US v. Kelvin Sinclair, No. 08-4218 (4th Cir. 2008)
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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 08-4218 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. KELVIN ROSS SINCLAIR, Defendant Appellant. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Florence. R. Bryan Harwell, District Judge. (4:06-cr-01321-RBH-1) Submitted: October 24, 2008 Decided: November 24, 2008 Before NIEMEYER, MOTZ, and GREGORY, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. Michael A. Meetze, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Florence, South Carolina, for Appellant. W. Walter Wilkins, United States Attorney, Alfred W. Bethea, Jr., Carrie A. Fisher, Assistant United States Attorneys, Florence, South Carolina, for Appellee. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM: Kelvin Ross Sinclair was convicted by a jury of unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition by a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C.A. 2008), and was §§ 922(g)(1), sentenced to a 924(e) term (West of 2006 life & Supp. imprisonment. Sinclair appeals his conviction and sentence, contending that the district government court to abused introduce its discretion certain hearsay in permitting testimony, erred the in applying a cross reference to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2A1.1 (2006) (First Degree Murder), and erred in overruling his constitutional sentence. challenge to the armed career criminal We affirm. On October 8, 2006, Phillippe Williamson was shot and killed at Carolina. recovered, unlawful ammunition Club Maximus, Although Sinclair possession by a a the was of felon. nightclub gun used prosecuted a firearm The in to Myrtle kill on a Beach, him was federal (the murder government s South never charge weapon) evidence at of and trial established that Williamson and Sinclair got into a fight inside the club and that Sinclair was removed from the club. He returned a short while later with a gun and shot Williamson. Two principal witnesses were Darrell Holmes, a friend of Williamson, who witnessed the fight and the shooting, and Dante Tolbert, a friend of Sinclair, who saw him reenter the club 2 after he was ejected. also testified that Tuesday Smith, Williamson s girlfriend, she came to the club after her nephew, Xavier Smith, told her he had learned in a telephone call that Williamson and Sinclair had been fighting at the club and that Williamson was near dead on the floor. When Smith arrived at the club, she spoke to Holmes in the parking lot. that Kevin shot Williamson. last name, Misty and Brown identified was a Holmes did not know Sinclair s Sinclair mutual He told her as Misty s acquaintance and baby the daddy. mother of Sinclair s two children. Sinclair unsuccessfully sought to exclude Holmes testimony about Smith s statements to him and Smith s testimony about Xavier Smith s statements to her. on the admissibility discretion. of evidence is A trial court s ruling reviewed for abuse of United States v. Midgett, 488 F.3d 288, 297 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 464 (2007). Hearsay is defined in Fed. R. Evid. 801(c) as a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. A statement is defined in Rule 801(a)(1) as an oral or written assertion. committee Assertion notes to Rule is not 801(a) clarify assertion unless intended to be one. 3 defined, but that the advisory nothing is an The statements by Tuesday Smith that Sinclair sought to exclude consisted of three questions she asked Holmes. He testified: So Tuesday pulled me off to the side, she was like, what happened, Derrell, what happened, tell me what happen. I was like Tuesday, he shot him. She said, who shot him. I said Kevin, Kevin shot him. At that time, I didn t even know his last name. I mean, I know him, I didn t know his last name. I know who he was. She was like, who? him, he shot him. A therefore is question not Misty s baby daddy. or hearsay intended assertion. inquiry unless is it not can I say he shot a be statement, construed as and an United States v. Thomas, 453 F.3d 838, 845 (7th Cir. 2006); United States v. Jackson, 88 F.3d 845, 848 (10th Cir. 1996); United States v. Oguns, 921 F.2d 442, 449 (2d Cir. 1990); United States v. Lewis, 902 F.2d 1176, 1179 (5th Cir. 1990). In this case, Smith s questions were requests for information and cannot be construed as assertions. Because the questions were not hearsay, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting them. Holmes statements to Smith were not hearsay because, pursuant to Rule 801(d)(1)(C), a statement is not hearsay if . . . the declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is . . . one of identification of a person made after perceiving the person. 4 Sinclair also sought to exclude the following testimony by Tuesday Smith: [Xavier] said he just got a call that Phil and Kevin was fighting. And I said what Kevin. And he said Misty s Kevin. Then he turned and came back and said Phil was damn near dead on the floor. The government offered this testimony, not for the truth of the matter asserted, but to show why [Smith] did what she did next, that is, why she left home and went to Club Maximus at about 2:00 o clock in the morning. Although the statements are hearsay, we are satisfied that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting them under Fed. R. Evid. 803(3) to explain Smith s then existing state of mind. In any case, any error was harmless because the statements tended to prove only that Sinclair and Williamson fought at the club and that Williamson was likely dead, but did not suggest that Sinclair possessed a gun, the offense for which he was on trial. At the sentencing hearing, Sinclair objected to the cross reference to USSG § 2A1.1, the guideline for first degree murder, arguing that the killing was done without premeditation or malice, in the heat of a sudden quarrel. He maintained that a more appropriate cross reference would be to the guideline for voluntary manslaughter, or something 5 other than premeditated murder. applied. The district court disagreed, finding that § 2A1.1 The court made the following findings: This was a malicious and premeditated killing. After the confrontation between the defendant and the deceased, the defendant was escorted out of the club. Instead of leaving, he goes and retrieves a firearm. He made a conscious, deliberate decision to come back with a weapon with the intention of shooting Phillippe Williamson. According to Derrell Holmes testimony, the defendant came back in with a hoody over his head, and a hand under his shirt. Holmes said the defendant came up and said, quote, hey, where your boy at? And said, also, quote, I should pop your bitch ass, too. Holmes tried to get the defendant to leave, but instead, the defendant proceeded to basically rob Holmes, when Phillippe Williamson came up, and the defendant shot him. Later, Donte [sic] Tolbert asked the defendant if Williamson was dead, and the defendant said, I hope so. This was not voluntary manslaughter. He had time to reflect on what he was doing. He knew what he was doing. He came in there with a hoody over his head, a hand under his shirt and in fact, told Holmes basically that he should shoot him, too, before he shot the deceased. His conduct was malicious, reckless, wanton, he retrieved a gun and fired it at Mr. Williamson. He made a conscious decision to do so. The fact that after being escorted out, he returned with a loaded gun, coupled with the statements he made to Mr. Holmes and Mr. Tolbert support the fact that his conduct was malicious and premeditated, so I overrule your objection. The Sinclair court committed also the agreed murder with during the the government perpetration that of a robbery, which established an alternative ground for a cross reference to § 2A1.1. USSG § 2A1.1, comment. (n.1(B)). 6 Sinclair contends that the evidence showed that Williamson s death was a voluntary manslaughter rather than a premeditated murder. We review a sentence under an abuse of discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 590 (2007). The first step in this review requires the appellate court to ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as improperly calculating the guideline range. United States v. Osborne, 514 F.3d 377, 387 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 2525 (2008). Under § 2K2.1(c)(1)(B), if the defendant unlawfully used or possessed a firearm in connection with another offense, and death resulted, the most analogous homicide guideline should be applied. Guideline section § 2A1.1 applies in cases where a killing is premeditated, while USSG § 2A1.3 applies in the case of voluntary manslaughter. To establish first degree murder, the government must show malice aforethought well as premeditation and United States v. Shaw, 701 F.2d 367, 392 (5th deliberation. Cir. 1983). as Malice aforethought may be established by evidence of conduct which is reckless and wanton and a gross deviation from a reasonable standard of care, of such a nature that a jury is warranted in inferring that defendant was aware of a serious risk of death or serious bodily 7 injury. United States v. Williams, 342 F.3d 350, 356-57 (4th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation and citation omitted). This court has held that no particular period of time for reflection is essential to a finding of premeditation and deliberation. Faust v. North Carolina, 307 F.2d 869, 871 (4th Cir. 1962); see also United States v. Downs, 56 F.3d 973, 975 (8th Cir. 1995); Shaw, 701 F.2d at 392-93. What is required is a showing that the defendant acted with a cool mind [and] did, in fact, reflect, at least for a short period time before his act. Id. at 393. While the amount of time for reflection may vary, it is the fact of deliberation, of second thought that is important. Cir. 1986) (1946)). United States v. Frappier, 807 F.2d 257, 261 (1st (citing Fisher Voluntary v. United manslaughter is States, defined 328 in U.S. 463 18 U.S.C.A. § 1112 (West 2000 & Supp. 2008) as an unlawful killing of a human being without malice . . . [u]pon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion. Sinclair maintains that Williamson was shot during a sudden, heated ongoing dispute retaliated confrontation, within in which minutes, which he characterizes Williamson attacked while dispute the him was as an and he ongoing. However, the evidence established that Sinclair had at least several minutes to reflect after he was ejected from the club. During that time, he obtained a gun, put on a hoody and pulled 8 the hood up, thus changing his appearance to some degree, and went back into the club through a side exit door. avoided the club s weapon check at the front door. He thus Sinclair s encounter with Holmes after he reentered the club indicated that he was looking for Williamson, and he shot Williamson when he found him. This evidence showed that Sinclair had time reflect between his fight with Williamson and the shooting. to We conclude that the district court did not err in finding that there was evidence of premeditation, and correctly applied the cross reference to § 2A1.1. Last, Sinclair challenges his armed career criminal sentence, arguing that the government s failure to charge his predicate convictions in the indictment violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments (2000). under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 He contends that Apprendi cannot be reconciled with the Supreme Court s holding in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998) (holding that prior conviction used enhance sentence need not be charged in the indictment). to We have rejected similar Fifth and Sixth Amendment challenges to the continued viability of Almendarez-Torres, see United States v. Thompson, 421 F.3d 278, 281 n.2 (4th Cir. 2005); United States v. Cheek, 415 F.3d 349, 352-54 (4th Cir. 2005), and may not overrule this court s precedents. United States v. Simms, 441 F.3d 313, 318 (4th Cir.) (AA decision of a panel of this 9 court becomes the law of the circuit and is binding on other panels unless it is overruled by a subsequent en banc opinion of this court or a superseding contrary decision of the Supreme Court.@ (internal quotation omitted)), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 233 (2006). Therefore, this claim fails. Accordingly, We dispense with oral we affirm argument the conviction because the and facts sentence. and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process. AFFIRMED 10
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