Melnitsenko v. Mukasey, No. 06-3189 (2d Cir. 2008)

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06-3189-ag, 07-0110-ag Melnitsenko v. Mukasey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _______________ August Term, 2007 (Argued: October 23, 2007 Decided: February 6, 2008) Docket Nos. 06-3189-ag (L), 07-0110-ag (Con) _______________ MARIA MELNITSENKO , Petitioner, v. MICHAEL B. MUKASEY , UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL ,1 Respondent. _______________ Before: 23 24 25 FEINBERG , WINTER , and STRAUB , 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Petitioner Maria Melnitsenko petitions for review of (1) an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals ( BIA ) affirming an Immigration Judge s decision denying Melnitsenko s motion to suppress evidence and ordering Melnitsenko removed; and (2) an order of the BIA denying Meltnitsenko s motion to reopen her removal proceedings. Because we find that the BIA abused its discretion in denying the motion to reopen based solely on the fact that the Department of Homeland Security opposed the motion, the petition for review is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. _________________________________ Circuit Judges. _______________ 34 35 1 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey is automatically substituted for former Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales as respondent in this case. JON E. JESSEN (Stuart Goldberg, on the brief), Law Offices of Jon E. Jessen, LLC, Stamford, CT, for Petitioner. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PAUL FIORINO , Trial Attorney (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Richard M. Evans, Assistant Director, on the brief), Office of Immigration Litigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. _________________________________ STRAUB, Circuit Judge: 9 Petitioner Maria Melnitsenko petitions for review of (1) a June 7, 2006 order of the 10 Board of Immigration Appeals ( BIA ) affirming Immigration Judge ( IJ ) Matthew J. 11 D Angelo s January 7, 2005 decision denying Melnitsenko s motion to suppress evidence and 12 ordering Melnitsenko removed, In re Maria Melnitsenko, No. A 98 322 554 (B.I.A. June 7, 13 2006), aff g No. A 98 322 554 (Immig. Ct. Hartford Jan. 7, 2005); and (2) a December 29, 2006 14 order of the BIA denying Melnitsenko s motion to reopen, In re Maria Melnitsenko, No. A 98 15 322 554 (B.I.A. Dec. 29, 2006). For the following reasons, we grant the petition for review as to 16 the denial of the motion to reopen. 17 18 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. Initial Order of Removal 19 Melnitsenko is a citizen of Estonia who entered the United States on March 30, 2002 as a 20 non-immigrant visitor with authorization to remain in the United States for one year. She did not 21 leave the United States after the year had elapsed. 22 On August 19, 2004, Melnitsenko was traveling from Vermont to her home in 23 Connecticut with her then boyfriend (now husband) Stanley Demakos, a United States citizen, 24 when she was stopped at a border patrol checkpoint at White River Junction, Vermont (the 25 Checkpoint ). Upon being detained and interrogated by border patrol agents, Melnitsenko 2 1 admitted that she was a citizen of Estonia and had overstayed her visa. That same day, the border 2 patrol agents issued Melnitsenko a Notice to Appear charging her with removability under 3 Immigration and Nationality Act ( INA ) § 237(a)(1)(B).2 4 At Melnitsenko s removal hearing, the government introduced into evidence a Record 5 of Deportable/Inadmissible Alien ( Form I-213 ). The Form I-213 indicates that Melnitsenko 6 was stopped at the Checkpoint on August 19, 2004, and that she admitted that she was a citizen 7 of Estonia and had overstayed her visa. Melnitsenko, who was represented by counsel, applied 8 for no relief from removal, but moved to suppress the Form I-213 on the basis that its contents 9 were illegally obtained. In support of this motion, Melnitsenko submitted a sworn affidavit 10 detailing her detention by the border patrol. In the affidavit, Melnitsenko stated that she was 11 stopped by the border patrol while driving home from a weekend in Vermont, was taken into a 12 trailer with about four or five other border patrol officers, and was detained for three hours 13 before being released. Melnitsenko provided no other evidence in opposition to the charges or in 14 support of any ground of relief. Moreover, Melnitsenko refused to testify at the hearing beyond 15 admitting her name and date of birth on the ground that providing more information might 16 incriminate her. 17 On January 7, 2005, the IJ found Melnitsenko removable as charged. The IJ noted that 18 the only evidence offered by Melnitsenko was her sworn affidavit, which was insufficient to 19 indicate that the Border Patrol acted improperly, much less egregiously. The IJ also rejected any 20 allegation that the roadblock checkpoint set up by the border patrol was illegal. The IJ 2 Section 237(a)(1)(B) of the INA provides that [a]ny alien who is present in the United States in violation of this chapter or any other law of the United States . . . is deportable. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). 3 1 accordingly admitted the Form I-213 into evidence. Based on Melnitsenko s admissions as to her 2 name and date of birth, records showing that a person with Melnitsenko s exact name and date of 3 birth entered the United States on a J-1 visa as an au pair, and contents of the Form I-213, the IJ 4 found Melnitsenko removable as charged. 5 On appeal to the BIA, Melnitsenko argued that the manner of the search and seizure by 6 the border patrol officer at the Checkpoint, which was located approximately 100 miles from 7 the [Canadian] border, constituted sufficiently egregious conduct to warrant suppression of 8 the Form I-213. Melnitsenko, citing to INA § 287(a)(3), which gives immigration officers 9 authority to search vehicles for aliens within a reasonable distance from the border, 8 U.S.C. § 10 1357(a)(3), also challenged the constitutionality of, inter alia, 8 C.F.R. § 287.1(a)(2), which 11 defines reasonable distance as within 100 air miles from any external boundary of the United 12 States. On June 7, 2006, the BIA affirmed the IJ s decision denying the motion to suppress and 13 ordering Melnitsenko removed. The BIA rejected Melnitsenko s argument that she had suffered 14 an egregious constitutional violation and noted that stopping vehicles without a warrant at a 15 fixed checkpoint is expressly authorized by INA § 287(a)(3). The BIA declined to address 16 Melnitsenko s argument regarding the constitutionality of 8 C.F.R. § 287.1(a)(2) due to a lack of 17 authority to entertain facial challenges to the constitutionality of the laws or regulations that [it] 18 administer[s]. 19 B. 20 Motion to Reopen On August 29, 2006, within 90 days of the BIA s order,3 Melnitsenko filed a motion to 3 Subject to certain exceptions, a motion to reopen must be filed no later than 90 days after the date on which the final administrative decision was rendered in the proceeding sought to be reopened. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2). 4 1 reopen her removal proceedings with the BIA in order to adjust her status to that of a legal 2 permanent resident based upon her April 20, 2005 marriage to Demakos, with whom she had 3 lived since October 2002.4 The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) opposed this motion 4 on the ground that, at her removal hearing, Melnitsenko refused to provide any argument or 5 evidence to support her claim and refused to answer any questions. Accordingly, the DHS 6 reasoned, [t]he display of audacity by [Melnitsenko] in now asking the BIA and ultimately the 7 immigration judge for a favorable exercise of discretion and [to] reopen her case for possible 8 relief is astonishing. 9 On December 29, 2006, the BIA denied the motion to reopen. The BIA stated that, under 10 its decision in Matter of Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. 253 (B.I.A. 2002) (en banc), any 11 motion to reopen to adjust status based upon an unapproved petition with respect to a marriage 12 occurring after the initiation of removal proceedings requires, inter alia, that the DHS not oppose 13 the motion. The BIA concluded that the motion must be denied based solely on the fact that 14 the DHS opposed it. 15 16 17 DISCUSSION A. Initial Order of Removal Melnitsenko first challenges the initial order of removal, arguing that the Form I-213 18 should have been suppressed in her removal proceedings because it was obtained in violation of 19 her Fourth Amendment rights. To that end, she argues that the Checkpoint was located 20 approximately 107 miles away from the Canadian border, in excess of the 100-mile reasonable 4 Demakos filed a Petition for Alien Relative ( Form I-130 ) along with an Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status ( Form I-485 ) with the Department of Homeland Security on behalf of Melnitsenko. Those applications are pending. 5 1 distance from the border defined by 8 C.F.R. § 287.1(a)(2).5 Melnitsenko further argues that 2 even if the Checkpoint is within 100 air miles of the border, it still does not qualify as a 3 functional equivalent of the border for Fourth Amendment purposes, because it is located 4 closer to four other states, in a fairly densely populated area, with many interconnected 5 secondary and tertiary roads, and . . . there is no indication that the nature of the traffic passing 6 through the [Checkpoint] was international in character. For support, Melnitsenko cites United 7 States v. Jackson, 825 F.2d 853, 860 (5th Cir. 1987) (en banc), which held that [t]o justify 8 searches at checkpoints labeled the functional equivalent of the border the government must 9 demonstrate with reasonable certainty that the traffic passing through the checkpoint is 10 international in character. Accordingly, Melnitsenko argues that the case should be remanded 11 for an evidentiary hearing as to (a) exactly how far from the border the Checkpoint was located 12 and (b) whether the traffic passing through the Checkpoint was international in character. 13 We need not decide whether use of the Checkpoint violated Melnitsenko s Fourth 14 Amendment rights, nor remand for the agency to decide this issue, because, as explained below, 15 we find that even if it did, suppression of the Form I-213 would not be required. 16 The United States Supreme Court has held that a Fourth Amendment violation does not, 17 by itself, require suppression of evidence in the course of a removal proceeding. See INS v. 18 Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032, 1046 (1984) ( Important as it is to protect the Fourth 19 Amendment rights of all persons, there is no convincing indication that application of the 20 exclusionary rule in civil deportation proceedings will contribute materially to that end. ). 5 Melnitsenko does not now raise any argument with respect to the constitutionality of 8 C.F.R. § 287.1(a)(2). 6 1 However, as we have recognized, [t]he [Supreme] Court [in Lopez-Mendoza] qualified this ruling in two significant ways. First, it stated that its conclusions concerning the exclusionary rule s value might change, if there developed good reason to believe that Fourth Amendment violations by [immigration] officers were widespread. And, second, it explained that its holding did not necessarily pertain to circumstances involving egregious violations of Fourth Amendment or other liberties that might transgress notions of fundamental fairness and undermine the probative value of the evidence obtained. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Almeida-Amaral v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d 231, 234 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted). 12 Before the BIA, Melnitsenko argued only that the alleged Fourth Amendment violation was so 13 egregious as to survive Lopez-Mendoza. Accordingly, any argument that the alleged violation is 14 widespread is unexhausted. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).6 15 In Almeida-Amaral, we stated that under the egregiousness prong of Lopez-Mendoza, 16 exclusion of evidence is appropriate if record evidence established either (a) that an egregious 17 violation that was fundamentally unfair had occurred, or (b) that the violation regardless of its 18 egregiousness or unfairness undermined the reliability of the evidence in dispute. 461 F.3d at 19 235. As in Almeida-Amaral, [n]othing before us raises doubts about the veracity of the evidence 20 obtained as a result of the seizure. Id. Thus, we need only determine whether the search 21 transgress[ed] notions of fundamental fairness. Id. (alternation in original) (internal quotation 22 marks omitted). In making this determination, two principles apply: 6 We have stated that exhaustion of issues, as opposed to categories of relief, is a mandatory, as opposed to jurisdictional, requirement. See Lin Zhong v. U.S. Dep t of Justice, 480 F.3d 104, 119-20 (2d Cir. 2007). Nevertheless, we decline to exercise any authority to review this unexhausted issue in this case given that we believe it concerns a factual determination that should have been made by the agency in the first instance. We further note that Melnitsenko has not provided any evidence that Fourth Amendment violations such as the ones she alleges she experienced are widespread. 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Id. Melnitsenko has not alleged that her stop was based on race or some other grossly improper 11 consideration ; accordingly, the only determination we must make is whether the stop and search 12 were sufficiently severe to be deemed egregious Fourth Amendment violations. If they were 13 not, then the IJ properly declined to suppress the Form I-213. 14 First, the egregiousness of a constitutional violation cannot be gauged solely on the basis of the validity (or invalidity) of the stop, but must also be based on the characteristics and severity of the offending conduct. Thus, if an individual is subjected to a seizure for no reason at all, that by itself may constitute an egregious violation, but only if the seizure is sufficiently severe. Second, even where the seizure is not especially severe, it may nevertheless qualify as an egregious violation if the stop was based on race (or some other grossly improper consideration). With respect to the severity of the search, Melnitsenko argues that [o]nce [she] was 15 stopped, she was escorted to a trailer by four or five uniformed officers and interrogated, 16 fingerprinted and photographed, for three hours without any evidence of any Miranda or other 17 warnings given. We find that these actions by the border patrol agents, even assuming the 18 Checkpoint itself was illegal, fall short of the type of Fourth Amendment violation that could be 19 considered egregious under Lopez-Mendoza. 20 In Lopez-Mendoza, one of the petitioners was arrested in violation of his Fourth 21 Amendment rights as part of a raid on a potato processing plant, briefly detained, taken to the 22 county jail, and questioned all without being warned of his right to remain silent. 468 U.S. at 23 1037. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court found that this conduct was not an egregious violation[] 24 of Fourth Amendment or other liberties. Id. at 1050. The actions at issue here were less 25 severe than those in Lopez-Mendoza, as Melnitsenko was neither arrested nor taken to jail. 26 See, e.g., Navarro-Chalan v. Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 2004) ( Navarro s list of 27 complaints, [including being taken upstairs to an interrogation room,] does not rise to that level 8 1 of egregiousness. ). Accordingly, Melnitsenko cannot be said to have experienced an egregious 2 Fourth Amendment violation, if she experienced a Fourth Amendment violation at all, and so the 3 IJ did not err in refusing to suppress the Form I-213 or in ordering Melnitsenko removed.7 This 4 portion of the petition for review must therefore be denied. 5 B. 6 Motion to Reopen Next, Melnitsenko challenges the BIA s denial of her motion to reopen as an abuse of 7 discretion. In denying the motion, the BIA stated that its decision in Matter of Velarde-Pacheco, 8 23 I. & N. Dec. 253 (B.I.A. 2002) (en banc) holds, inter alia, that should the DHS oppose a 9 motion to reopen to adjust status based upon an unapproved petition pertaining to a marriage 10 occurring after the initiation of removal proceedings, the motion may not be granted. As the 11 DHS opposed Melnitsenko s motion to reopen, the BIA concluded that the motion must be 12 denied. For the reasons set forth below, we find that the BIA exceeded its allowable discretion 13 in denying Melnitsenko s motion to reopen, and we accordingly remand. 7 This conclusion is also supported by our case law relating to whether border searches are routine for purposes of Fourth Amendment analysis. See, e.g., Tabbaa v. Chertoff, No. 06-0119-cv, F.3d , 2007 WL 4150299, at *6 9 (2d Cir. Nov. 26, 2007) (holding that border searches where returning attendees of an Islamic conference in Canada were detained for four to six hours, interrogated, patted down, fingerprinted, and photographed were routine for Fourth Amendment purposes); United States v. Irving, 452 F.3d 110, 123 (2d Cir. 2006) ( Routine searches include those searches of outer clothing, luggage, a purse, wallet, pockets, or shoes which, unlike strip searches, do not substantially infringe on a traveler s privacy rights. ); United States v. Silva, 715 F.2d 43, 47 (2d Cir. 1983) (noting that questions about citizenship, the length and purpose of [an applicant s] trip to Canada, [and] what items she had acquired or bought in Canada are all routine); see also United States v. Flores-Montano, 541 U.S. 149, 155 n.3 (2004) ( We think it clear that delays of one to two hours at international borders are to be expected. ). 9 1 1. 2 In 1986, in an effort to prevent aliens from receiving immigration benefits based on Matter of Velarde-Pacheco 3 fraudulent marriages, Congress amended the INA to bar any alien from adjusting status based 4 upon marriage if that alien had entered into the marriage after the commencement of deportation 5 or exclusion proceedings. See Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986, Pub. L. No. 6 99-639, § 5(a), 100 Stat. 3537, 3543 (codified as amended at section 245(e) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 7 § 1255(e)(1) (2) (2006)). However, this same broad sweep also excluded from adjustment 8 many [aliens], including those with United States citizen children, whose marital relationships 9 were bona fide, with obvious resulting hardship to citizens and lawful permanent residents of 10 this country. Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 258 (Holmes, Board Member, concurring). 11 Congress subsequently amended the Act in 1990 to exclude from the bar any alien who could 12 establish by clear and convincing evidence to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the 13 marriage was entered into in good faith and . . . was not entered into for the purpose of procuring 14 the alien s entry as an immigrant. Immigration Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-649, § 702(a), 104 15 Stat. 4978, 5086 (codified as amended at section 245(e)(3) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(e)(3) 16 (2006)). 17 Initially, in Matter of Arthur, 20 I. & N. Dec. 475 (B.I.A. 1992), the BIA held that it 18 would decline to grant motions to reopen for consideration of applications for adjustment of 19 status based upon unadjudicated visa petitions pertaining to marriages entered into after 20 removal proceedings had commenced. Id. at 479. The BIA reasoned that [a]n inquiry into 21 whether the evidence submitted . . . is sufficient . . . to demonstrate prima facie eligibility . . . 22 would necessarily involve an in-depth examination into the merits of the petition. Such 10 1 examination would . . . constitute a substantial and unwarranted intrusion into the district 2 director s authority over the adjudication of visa petitions. Id. 3 However, in 2002, the BIA concluded: The effect of [the] policy in Matter of Arthur, [] coupled with the regulation limiting respondents to one motion to reopen filed within 90 days of a final administrative decision and the Service s inability to adjudicate many I-130 visa petitions within that time frame, ha[d] been to deprive a small class of respondents, who [we]re otherwise prima facie eligible for adjustment, of the opportunity to have their adjustment applications reviewed by an Immigration Judge. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 255. Accordingly, the BIA, en banc, modified the Arthur 13 rule as follows: 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 [A] properly filed motion to reopen may be granted, in the exercise of discretion, to provide an alien an opportunity to pursue an application for adjustment where the following factors are present: (1) the motion is timely filed; (2) the motion is not numerically barred by the regulations; (3) the motion is not barred by Matter of Shaar, 21 I. & N. Dec. 541 (B.I.A. 1996), or on any other procedural grounds; (4) the motion presents clear and convincing evidence indicating a strong likelihood that the respondent s marriage is bona fide; and (5) the Service either does not oppose the motion or bases its opposition solely on Matter of Arthur[]. Id. at 256.8 Relying on the legislative history of the 1990 amendment, the BIA reasoned: A prima facie showing of eligibility merely affords respondents who present sufficient evidence a single opportunity to have their adjustment applications adjudicated. Such an opportunity is consistent with Congress legislative intent in amending the marriage fraud provisions: that aliens who marry after proceedings have been initiated, and who seek adjustment of status, should be afforded one opportunity to present clear and convincing evidence that their marriage is bona fide. Id. at 257.9 8 Matter of Shaar, 21 I. & N. Dec. 541 (B.I.A. 1996) pertains to aliens who fail to depart during their voluntary departure period, and is therefore not implicated here. 9 The reasonableness of the BIA s interpretation of the statute has not been challenged. 11 1 2. 2 We review the BIA s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. See Melnitsenko s Motion to Reopen 3 Maghradze v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 150, 152 (2d Cir. 2006). The BIA exceeds its allowable 4 discretion if its decision (1) provides no rational explanation, (2) inexplicably departs from 5 established policies, (3) is devoid of any reasoning, or (4) contains only summary or conclusory 6 statements. Id. at 153 (internal quotation marks omitted). The BIA also exceeds its allowable 7 discretion when it fails to consider the facts of record relevant to the motion. See Lopes v. 8 Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81, 85-86 (2d Cir. 2006). 9 Here, Melnitsenko filed a timely motion to reopen to adjust her status based on a pending 10 visa petition pertaining to her marriage to a United States citizen. She submitted, along with her 11 motion, evidence of the bona fides of her marriage. There appears to be no dispute that 12 Melnitsenko satisfied the first four Velarde-Pacheco factors before the BIA.10 However, the 13 DHS opposed her motion to reopen, relying on a ground unrelated to the bona fides or lack 14 thereof of her marriage: her refusal to answer any questions at her removal hearing.11 15 Melnitsenko argues that the BIA abused its discretion in finding that her motion to reopen must 16 be denied based only on the fact that the DHS objected and with no regard to the merits of the 17 DHS s objection. For the reasons that follow, we agree. 18 19 As an initial matter, the question of whether the majority in Velarde-Pacheco intended the fifth factor to be dispositive rather than a discretionary consideration is subject to some 10 Relying on the fifth factor, the BIA did not assess the other four factors in this case. Accordingly, on remand, the BIA is free to consider the other factors. 11 The DHS also made a separate objection based on Matter of Arthur; however, as stated above, this objection would not foreclose reopening under Velarde-Pacheco. 12 1 dispute. Compare Sarr v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 354, 363 (6th Cir. 2007) ( Our reading of Velarde 2 leads us to conclude that although a motion may be granted when certain factors are present, the 3 Board s ruling does not necessarily mean that such a motion must be denied when any one of the 4 identified factors is absent, especially when the only factor militating against a grant of the 5 motion is the simple fact that the government opposes the motion. . . . The government s 6 opposition in this case is, therefore, not controlling on the question of a remand to permit Sarr to 7 seek reopening of his case in an effort to establish that his status should be adjusted on the basis 8 of his valid marriage . . . , but is instead simply one factor to be considered. ), and 9 Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 256 ( Every application necessarily requires examination of 10 the relevant factors and a determination of the weight such factors should be accorded in the 11 exercise of discretion, with respect both to reopening and to the ultimate determination on the 12 application for relief. ), with id. at 268 69 (Pauley, Board Member, dissenting) ( As I read the 13 [majority] opinion . . . if the [DHS] wishes to preserve the status quo ante, it need only adopt a 14 policy of filing a one-sentence Opposition to motions to reopen that previously would have 15 been barred under Matter of Arthur . . . in all cases in which the [DHS] had not yet completed its 16 investigation of the bona fides of the alien s marriage. ), and id. at 264 (Rosenberg, Board 17 Member, concurring) ( I do not believe that [DHS] opposition is an appropriate condition that, 18 as a rule, should result in denial of a motion to reopen. . . . [S]uch objections should not 19 constitute an insurmountable barrier to granting a motion to reopen. ). Nevertheless, it is clear 20 that in this case, the BIA applied the fifth factor as dispositive, holding that the fact of the DHS s 21 objection was in itself sufficient to doom Melnitsenko s motion to reopen. 22 However, the BIA s decision in the present case provided no explanation, let alone a 13 1 rational one, for why the fact of DHS s objection justified denying the motion to reopen. 2 Maghradze, 462 F.3d at 153. Instead, the BIA relied solely on Velarde-Pacheco, which, in turn, 3 provides no rational explanation for why the fact of the DHS s opposition alone is sufficient to 4 deny a motion to reopen.12 Significantly, the BIA in Velarde-Pacheco was not even called on to 5 provide such an explanation because the government in that case had only objected on Matter of 6 Arthur grounds; accordingly, the BIA granted Velarde-Pacheco s motion to reopen. 23 I. & N. 7 Dec. at 254 57. Indeed, the only justification the BIA gave in Velarde-Pacheco for imposing 8 such a dispositive factor is that the DHS is in a better position to ascertain whether additional 9 factors, which may not be readily apparent, militate against reopening. Id. at 257. While this 10 statement supports an argument that the BIA ought to be able to consider any objection by the 11 DHS, it does not justify the imposition of a mechanism by which the DHS, an adversarial party 12 in the proceeding, may unilaterally block a motion to reopen for any or no reason, with no 13 effective review by the BIA. See Sarr, 485 F.3d at 363 ( Obviously, affording such importance 14 to [the simple fact that the government opposes the motion] would effectively remove all 15 authority over the granting or denial of such motions by the Board and place it solely within the 16 hands of one of the adversarial parties to the proceedings. ); see also Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & 17 N. Dec. at 269 (Pauley, Board Member, dissenting) ( The majority decision, far from remedying 18 the perceived injustice on which it is predicated, may . . . prove to be nothing more than a source 19 of useless additional paperwork. ); id. at 264 (Rosenberg, Board Member, concurring) ( Our 20 role is to engage in impartial and independent adjudications, not to rubberstamp the preferences 12 Moreover, the government, in defending the BIA s actions in this case, also failed to provide any reasoning, other than a cite to Velarde-Pacheco, for why the fact of the DHS s objection, in and of itself, is sufficient to defeat a motion to reopen. 14 1 of the [DHS]. ). Moreover, allowing the DHS to defeat a motion to reopen for no reason at all is 2 certainly contrary to the purpose of the amendment identified by the BIA that aliens who 3 entered into marriages after the commencement of removal proceedings should be given one 4 opportunity to present clear and convincing evidence of the bona fides of the marriage. Cf. Li 5 Chen Zheng v. Ashcroft, 332 F.3d 1186, 1196 (9th Cir. 2003) ( To interpret the term 6 acquiescence as the BIA did, however, misconstrues and ignores the clear Congressional intent 7 quoted by the BIA merely a paragraph above its restrictive holding. ); Silva-Rengifo v. Att y 8 Gen., 473 F.3d 58, 69 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting with approval Li Chen Zheng). Accordingly, we 9 hold that the BIA exceeded its allowable discretion in treating the fifth Velarde-Pacheco factor 10 as dispositive and in denying Melnitsenko s motion to reopen based solely on the fact that the 11 DHS opposed the motion. 12 In so holding, we do not intend to suggest that the BIA may not consider objections made 13 by the DHS. As the BIA noted, the DHS may indeed be in a better position than the BIA to 14 identify additional factors that militate against reopening. Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 15 257. However, the BIA must, in accordance with its duties in adjudicating motions to reopen, 16 provide sufficient explanation for its decisions in order to provide this Court a meaningful 17 opportunity to review those decisions. See Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70, 77 (2d Cir. 18 2005) ( Despite our generally deferential review of IJ and BIA opinions, we require a certain 19 minimum level of analysis from the IJ and BIA opinions . . . , and indeed must require such if 20 judicial review is to be meaningful. ). 21 22 Thus, we now hold that when the DHS opposes a motion to reopen, the BIA may not deny the motion based solely on the fact of the DHS s objection. Moreover, if the BIA denies a 15 1 motion to reopen based on the merits of the DHS s objection, the BIA must provide adequate 2 reasoning as to why the objection calls for denial of the motion to reopen in the exercise of 3 discretion, in order to provide a meaningful opportunity for judicial review. See Maghradze, 462 4 F.3d at 152 53; Poradisova, 420 F.3d at 77. 5 Accordingly, this case must be remanded to the BIA for reconsideration of Melnitsenko s 6 motion to reopen. Should the BIA decide on remand to deny the motion to reopen based on the 7 merits of the DHS s objection, it must provide adequate reasons for doing so to provide this 8 Court with a meaningful opportunity to review any such denial. 9 10 CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is GRANTED in part and DENIED in 11 part. The December 29, 2006 decision of the BIA denying Melnitsenko s motion to reopen is 12 VACATED, and the case is REMANDED to the BIA for proceedings consistent with this 13 opinion. As we have completed our review, the stay of removal previously granted in this case is 14 VACATED, and the pending motion for stay of removal is DENIED as moot. 16

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