United States v. Tureseo, No. 07-2933 (2d Cir. 2009)

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07-2933-cr United States v. Tureseo 1 2 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term 2007 4 Docket No. 07-2933-cr 5 Argued: June 23, 2008 6 _____________________________________________________________________________ 7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 8 9 10 11 12 Decided: May 14, 2009 Appellee, v. JUAN TURESEO, also known as Daniel J. Ortega, also known as Juan Escobar, also known as Juan Victoriana Fuentes, also known as Danny Ortega Ortiz, also known as Jose Victorino Fuentes, 13 Defendant-Appellant. 14 _____________________________________________________________________________ 15 Before: MINER and CABRANES, Circuit Judges, and BERMAN, District Judge.* 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Duffy, J.), convicting defendant-appellant, following a jury trial, of (1) reentering the United States after deportation following a conviction for an aggravated felony; (2) making a false claim of United States citizenship; and (3) knowingly engaging in the use of a means of identification of another person in relation to a false claim of United States citizenship. On appeal, defendant-appellant challenges the jury instruction as to the elements of (3) (aggravated identity theft) and claims denial of his right to be present at trial. 24 Affirmed in part and vacated in part. * The Honorable Richard M. Berman, District Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 JOHN T. ZACH and Jonathan S. Kolodner (on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Michael J. Garcia, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for appellee United States of America. 9 10 11 12 13 14 MALCOLM DUNCAN , Jennifer L. Colyer, Steven M. Witzel, and Darcy M. Goddard (on the brief), Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP, New York, NY, for defendantappellant Juan Tureseo. 15 16 MINER, Circuit Judge: Defendant-appellant Juan Tureseo ( Tureseo ) appeals from a June 28, 2007 judgment of 17 conviction and sentence entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of 18 New York (Duffy, J.). Tureseo was convicted, following a three-day jury trial, of (1) reentering 19 the United States after deportation following a conviction for an aggravated felony, in violation 20 of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(2) ( Count One ); (2) making a false claim of United States 21 citizenship, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 911 ( Count Two ); and (3) knowingly engaging in the 22 transfer, possession, or use, without lawful authority, of a means of identification of another 23 person during and in relation to the commission of falsely claiming United States citizenship as 24 charged in Count Two, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A ( Count Three ). The District Court 25 sentenced Tureseo to a term of imprisonment of 125 months on Counts One and Two, and a 26 consecutive term of imprisonment of 24 months on Count Three, to be followed by a term of 1 27 year of supervised release. A mandatory special assessment of $300 was also imposed. On 28 appeal, Tureseo challenges the jury instruction as to the elements of Count Three and claims 29 denial of his right to be present at trial. Applying, inter alia, the Supreme Court s decision in 30 Flores-Figueroa v. United States, S. Ct. , 2009 WL 1174852 (May 4, 2009), we affirm in 31 part and vacate in part the District Court s judgment of conviction and sentence. We accordingly 32 remand to the District Court for further proceedings. 2 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 A. The Deportation of Juan Tureseo 3 At an immigration hearing held on November 17, 1997, Tureseo admitted that he was not 4 a United States citizen, that he was a native and citizen of El Salvador, and that he was in the 5 United States without permission. At the conclusion of the proceedings, the immigration judge 6 found Tureseo present in the United States without having been properly admitted or paroled, in 7 violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), and ordered him removed to El Salvador. Prior to his 8 removal, Tureseo had been convicted in state court of attempted assault in the second degree 9 with intent to cause physical injury with a weapon. In November 1997, an official of the former 10 Immigration and Naturalization Service, now the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ), 11 witnessed the departure of Tureseo, by then also known as Jose Victorino Fuentes, from the 12 United States at John F. Kennedy Airport in Jamaica, New York, on Lasca flight 681, pursuant 13 to the removal order. Before being placed on that flight, Tureseo was photographed and 14 fingerprinted by immigration authorities for purposes of completing a Warrant of Deportation. 15 B. Defendant Tureseo s Arrest and Trial 16 In May 2006, Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) was notified by the New 17 York City Police Department that a previously deported alien later identified as defendant 18 Tureseo had been arrested on or about May 3, 2006. After reviewing the documents 19 contained in Tureseo s immigration file, ICE agents attempted to locate him. They eventually 20 found Tureseo at an address in Brooklyn, New York. When questioned by the agents at that 21 apartment, however, Tureseo first claimed that his name was Danny Ortega. After being told 22 that it s a crime to lie to federal agents, however, he conceded that he was, in fact, Juan 23 Tureseo. Tureseo then admitted that he was born in El Salvador, that he had been deported from 24 the United States before, that he did not have permission to reenter the United States, and that he 25 knew it was illegal for him to reenter the United States. The agents arrested Tureseo, and upon a 26 search, the agents found on him a New York State Learner s Permit in the name of Danny 3 1 Ortega, as well as a New York State Benefit Identification Card in the name of Danny Ortega. 2 Following his arrest, a grand jury returned an Indictment on August 10, 2006, charging 3 Tureseo with illegal reentry into the United States after removal from the United States 4 subsequent to a conviction for the commission of an aggravated felony. Philip Weinstein of the 5 Federal Defenders of New York was initially appointed to represent Tureseo. Tureseo told 6 Weinstein that he was, in fact, Danny Ortega, a United States citizen. Tureseo asked Weinstein 7 to contact his wife, who would supply proof of his citizenship. Weinstein did so and received a 8 copy of a birth certificate indicating the birth of Danny Ortega in Puerto Rico. Weinstein then 9 forwarded the birth certificate to the United States Attorney s Office for the Southern District of 10 New York to obtain a dismissal of the illegal reentry charge.1 11 On December 4, 2006, the grand jury returned a Superseding Indictment, charging 12 Tureseo with illegal reentry, false claim of United States citizenship, and the knowing 13 unauthorized use of a means of identification of another person during and in relation to his false 14 claim of United States citizenship. 15 At trial, the government called as a witness a person bearing the name of Danny Ortega. 16 This person identified the information contained in the birth certificate produced by Tureseo as 17 his own. He testified that the certificate listed his name, birthplace, mother s name, mother s 18 birthplace, father s name, and father s birthplace. The government also called Margarita Ortiz, 19 who was Ortega s mother. Ortiz testified that the contents of the birth certificate proffered by 20 Tureseo pertained to her son, Danny Ortega. She confirmed Danny Ortega s birth date, his 21 father s name, and her own name on the birth certificate. Ortiz testified that Tureseo was not her 22 son. 23 At trial, the District Court accepted the qualifications of the ICE agent who arrested 1 On October 20, 2006, Tureseo s current counsel, Steven M. Witzel of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP, was substituted for Weinstein. Witzel was assisted by three attorneys from his firm who also appeared in court as his co-counsel for Tureseo. 4 1 Tureseo as a fingerprint expert. The agent testified that he had compared the fingerprints on the 2 Warrant of Deportation for Juan Tureseo with the fingerprints that were taken from Tureseo at 3 the time of his arrest. The result of that comparison was that the fingerprints from the Warrant of 4 Deportation matched the fingerprints taken from Tureseo on the day of his arrest. Accordingly, 5 the agent concluded that defendant Juan Tureseo, whom he had arrested in May 2006, was the 6 same Juan Tureseo whom the government had deported in 1997. The agent also testified that he 7 had performed a search of relevant immigration databases. According to the results of that 8 search, Tureseo had never applied for or received permission to reenter the United States, he had 9 never been a citizen of the United States, and he was never naturalized. The government and 10 Tureseo made their closing arguments to the jury on January 25, 2007. The District Court 11 proceeded to charge the jury the same day. 12 With respect to the jury instructions, both the government and Tureseo had submitted 13 requests, pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 30(a), for specific jury charges. Tureseo requested, inter 14 alia, that the jury be instructed on the aggravated identity theft charge of Count Three to include 15 that the defendant knew at the time that he committed the offense that the identification in 16 question belonged to another actual person. The District Court declined to accept both the 17 government s and Tureseo s proposed jury charges, including Tureseo s proposed instruction on 18 Count Three. The District Court charged the jury using its customary jury instructions for similar 19 cases. As to Count Three, the District Court charged the jury as follows: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 [T]here is one more thing that you must decide and that is whether the government has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that during and in relation to the offense of making a false claim of citizenship, the defendant knowingly possessed or used without lawful authority a means of identification of another person. To act without lawful authority means to act without lawful authorization of the issuing government entity. . . . [I]dentification includes a birth certificate or driver s license or any identification number attached to those things. The means of identification must be that of an actual person. 28 Immediately following the District Court s jury instructions, outside the presence of the jury, 29 Tureseo renewed his request on Count Three that the District Court require the jury to find that 5 1 the defendant knew at the time he committed the offense that the identification in question 2 belonged to an actual person. The District Court again declined to charge the jury as proposed 3 by Tureseo. Thereafter, with all but a small portion of the instructions completed, the District 4 Court directed the jury to return on the morning of the next day. 5 C. The District Court s Conclusion of Jury Instructions 6 On the morning of January 26, 2007, Tureseo, who was being held in a detention facility 7 when not in court for his trial, did not appear in court. The District Court informed the attorneys 8 that it had been told that Tureseo refused to come to court. The District Court stated that 9 Tureseo s lead defense counsel, Steven M. Witzel, had asked the court for permission to go over 10 and get [Tureseo] moving and get him out, bring him over here but that it was now an hour 11 plus since he made that phone call. The District Court further stated that [t]he jury has been 12 sitting [and] waiting. . . . [a]nd all that needs to be done is to give them the redacted indictment 13 . . . [and] explain[] to them that they don t have to get to the third count if they acquit on the 14 second count and that s it. 2 After acknowledging that one of Witzel s co-counsel who was 15 present in the courtroom objected to the court continuing the jury charge, the court asked for the 16 jury to be brought into the courtroom. 17 The District Court explained to the jury that the absence of the defendant and [Witzel] is 18 something that is of absolutely no significance whatsoever. The District Court then completed 19 the jury instructions by stating that the jury could not get to the third count without making a 20 decision of guilt on the second count, and asked the jury to retire for deliberations. 21 Soon after the jury retired, Witzel returned with Tureseo to the District Court. Witzel and 22 the District Court briefly discussed jury instructions before Witzel raised one other one 23 matter with respect to what happened this morning to explain Tureseo s absence. Witzel stated 2 It will be recalled that Count Two charged Tureseo with making a false claim of United States citizenship, and Count Three charged Tureseo with unlawfully using a means of identification of another person in relation to his false claim of United States citizenship. 6 1 that he was informed of a problem at the detention facility at approximately 10:10 a.m. and that 2 he left the courthouse at approximately 10:20 a.m. to ascertain the situation. Witzel explained 3 that Tureseo had 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 begged the marshals to take him to court [but] the problem was, the same marshals who had taken him the last couple of days had double-cuffed him because he has a shoulder injury and cannot be single-cuffed, and a different marshal came today and tried to single-cuff him and could not close it and he I don t know what the marshal thought or exactly what was said but apparently must have thought that [Tureseo] was either faking it or refusing to cooperate. [Tureseo] again said, I m in the middle of trial, I need to go to court, please double-cuff me. The marshal apparently, according to our client, said to him that it s his problem. [Tureseo] again said, I need to come to court. And instead, he was not allowed to come to court. . . . [W]e were back here [at] about 11:20 [a.m.] 14 Witzel then moved for a mistrial, based on the absence of lead counsel and Tureseo from 15 16 a portion of the charge. The District Court denied the motion. During deliberations, the jury sent the District Court four notes, one of which requested 17 that it be permitted to view Tureseo in person. The District Court permitted the jury to come into 18 the courtroom and look at Tureseo. Shortly thereafter, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all 19 three counts. Tureseo was sentenced on June 28, 2007, and following entry of judgment, this 20 timely appeal followed. 21 D. The Present Appeal 22 On appeal, Tureseo argues that the District Court violated his Fifth and Sixth Amendment 23 rights and, as well, Fed. R. Crim. P. 43, when it instructed the jury in his absence. Tureseo also 24 argues that the District Court improperly instructed the jury in explaining the charge of 25 aggravated identity theft in Count Three of the Indictment. Under the aggravated identity theft 26 statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A, it is a crime to knowingly transfer[], possess[] or use[], without 27 lawful authority, a means of identification of another person during and in relation to an 28 enumerated predicate felony, which in this case was the Ortega birth certificate supporting the 29 false claim of citizenship charged in Count Two. Tureseo maintains that to establish a violation 30 of aggravated identity theft, the government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt 7 1 that Tureseo knew, at the time of the offense, that he was using the identity of an actual person in 2 connection with his false claim of citizenship. 3 II. ANALYSIS 4 A. Standard of Review 5 This Court reviews a decision regarding a defendant s right to be present at a particular 6 stage of trial de novo, see United States v. Canady, 126 F.3d 352, 360 (2d Cir. 1997), but a 7 district court s determination of whether the defendant waived his right to be present at a 8 particular stage of trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion, see United States v. Fontanez, 878 9 F.2d 33, 35 36 (2d Cir. 1989). Where, as here, the defendant timely challenges the district 10 court s jury instructions on a legal issue in proceedings below, this Court reviews the validity of 11 the district court s jury instructions de novo. See United States v. George, 386 F.3d 383, 397 (2d 12 Cir. 2004). 13 B. Tureseo s Right To Be Present At His Trial 14 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of a criminal 15 defendant to be present at trial to confront witnesses and the evidence against him. United States 16 v. Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522, 526 (1985). Through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and 17 Fourteenth Amendments, this right to be present has been extended to other critical stages of trial 18 beyond those related to the defendant s rights to confronting witnesses and evidence. See id. 19 That is, a defendant has a due process right to be present in his own person whenever his 20 presence has a relation, reasonably substantial, to the fulness of his opportunity to defend against 21 the charge. Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 745 (1987) (internal quotation marks and 22 citation omitted). Taken together, then, the constitutional right to be present at one s own trial 23 exists at any stage of the criminal proceeding that is critical to its outcome if [the defendant s] 24 presence would contribute to the fairness of the procedure. Stincer, 482 U.S. at 745; United 25 States v. Peterson, 385 F.3d 127, 137 (2d Cir. 2004). Rule 43 of the Federal Rules of Criminal 26 Procedure reinforces this constitutional right by providing that a criminal defendant has a right to 8 1 be present at every trial stage. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 43; Fontanez, 878 F.2d at 35 (stating that 2 Rule 43 was explicitly intended to codify existing law concerning a defendant s constitutional 3 and common law rights to be present throughout trial (internal quotation marks and citation 4 omitted)). As relevant here, [i]t is beyond dispute that a judge s instructions to a jury constitute 5 an integral part of the trial. Fontanez, 878 F.2d at 35. 6 The defendant s constitutional and statutory right to be present, however, may be either 7 expressly or effectively waived by the defendant. See, e.g., id. at 36 (citing, as examples, cases 8 where the defendant effectively waived his or her right to be present by jumping bail, deliberately 9 failing to appear for trial, or behaving in a disruptive manner during trial). To establish waiver, 10 the District Court must conduct a record inquiry to determine whether the defendant s absence 11 was knowing and voluntary and without sound excuse otherwise, a remand is ordinarily 12 warranted in the absence of such record inquiry. See United States v. Hernandez, 873 F.2d 516, 13 518 19 (2d Cir. 1989). Moreover, even after properly concluding that the right to be present has 14 been waived by the defendant, the District Court must then determine whether there was on 15 balance a controlling public interest to continue the trial in the defendant s absence. Fontanez, 16 878 F.2d at 35. Any error by the District Court to continue the trial in the defendant s absence is 17 reviewed for harmlessness, i.e., whether the error created any reasonable possibility of 18 prejudice. See id. at 37 (quoting United States v. Toliver, 541 F.2d 958, 965 (2d Cir. 1976)); 19 Toliver, 541 F.2d at 964 65 (stating that an error is harmless if harmless beyond a reasonable 20 doubt); see also Stincer, 482 U.S. at 745 (stating that the right to be present is not guaranteed 21 when presence would be useless, or the benefit but a shadow (internal citation and quotation 22 marks omitted)). 23 Here, the record is unclear as to whether the defendant knowingly and voluntarily 24 absented himself from his trial proceedings. Tureseo and one of his attorneys, Witzel, appeared 25 in the District Court shortly after the court had finished giving the limited jury instruction in their 26 absence. Witzel explained that Tureseo begged the marshal to take him to court but that the 9 1 marshal refused after Tureseo, who allegedly was suffering from a shoulder injury, insisted that 2 he be double-cuffed rather than single-cuffed. Beyond Witzel s explanation, however, the 3 District Court did not conduct the requisite inquiry into the circumstances of Tureseo s absence. 4 It did not confirm or inquire about Tureseo s shoulder injury or attempt to contact the marshals 5 involved with moving Tureseo in and out of the detention facility. Cf. Hernandez, 873 F.2d at 6 518 19 (remanding case where, after the jury was impaneled in the absence of the defendant, the 7 court failed to conduct inquiry into circumstances of defendant s absence on the next day when 8 the defendant offered an explanation for his absence). 9 The record reveals that the District Court did not initially seek an explanation from either 10 Witzel or Tureseo upon their appearance in court. Instead, following a short colloquy with 11 respect to the content of the jury instructions, it was Witzel who initiated the explanation for 12 Tureseo s absence as one other one matter with respect to what happened this morning. 13 Although it may be that the District Court at some time conducted a thorough inquiry into the 14 reasons for Tureseo s absence, that inquiry was not conducted on the record as required by law. 15 See id. Accordingly, we are constrained to find that the District Court s decision to continue 16 proceedings in Tureseo s absence was in error. 17 Notwithstanding the District Court s failure to inquire on the record about the nature and 18 reasons for Tureseo s absence, however, we find that such error was harmless in the 19 circumstances revealed here. Tureseo was present on the day when all but a small fraction of the 20 jury instructions were given. He was absent on the following day only for the time it took for the 21 court to give a brief instruction to the jury that it need not reach Count Three unless it first found 22 Tureseo guilty of Count Two. Moreover, the District Court prevented the jury from drawing 23 adverse inferences from Tureseo s absence by instructing it not to place any significance on the 24 absence of defendant and Witzel. Cf. United States v. Fernandez, 829 F.2d 363, 367 (2d Cir. 25 1987) ( Fernandez s absence was not improperly used to influence the jury, as the government 26 never called attention to his absence or argued that any negative inferences could be drawn from 10 1 it, and [the] Judge . . . explicitly instructed the jury to disregard Fernandez s absence. ); see also 2 United States v. Snype, 441 F.3d 119, 129 (2d Cir. 2006) (stating that a jury is presumed to 3 follow the court s instructions). Insofar as Tureseo raises any concerns that the jury did not have 4 an additional opportunity to examine his features the main issue in his prosecution being one 5 of identity these concerns were eliminated when the jury was allowed to return to the 6 courtroom to view him later during deliberations. 7 Moreover, in light of the overwhelming evidence of Tureseo s guilt, there was no 8 possibility of prejudice here. With respect to the illegal reentry charge (Count One), the 9 government established through fingerprint evidence that Tureseo was, in fact, the same Juan 10 Tureseo who had been previously deported. There was also evidence presented at trial that 11 Tureseo had signed his name Juan Tureseo on his fingerprint card and testimony of a federal 12 agent that Tureseo had admitted to being the previously deported Juan Tureseo at the time of 13 his arrest. On the false claim of United States citizenship charge (Count Two), it is undisputed 14 that Tureseo directed his prior attorney to send a birth certificate of one Danny Ortega a 15 United States citizen to the United States Attorney s Office. There was no dispute at trial that 16 the birth certificate did not belong to Tureseo. The real Danny Ortega testified that the birth 17 certificate was his, and Danny Ortega s birth mother testified at trial that the birth certificate was 18 Danny Ortega s and that Tureseo was not her son. 19 Therefore, considering, in their totality, the brevity of the jury instructions given during 20 Tureseo s absence, the District Court s direction to the jury not to place any significance on 21 Tureseo s absence, the jury s opportunity to view Tureseo at its request, and the overwhelming 22 evidence establishing Tureseo s guilt of Counts One and Two, any error by the District Court to 23 continue proceedings in the absence of Tureseo was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 24 C. 25 At the time of Tureseo s appeal, our sister circuits were in disagreement as to the 26 Count Three and the Scienter Requirement elements of the aggravated identity theft provision, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), which provides: 11 1 2 3 4 Whoever, during and in relation to any felony violation enumerated in subsection (c), knowingly transfers, possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 2 years. 5 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (emphasis supplied). Specifically, the circuits were divided as to 6 whether the mens rea of knowingly modifies only the verbs transfers, possesses, or uses or 7 also modifies the prepositional phrase of another person, even though that phrase comes after 8 the adverb phrase without lawful authority, the indirect object a means, and the prepositional 9 phrase of identification. Compare United States v. Mendoza-Gonzalez, 520 F.3d 912, 915 (8th 10 Cir. 2008) (holding that the knowingly mens rea does not modify of another person ); United 11 States v. Hurtado, 508 F.3d 603, 608 09 (11th Cir. 2007) (same); United States v. Montejo, 442 12 F.3d 213, 215 (4th Cir. 2006) (same), with United States v. Godin, 534 F.3d 51, 61 (1st Cir. 13 2008) (holding that the knowingly mens rea modifies of another person ); United States v. 14 Miranda-Lopez, 532 F.3d 1034, 1040 (9th Cir. 2008) (same); United States v. Villanueva-Sotelo, 15 515 F.3d 1234, 1246 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (same). 16 The Supreme Court resolved the circuit split in Flores-Figueroa v. United States, S. 17 Ct. , 2009 WL 1174852 (May 4, 2009), where the Court held that the aggravated identity theft 18 provision of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) requires the Government to show that the defendant knew 19 that the means of identification at issue belonged to another person. Id. at *7. Accordingly, we 20 are constrained to identify error in the District Court s refusal to instruct the jury that an 21 aggravated identity theft conviction requires a finding that Tureseo knew that the means of 22 identity he used to falsely claim United States citizenship belonged to another person, i.e., an 23 actual person. See id. at *6 *7 (concluding that the aggravated identity theft provision was 24 intended to provide an enhanced sentence to those who knew the identity they were unlawfully 25 using was of a real person). We note that the learned District Court did not have the benefit of 26 the Supreme Court s holding in Flores-Figueroa or any guidance from this Court when it charged 27 the jury in this case. 28 We further conclude that the District Court s error was not harmless. Because a jury 12 1 instruction that omits an essential element of the offense is constitutional error, a conviction can 2 only stand if such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See DiGuglielmo v. Smith, 3 366 F.3d 130, 136 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 10 (1999)). 4 The government asserts that Tureseo was not simply using a Social Security number or an A- 5 Number . . . . Instead, he was using someone else s name, date of birth, biographical information 6 and birth certificate, and thus argues that this evidence was sufficient for any reasonable jury to 7 conclude that Tureseo, by assuming an alternate identity, knew that he was using the identity of 8 an actual person. Although there appears to be substantial evidence for the jury to conclude that 9 Tureseo knew that Ortega was an actual person at the time he used Ortega s birth certificate to 10 falsely claim United States citizenship, the evidence does not all flow in one direction. For 11 example, the jury was also presented with Ortega s testimony that he had never met or seen 12 Tureseo before the trial, thus suggesting that Tureseo did not know of Ortega s existence at all. 13 Therefore, we cannot conclude that the District Court s improper jury instructions were harmless 14 beyond a reasonable doubt, and the District Court s judgment of conviction with regard to 15 aggravated identity theft cannot stand. 16 III. 17 CONCLUSION In accordance with the foregoing, the judgment of the District Court is VACATED as to 18 the conviction of aggravated identity theft and AFFIRMED in all other respects. The case is 19 remanded for further proceedings consistent with the foregoing. 13

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