with the IRS. We note that Mr. Johnson raised a similar argument when the Government previously sought judgment against him for trust fund recovery penalties at Koba Associates, which was clearly rejected by the district court. See Johnson v. United States, 203 F. Supp. 2d 416, 425 (D. Md. 2002), aff d, 50 F. App x 113 (4th Cir. 2002) (unpublished) (per curiam), cert. denied, 540 U.S. (2003). In that case, Mr. Johnson argued that the Government might attempt to obtain some sort of double recovery from both Koba [Associates] and [him] in excess of the established amount of withholding taxes due. Id. After explaining that the Government may attempt to satisfy a debt for unpaid payroll taxes against the business or the taxpayer, the district court clarified that the IRS follows an established administrative policy of only collecting such tax delinquencies once. fact that the Id.; see also id. at 425 26 ( [T]he mere [Government] is attempting 13 to secure a second This issue was raised, although obliquely, by Mrs. Johnson in her opposition to the Government s motion for summary judgment, and therefore can only affect her liability. Mr. Johnson did not raise a double recovery argument. 30 source for the payment of taxes owed does not necessarily mean that it will attempt to exhaust both sources in excess of the debt. ). double The court reasoned that any lingering concerns of recovery could be allayed by judgment order of the district court. a carefully drafted Id. at 425. We agree with the district court s reasoning in the prior case, and note that similar precautions were taken in this case. The district court s judgment order specifically provides that the judgments against the Johnsons will be reduced to the extent that the United States . . . has collected or will collect on those debts pursuant to Institute. Mrs. the offer in compromise it approved with Koba (J.A. 274.) Johnson further asserts that the Government might succeed in obtaining a double recovery because certain voluntary payments made by Koba Institute were not properly credited. She does not, however, develop this argument or cite any evidence to corroborate argument it. section appellant s See of Fed. an contentions R. App. appellant s and the P. 28(a)(9)(A) opening brief reasons for (requiring to contain them, with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on which the appellant relies ). As a result, we consider her to have abandoned this claim. See Edwards, Moreover, while Koba Institute did 178 F.3d designate at some 241 n.6. payments, those applied to the second quarter of 2001 (ending June 30, 31 2001), which is not a quarter for which Mrs. Johnson was found liable. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court correctly determined the amounts of the Johnsons respective tax liabilities under § 6672. IV. For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. AFFIRMED 32
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