Continental Insurance Company v. Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company., No. 09-2882 (2d Cir. 2010)

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09-2882-cv Continental Insurance Company v. Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS F OR THE S ECOND C IRCUIT August Term, 2009 (Argued: March 5, 2010 Decided: April 29, 2010) Docket No. 09-2882-cv C ONTINENTAL INSURANCE C OMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. A TLANTIC C ASUALTY INSURANCE C OMPANY, Defendant-Appellee. B e f o r e: LIVINGSTON AND LYNCH , Circuit Judges.* __________________ * The Honorable Rosemary S. Pooler, originally a member of this panel, did not participate in the consideration of this appeal. The two remaining members of the panel, who are in agreement, have determined the matter. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(d); 2d Cir. I.O.P. E; United States v. Desimone, 140 F.3d 457 (2d Cir. 1998). 1 1 An insured party provided its insurer notice of a fire before the injured party 2 provided notice. When the injured party sued the insurer under New York Insurance Law 3 Section 3420(a) for satisfaction of a default judgment against the insured, the United 4 States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Chin, J.) granted the insurer 5 summary judgment, holding that the insured s notice was untimely, and extinguished the 6 injured party s separate right to notify and sue the insurer. The injured party appeals. We 7 reject the district court s analysis, but affirm its judgment on the separate ground that an 8 exclusionary provision in the liability insurance policy barred coverage of the fire. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 AFFIRMED E RICK K IRKER, Cozen O Connor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Plaintiff-Appellant. A IDAN M CC ORMACK (Cyril Smith, on the brief), Nixon Peabody LLP, New York, New York, for Defendant-Appellee. G ERARD E. L YNCH, Circuit Judge: In 2004, employees of Wodraska Brothers, Inc. ( Wodraska ), a roofing 21 contractor, inadvertently started a fire while installing a new roof on a house. A week 22 later, Continental Insurance Co. ( Continental ), which insured the residence, paid the 23 homeowners approximately $640,000 for the damage. Five months after the fire, 24 Wodraska sent a claim to its liability insurer, Atlantic Casualty Insurance Co. 2 1 ( Atlantic ), and two days later, Continental sent Atlantic a separate notice of claim. 2 Atlantic denied both claims. 3 In 2006, Continental sued Wodraska to recover the amount Continental had paid 4 the homeowners. Continental obtained a default judgment, but Wodraska did not pay. So 5 Continental, as a judgment creditor standing in Wodraska s shoes, sued Atlantic under 6 New York Insurance Law Section 3420(a) ( Section 3420(a) ) for satisfaction of the 7 default judgment. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York 8 (the Honorable Denny Chin) awarded Atlantic summary judgment, holding that 9 Wodraska s untimely notice of its claim to Atlantic had extinguished Continental s ability 10 11 to give Atlantic subsequent notice and to bring a direct action against Atlantic. On appeal, Continental argues, inter alia, that Section 3420(a) entitled it to provide 12 Atlantic independent notice of its claim and to sue Atlantic, despite the fact that 13 Wodraska had already given Atlantic notice. We agree. But we affirm the district court s 14 judgment on the separate ground that Atlantic s liability insurance policy with Wodraska 15 (the policy ) excluded coverage of the fire. 16 17 BACKGROUND I. The Fire 18 In March 2004, Donald and Cecile Swallow ( Swallows or homeowners ) hired 19 Wodraska to apply a new EPDM membrane roof to their house in Pelham Manor, New 3 1 York.1 On June 1, 2004, a Wodraska employee was using a torch on the Swallows roof 2 when a nearby co-worker opened a can of roofing adhesive. The adhesive fumes ignited 3 and lit the roof on fire. The Pelham Manor Fire Department extinguished the fire, and 4 subsequently investigated its cause. The fire department chief reported: 5 of the roofing contractor on the premis[e]s were using a portable, small propane torch to 6 dry the roof in close proximity to highly flammable roofing cement which ignited and 7 spread fire quickly to the upper roof and attic area. 8 II. The Liability Insurance Policies 9 [E]mployees Continental insured the Swallows house, and acknowledges that their policy 10 covered the fire. Atlantic insured Wodraska, but argues that Wodraska cannot recover 11 under its policy for three reasons. First, the policy required Wodraska to provide notice 12 of an occurrence and potential claim as soon as practicable. Second, the policy 13 contained an exclusionary provision, the Roofing Limitation Endorsement ( RLE ), 14 which provided: [W]e do not cover claims, loss, costs or expense arising out of . . . 15 property damage as a result of any operations involving any hot tar, wand, torch or heat 16 applications or membrane roofing. Finally, Wodraska failed to comply with its 1 EPDM is a roofing compound that is manufactured from ethylene, propylene, and a small amount of diene monomer. EPDM Roofing Association, Frequently Asked Questions What is EPDM?, available at http://www.epdmroofs.org/faqs/faq_general.shtml#1. 4 1 obligation under the policy to [c]ooperate with [Atlantic] in the investigation of 2 Continental s claim against Wodraska. 3 III. Notice to Atlantic and Atlantic s Disclaimers 4 A week after the fire, Continental paid the Swallows approximately $640,000 for 5 the damage. At that time, Continental did not know the identity of Wodraska s insurer, 6 its efforts to find that information having failed. On November 16, 2004, five months 7 after the fire, Wodraska sent Atlantic its notice of claim. The next day, Continental first 8 learned that Atlantic insured Wodraska when Atlantic s representative called 9 Continental s counsel. Continental sent Atlantic its notice of claim the following day. 10 Atlantic denied both claims. By a letter dated November 23, 2004, Atlantic denied 11 Wodraska s claim, because Wodraska had failed to report the fire as soon as 12 practicable, and because the RLE barred coverage for costs associated with damage to 13 the building or contents arising out of operations involving any hot tar, wand, torch or 14 heat application or membrane roofing. By a separate letter of the same date, Atlantic 15 notified Continental that it had declined Wodraska s claim due to an exclusionary 16 endorsement in the policy. 17 IV. Prior Proceedings 18 A. Continental s Suit Against Wodraska 19 On January 27, 2006, Continental, as subrogee of the Swallows, sued Wodraska to 20 recover the $640,000 it had paid, alleging that Wodraska had negligently started the fire. 5 1 Wodraska received the complaint, but failed to answer. In May, Continental notified 2 Atlantic that a default judgment would enter if Wodraska did not respond to the complaint 3 by June 30. The following week, Atlantic s representative sent another letter to 4 Wodraska (and a copy to Continental) denying coverage and any duty to defend 5 Wodraska. Wodraska never entered an appearance, and on July 17 the district court 6 entered a default judgment for $763,695.85 the amount Continental had paid the 7 Swallows, plus interest and costs. 8 On July 24, 2006, Continental sent Atlantic notice of the default judgment. 9 Atlantic maintained that it owed Wodraska no duty to indemnify or defend, but it 10 provided Wodraska a courtesy interim defense counsel who unsuccessfully moved to 11 reopen the default. Wodraska never satisfied the default judgment. 12 B. Continental s Suit Against Atlantic 13 On May 8, 2007, Continental, as a judgment creditor, sued Atlantic for a 14 declaratory judgment that Atlantic was obligated to indemnify Wodraska and, therefore, 15 to satisfy Continental s default judgment. Continental sued under Section 3420(a)(2), 16 which allows an injured party, in its capacity as a judgment creditor, to sue the insurer of 17 the defaulted party in some circumstances. 18 After discovery, Continental and Atlantic cross-moved for summary judgment. 6 1 In a June 4, 2009 memorandum decision, the district court awarded summary judgment to 2 Atlantic because 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Continental s action is barred by Wodraska s failure to timely notify Atlantic of the claim. Continental, the injured party, relied on Wodraska, the insured, to provide notice to Atlantic, the insurer. Because Wodraska was the only party to notify Atlantic of the claim . . . Continental s rights are derivative of Wodraska s. Wodraska s notice was untimely under the Policy as a matter of law, and Continental therefore cannot recover in this action. Continental Ins. Co. v. Atlantic Cas. Ins. Co., No. 07 Civ. 3635 (DC), 2009 WL 1564144, 13 *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2009). 14 The district court acknowledged that Section 3420(a) authorizes an injured party 15 who has obtained a judgment against the party responsible for the injury . . . to institute a 16 direct action against the insurer of the party against whom the judgment was obtained. 17 Id. at *4 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court also agreed that in some 18 circumstances the injured party may have greater rights than the insured. For example, 19 even where the insured fails to give notice to the insurer of a claim as required by a 20 policy, courts may still permit the injured party to recover. Id. at *5. However, 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 [w]here the insured is the first to give notice of a claim to the insurer, . . . then the injured party s rights are considered to be derivative of the insured s vis-a-vis the insurer. In [such a] scenario, where the insured s notice is untimely and the insurer disclaims coverage based on untimely notice, an injured party will be unable to recover under Section 3420 against the insurer because of the insured s untimely notice. Thus it is critical, in assessing a claim brought under Section 7 1 2 3 4 Id. (citations and footnote omitted). The court noted, It is an anomaly of the Section 5 3420 caselaw, then, that an injured party is better off if the insured gives no notice than 6 late notice. Id. at *5 n.3. 7 3420, to determine which party the injured party or the insured first notified the insurer of the claim. On June 15, 2009, Continental moved for reconsideration, arguing that the 8 summary judgment decision overlooked the fact that Continental had provided 9 independent notice of its claim to Atlantic on November 18, 2004. In an August 13 10 memorandum decision, the court conceded that error, but did not change its previous 11 decision. It said that its previous decision 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Continental Ins. Co. v. Atlantic Cas. Ins. Co., No. 07 Civ. 3635 (DC), 2009 WL 2476538, 20 *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2009) (citations omitted). 21 22 was based entirely on the fact that Wodraska, the insured, was the first to provide notice of the claim to Atlantic. . . . [B]ecause Wodraska was the first to provide notice, any notice Continental provided after Wodraska provided notice was superfluous. . . . It is, therefore, wholly irrelevant that Continental provided notice to Atlantic after Wodraska. DISCUSSION Continental argues on appeal that Section 3420(a) permitted it to give Atlantic 23 independent notice of its claim, despite the fact that Wodraska had already given Atlantic 24 untimely notice of its own claim. We agree. But we affirm the district court s judgment 25 on the separate ground that the RLE barred coverage of the fire. 8 1 I. New York Insurance Law Section 3420(a) 2 Section 3420(a) requires all New York insurance contracts to contain[] in 3 substance the following provisions or provisions that are equally or more favorable to the 4 insured and to judgment creditors so far as such provisions relate to judgment creditors : 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 (2) A provision that in case judgment against the insured . . . in an action brought to recover damages for injury sustained or loss or damage occasioned during the life of the policy or contract shall remain unsatisfied at the expiration of thirty days from the serving of notice of entry of judgment upon the attorney for the insured, or upon the insured, and upon the insurer, then an action may. . . be maintained against the insurer under the terms of the policy or contract for the amount of such judgment not exceeding the amount of the applicable limit of coverage under such policy or contract. 31 32 (3) A provision that notice given by or on behalf of the insured, or written notice by or on behalf of the injured person or any other claimant, to any licensed agent of the insurer in this state, with particulars sufficient to identify the insured, shall be deemed notice to the insurer. (4) A provision that failure to give any notice required to be given by such policy within the time prescribed therein shall not invalidate any claim made by the insured, an injured person or any other claimant if it shall be shown not to have been reasonably possible to give such notice within the prescribed time and that notice was given as soon as was reasonably possible thereafter. N.Y. Ins. Law § 3420(a). In short, Subsection (a)(2) allows an injured party with an unsatisfied judgment against an insured party to sue the insurer for satisfaction of the judgment in some 9 1 circumstances. See, e.g., McCormick & Co., Inc. v. Empire Ins. Group, 878 F.2d 27, 28- 2 29 (2d Cir. 1989) (discussing Section 3420(a)(2)); Becker v. Colonial Co-op. Ins. Co., 24 3 A.D.3d 702, 704 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 2005) (same). Subsection (a)(3) permits the 4 injured party to give notice to the insurer to protect that right of direct action, see, e.g., 5 AXA Marine & Aviation Ins. (UK) Ltd. v. Seajet Indus. Inc., 84 F.3d 622, 626 (2d Cir. 6 1996) (discussing Section 3420(a)(3)); Becker, 24 A.D.3d at 704 (same), and Subsection 7 (a)(4) sets the standard for reasonableness of that notice. See, e.g., State of N.Y. v. 8 Blank, 27 F.3d 783, 795 (2d Cir. 1994) (citing Section 3420(a)(4)). 9 Before the New York legislature enacted the precursors to Section 3420,2 under 10 the common law an injured party possessed no cause of action against the insurer of the 11 tort-feasor. Jackson v. Citizens Cas. Co., 14 N.E.2d 446, 447 (N.Y. 1938). If an injured 12 party obtained a judgment against an insured party and the insured party failed to satisfy 13 the judgment, the plaintiff could not sue the insurance company directly because there 14 was no privity of contract between plaintiff and the insurance carrier. Lang v. Hanover 15 Ins. Co., 820 N.E.2d 855, 857 (N.Y. 2004) (discussing Section 3420(a)(1)). So the 16 injured party bore the loss. Id. 17 18 The legislature recognized that an injured party had a genuine interest in [the liability insurance policy] and should be enabled to invoke its protection. Lauritano v. 2 For a discussion of Section 3420 s precursors, see Richards v. Select Ins. Co., Inc., 40 F. Supp. 2d 163, 168 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). 10 1 Am. Fid. Fire Ins. Co., 3 A.D.2d 564, 567 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep t 1957). So the 2 legislature remedied th[e common law s] inequity by creating a limited statutory cause 3 of action on behalf of injured parties directly against insurers, which is presently 4 codified at Section 3420. Lang, 820 N.E.2d at 857; see also Lauritano, 3 A.D.2d at 567- 5 68 (Section 3420 and its precursors profoundly altered what was once commonly 6 accepted that the liability policy existed solely for the protection of the insured. ). 7 When an insured tortfeasor gives the insurer late notice first and the injured party 8 provides subsequent notice under Section 3420(a), New York courts do not dismiss the 9 injured party s notice simply because it came second. Courts have instead held that 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 [w]here the insured fails to give proper notice, the injured party can give notice herself, thereby preserving her right to proceed directly against the insurer. Having been statutorily granted an independent right to give notice and recover directly from the insurer, the injured party or other claimant is not to be charged vicariously with the insured s delay. Appel v. Allstate Ins. Co., 20 A.D.3d 367, 368 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep t 2005) (internal 18 quotation marks omitted) (insured notified insurer of dog bite after default judgment 19 entered, then injured party sent subsequent notice).3 When the insured gives late notice 3 See also Malik v. Charter Oak Fire Insurance Co., 60 A.D.3d 1013, 1016 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 2009) (where it was unclear whether insured or injured party notified insurer of accidental shooting first, order of notice did not affect court s analysis); Becker, 24 A.D.3d at 704 (where insured notified insurer two years after slip-and-fall, and injured party notified two days later, insured s failure to provide notice does not serve to cut off the right of an injured claimant to make a claim as against the insurer ); Wraight v. Exch. Ins. Co., 234 A.D.2d 916, 917 (N.Y. App. Div. 4th Dep t 1996) (where insured notified its insurer twenty months after an automobile accident, and injured party 11 1 first and the injured party gives subsequent notice, courts determine whether the injured 2 party s notice has effectively protected the injured party s right to sue not by looking at 3 the order in which the insurer received that notice, but by examining whether the injured 4 party pursued his rights to notify the insurer pursuant to Section 3420(a) with as much 5 diligence as was reasonably possible under the circumstances. Malik, 60 A.D.3d at 1016 6 (internal quotation marks omitted). This separate standard, used to determine the 7 reasonableness of the injured party s notice, is more lenient than the standard for the 8 insured party s notice.4 gave notice the following month, [a]n injured party has an independent right to provide written notice to an insurer (internal quotation marks omitted)); Walters v. Atkins, 179 A.D.2d 1067, 1068 (N.Y. App. Div. 4th Dep t 1992) (where insured notified its insurer eleven months after an all-terrain vehicle crash, and injured party notified insurer over a month later, injured party has an independent right to provide written notice to an insurer and cannot be bound by an insured s late notice ). 4 See also Becker, 24 A.D.3d at 704 ( When the injured party has pursued his rights with as much diligence as was reasonably possible the statute shifts the risk of the insured s delay to the compensated risk-taker. Thus, the pertinent inquiry is whether the plaintiff pursued his rights with as much diligence as was reasonably possible. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); Appel, 20 A.D.3d at 368-69 (examining reasonableness of injured party s notice that was received after insured party s notice); Rochester v. Quincy Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 10 A.D.3d 417, 418 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 2004) (where insured notified insurer three months after injured party fell through window, and injured party subsequently notified insurer, the only issue with respect to the injured party is whether the efforts of the injured party to facilitate the providing of proper notice were sufficient in light of the opportunities to do so afforded it under the circumstances. (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)); Wraight, 234 A.D.2d at 917 ( Provided that an injured party has pursued his rights with as much diligence as was reasonably possible the statute shifts the risk of the insured s delay to the compensated risk-taker. (internal quotation marks omitted)). Cf. Lauritano, 3 A.D.2d at 568 (where the insured party never notified the insurer, court judged [injured party s 12 1 Allowing an injured party to provide notice after an insured party provides 2 untimely notice makes sense. First, it serves Section 3420(a) s aforementioned purpose 3 of allowing an injured party to sue an insurance company for satisfaction of an unpaid 4 default judgment against an insured party. Since, by statute, the injured party has an 5 independent right to recovery against the tortfeasor s liability insurer, it makes little sense 6 to cut off that right, when the injured party has attempted with due diligence to identify 7 and notify the insurer, because of a dereliction not by the injured party, but by the insured 8 tortfeasor. 9 Second, allowing an injured party to provide notice after an insured party provides 10 untimely notice avoids the anomaly to which the district court alludes. Atlantic does not 11 dispute, as it cannot under the New York caselaw,5 that if it had never received any notice 12 from Wodraska, Continental s notice to it would be effective, if that notice was 13 reasonably timely in light of the circumstances facing Continental. It would be irrational notice] by the prospects for giving notice that were afforded him, not by those available to the insured. ). 5 See, e.g., Gen. Accident Ins. Group v. Cirucci, 387 N.E.2d 223, 224-25 (N.Y. 1979) (where insured provides no notice to insurer, an injured third party may seek recovery from an insured s carrier despite the failure of the insured to provide timely notice of the accident ); Lauritano, 3 A.D.2d at 568 ( [W]hen the insured has failed to give proper notice, the injured party, by giving notice himself, can preserve his rights to proceed directly against the insurer. . . . The statute having granted the injured person an independent right to give notice and to recover thereafter, he is not to be charged vicariously with the insured s delay. ) (interpreting Ins. Law § 167, predecessor to N.Y. Ins. Law § 3420(a)). 13 1 if the injured party could provide effective notice to the insurer when the insured party 2 entirely fails to do so, but the injured party could not notify the insurer and protect its 3 right to sue after the insured provides notice (albeit untimely, in light of the circumstances 4 of the insured and the terms of the policy) to the insurer. If the insurer may not escape 5 liability when it receives no notice from the insured but it is notified by the injured party, 6 there is no reason why the insurer should escape liability when it receives notice from the 7 insured party before receiving notice from the injured party and is, therefore, better 8 informed than it would be if it had received no notice from the insured. 9 Finally, it makes sense to judge each party s notice by different standards. Each 10 party stands in a different position relative to the insurer. The insured knows who its 11 insurer is, and has entered into a contractual relationship that typically prescribes how 12 quickly the insured must notify the insurer of any claims, often requiring something akin 13 to the as-soon-as-practicable requirement here. If the insured does not notify the 14 insurer within the prescribed time, then it has failed to meet a condition of its contract and 15 it, therefore, cannot make a successful claim on its policy. By contrast, the injured party 16 is a stranger. It may not know who the insurer is and it may, despite its best efforts, 17 struggle to discover the insurer s identity, as Continental claims happened here. That a 18 five-month delay in providing notice on the part of an insured who has contracted for 19 indemnity on the condition that it provide notice of a covered occurrence to its own 20 insurer as soon as practicable constitutes an unreasonable delay does not mean that it is 14 1 similarly unreasonable for the injured party to provide notice at about the same time; 2 despite due diligence, the injured party may, as asserted in this case, have only identified 3 the insurer after the five-month period, and immediately provided notice on learning the 4 insurer s identity. The fact that the insured party s prior notice is untimely to protect its 5 contractual right to sue the insurer does not necessarily imply that the injured party s 6 notice is untimely to protect its independent statutory right to sue the insurer. 7 Atlantic attempts to distinguish the cases that allow injured parties to provide 8 notice after the insured party provides untimely notice, arguing that those cases involve 9 bodily injury claims rather than property damage claims. Atlantic says that Section 10 3420(d) and cases construing that provision treat bodily injury claimants different[ly] 11 than property injury claimants because bodily injury claimants require special 12 protections, and argues Continental improperly seeks to avail itself of those special 13 protections in a mere claim for property damage. But this argument misses the mark. 14 Section 3420(d) does indeed provide special rules governing personal injury claims.6 But 6 N.Y. Ins. Law § 3420(d) provides: (1)(A) This paragraph applies with respect to a liability policy that provides coverage with respect to a claim arising out of the death or bodily injury of any person . . . . (B) Upon an insurer s receipt of a written request by an injured person who has filed a claim or by another claimant, an insurer shall, within sixty days of receipt of the written request: (i) confirm to the injured person or other claimant in writing whether the insured had a liability insurance policy of 15 1 Continental does not invoke Section 3420(d), and the cases on which Continental relies 2 do not, either. They invoke Section 3420(a), which is not limited to bodily injury or 3 wrongful death claimants. Neither Section 3420(a) nor any of the cited cases suggest that 4 the rules established by those cases would not apply in a property damage case. 5 Atlantic also argues that the legislative intent behind Insurance Law § 3420 does 6 not apply and its benefits are simply not available to claims by insurers, such as 7 Continental. Atlantic relies on Bovis Lend Lease LMB, Inc. v. Royal Surplus Lines Ins. 8 Co., 27 A.D.3d 84 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep t 2005), which addressed whether Section 9 3420(d) s requirement that an insurer promptly issue any disclaimer to a bodily injury or 10 death claimant also applies to co-insurers. 27 A.D.3d at 85. In dicta, Bovis called 11 Section 3420(a) an example of a provision of Section 3420 that does not protect co- 12 insurers, but instead emphasi[zes] . . . protecting the insured and those who have claims 13 against the insured. Id. at 91. Bovis does not help Atlantic. First, its comment the type specified in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph in effect with the insurer on the date of the alleged occurrence; and (ii) specify the liability insurance limits of the coverage provided under the policy. . . . (2) If under a liability policy issued or delivered in this state, an insurer shall disclaim liability or deny coverage for death or bodily injury arising out of a motor vehicle accident or any other type of accident occurring within this state, it shall give written notice as soon as is reasonably possible of such disclaimer of liability or denial of coverage to the insured and the injured person or any other claimant. 16 1 regarding Section 3420(a) is dicta, and its discussion of 3420(d) is inapposite. Second, its 2 suggestion that Section 3420(a) does not protect co-insurers is immaterial, because 3 Continental is not a co-insurer. Continental stands in the shoes of the Swallows, an 4 injured party with an unsatisfied judgment against the insured precisely the sort of 5 litigant Bovis says Section 3420(a) protects. 6 The district court erred when it held that Wodraska s notice extinguished 7 Continental s ability to provide subsequent notice in order to protect its right to sue 8 Atlantic.7 To reach this conclusion, the district court relied on inapposite precedent that 9 addresses an insurer s obligations when issuing its notice of disclaimer specifically, 10 when the insurer receives the insured s notice of claim before receiving the injured 11 party s notice, and the insurer denies the insured s claim for lack of timely notice, must 12 the insurer s notice of disclaimer to the insured party mention the injured party s notice? 13 Courts have held that in such scenarios an insurer s disclaimer to the insured only needs 14 to address the insured s notice and not the injured party s subsequent notice. Because the 7 We note that at least one other district court in this jurisdiction seems to have held similarly. U.S. Liab. Ins. Co. v. Winchester Fine Arts Servs., Inc., 337 F. Supp. 2d 435, 448 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ( Once an insurer has received notice from the insured, whatever notice requirements may be applicable are prima facie satisfied (subject to any challenge by the insurer). Thus, the ability of an injured party to provide notice to the insurer in lieu of the insured under § 3420(a)(3) is moot once notice has been accomplished by the insured. ). But cf. id. at 449 (implying that the injured party could give subsequent notice by examining whether the injured party s subsequent notice met Section 3420(a)(4) s standard for injured party notice). 17 1 insurer s disclaimer to the insured need not address the injured party s subsequent notice, 2 courts have called an injured party s subsequent notice superfluous in this context.8 3 As Continental notes, this rule makes sense because the insurer might receive the 4 insured s notice and send a disclaimer to the insured before the insurer receives any 5 notice from an injured party or has any reason to know that an injured party will be 6 providing independent notice. 7 The precedent that the insurer may treat an injured party s subsequent notice as 8 superfluous, however, only speaks to the scope of the insurer s obligation to the injured 9 party after the injured party has triggered that obligation by providing notice. Webster v. 10 Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co., 368 F.3d 209, 217 n.6 (2d Cir. 2004). That precedent does 11 not speak to the question of whether or not an injured party s subsequent notice protects 12 its right to sue an insurer. Nor should we draw on that precedent to answer this question. 8 See Mass. Bay Ins. Co. v. Flood, 128 A.D.2d 683, 684 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 1987) (after the insured party notified the carrier, any subsequent information provided by the injured party was, for notice purposes, superfluous, because there was already prima facie compliance with the contractual notice requirements of the policy, and the injured party s notice need not be addressed in the [insurer s] notice of disclaimer where, as here, the initial notice of the occurrence was provided to the carrier by the insureds. ); see also Webster v. Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co., 368 F.3d 209, 217 n.6 (2d Cir. 2004) ( Where . . . the insured party gives notice and the injured party only later provides notice, the injured party s notice is superfluous and the insurer need not disclaim as to the injured party. ), quoting Flood, 128 A.D.2d at 684; Steinberg v. Hermitage Ins. Co., 26 A.D.3d 426, 428 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 2006) ( Where the insured is the first to notify the carrier, even if that notice is untimely, any subsequent information provided by the injured party is superfluous for notice purposes and need not be addressed in the notice of disclaimer issued by the insurer. ), quoting Ringel v. Blue Ridge Ins. Co., 293 A.D.2d 460, 462 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep t 2002); Rochester, 10 A.D.3d at 418 (same). 18 1 As discussed above, if the injured party may provide notice to protect its right to sue the 2 insurer when the insured party never gives notice, then it would make no sense to say that 3 the injured party s notice becomes superfluous for the purpose of protecting its right to 4 sue simply because the insured party gave the insurer prior notice. The district court 5 erred, therefore, when it relied on that precedent from a different context to hold that any 6 notice Continental provided after Wodraska provided notice was superfluous for the 7 purpose of protecting Continental s right to sue Atlantic. Continental, 2009 WL 8 2476538, at *1. 9 Here, the insured, Wodraska, gave its insurer, Atlantic, notice five months after the 10 fire. The injured party, Continental, gave Atlantic notice a few days later, as soon as it 11 discovered the insurer s identity, in order to protect its own right to bring a direct action 12 against Atlantic under Section 3420(a). Continental was entitled to give Atlantic its 13 independent notice. That notice was not ineffective simply because it came after 14 Wodraska s. To determine whether Continental s notice effectively preserved 15 Continental s right to sue Atlantic, we would have to examine whether that notice was 16 reasonable under the standard for injured party notice, in light of Continental s claim that 17 it was unable, despite due diligence, to identify earlier Atlantic as the relevant insurer. 18 But we need not reach that question, since Atlantic is entitled to summary judgment on a 19 separate ground. 20 II. Roofing Limitation Endorsement 19 1 If we were to find Continental s notice adequate and allow Continental to proceed 2 with its suit, Continental would do so in its capacity as a judgment creditor. Under 3 Section 3420, the creditor s rights are no greater or less than those of the insured debtor, 4 and recovery cannot exceed the policy limits. McCormick, 878 F.2d at 29. [T]he 5 injured party steps into the shoes of the tortfeasor and can assert any right of the 6 tortfeasor-insured against the insurance company. Lang, 820 N.E.2d at 858. Therefore, 7 we must determine whether Wodraska could recover against Atlantic under its policy. It 8 could not, because the casualty that occurred was specifically excluded from coverage 9 under that policy. 10 The parties disagree about whether the RLE barred coverage of the fire. The RLE 11 provides: [W]e do not cover claims, loss, costs or expense arising out of . . . property 12 damage as a result of any operations involving any hot tar, wand, torch or heat 13 applications or membrane roofing. Atlantic argues that while it would suffice [to 14 exclude coverage] to have any operations involving a torch or membrane roof, here the 15 operations involved both, so the RLE plainly applies to bar coverage of the fire. 16 Continental argues that the RLE does not bar coverage for two reasons. First, the act of 17 opening the adhesive the act that Continental claims caused the fire did not constitute 18 a roofing operation that the RLE excluded. Second, the RLE bars only claims arising 19 from hot applications of membrane roofs, and Wodraska was using a cold application 20 procedure. 20 1 New York law treats an insurance policy as a contract and construes it in 2 accordance with general contract principles. See Nat l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 3 PA. v. Stroh Cos., Inc., 265 F.3d 97, 103 (2d Cir. 2001). [T]he initial question for the 4 court on a motion for summary judgment with respect to a contract claim is whether the 5 contract is unambiguous with respect to the question disputed by the parties. Law 6 Debenture Trust Co. of New York v. Maverick Tube Corp., 595 F.3d 458, 465 (2d Cir. 7 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Whether the contract is unambiguous is a 8 question of law for the court. Id. Ambiguity exists if the contract terms could suggest 9 more than one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who 10 has examined the context of the entire integrated agreement and who is cognizant of the 11 customs, practices, usages and terminology as generally understood in the particular trade 12 or business. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). When interpreting a contract, the 13 intention of the parties should control . . . [, and] the best evidence of intent is the 14 contract itself; if an agreement is complete, clear and unambiguous on its face, it must be 15 enforced according to the plain meaning of its terms. Hatalmud v. Spellings, 505 F.3d 16 139, 146 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 17 The RLE is not ambiguous on the question of whether it excludes coverage of the 18 fire. The RLE s use of the disjunctive any operations involving any hot tar, wand, 19 torch or heat applications or membrane roofing indicates that it excludes coverage of 20 losses arising out of any operations involving . . . any torch or any operations 21 1 involving . . . membrane roofing. The operations at issue here involved both a torch 2 and membrane roofing. Wodraska was hired to apply a new EPDM membrane roof, 3 and when its employees were applying that roof, they started the fire, in part, by using a 4 torch. The fire resulting from the operations therefore falls squarely within the RLE s 5 exclusionary terms. 6 Continental fails to show either that the RLE does not apply or that it is 7 ambiguous. Continental claims the RLE bars coverage only of operations wherein the 8 insured is actually in the process of applying the membrane roofing. Because opening 9 the can of adhesive was not a specific membrane-roofing application act, but rather a 10 discrete task related to the supply of materials, Continental argues the RLE does not 11 apply. We reject such a narrow reading of the RLE. The RLE uses broad language to bar 12 coverage for any losses resulting from any operations involving . . . membrane roofing. 13 We have consistently interpreted the term involve broadly.9 As such, opening the can 14 of adhesive to use it in applying membrane roofing clearly counts as an operation[] 15 involving membrane roofing. 9 See, e.g., United States v. Varrone, 554 F.3d 327, 330-31 (2d Cir. 2009) (noting that 18 U.S.C. § 982 s use of the term involved in has consistently been interpreted broadly by courts . . . . ); Specht v. Netscape Commc ns Corp., 306 F.3d 17, 27 n.11 (2d Cir. 2002) (noting that the Federal Arbitration Act s reference to a transaction involving commerce is a broad phrase, and has been construed as such by the Supreme Court); In re United States, 608 F.2d 76, 83 (2d Cir. 1979) (Kearse, J., dissenting) (noting that the word involves is broad in interpreting the definition of an offense that involves use of the mails under 18 U.S.C. 3237(b)). 22 1 Continental also argues that the RLE bars claims arising only from hot 2 applications of membrane roofs. Because there is no comma between applications and 3 or membrane roofing, Continental says both applications and membrane roofing 4 are modified by the preceding list of words hot tar, wand, torch, and heat. This 5 interpretation fails. Although a comma between applications and or membrane 6 roofing might underscore the disjunctive effect of or, it is not necessary. Continental 7 essentially argues that the lack of comma compels us to read the RLE to bar coverage for 8 losses resulting from any operations involving any hot tar, wand, torch or heat 9 applications of membrane roofing despite the fact that the RLE bars coverage for losses 10 resulting from any operations involving any hot tar, wand, torch or heat applications or 11 membrane roofing. Moreover, the syntax of Continental s interpretation is awkward at 12 best, requiring us to read hot tar, wand, torch or heat, which are nouns, as adjectives 13 modifying applications or membrane roofing. In short, Continental s reading would 14 impermissibly ignore the plain meaning of the RLE s terms. 15 Accordingly, because the RLE effectively precludes coverage for any operations 16 involving . . . any torch as well as for any operations involving . . . membrane roofing, 17 and the operations that started the fire involved both a torch and membrane roofing, 18 losses arising out of the fire were not within Wodraska s liability coverage. 19 CONCLUSION 20 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 23

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