Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker, No. 04-3924 (2d Cir. 2007)

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04-3924 Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 August Term, 2005 4 (Argued: April 27, 2006 Decided: 5 Docket No. 04-3924-cv 6 ------------------------------------- 7 BEST VAN LINES, INC., 8 Plaintiff-Appellant, 9 - v - 10 TIM WALKER, 11 Defendant-Appellee. 12 June 26, 2007) ------------------------------------- 13 Before: 14 KEARSE, McLAUGHLIN, and SACK, Circuit Judges. Appeal from a judgment of the United States District 15 Court for the Southern District of New York (Gerard E. Lynch, 16 Judge). 17 Iowa resident, for defamation based on comments he posted on his 18 website. 19 dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction under N.Y. C.P.L.R. 21 § 302(a), New York's "long-arm" jurisdiction statute. 22 The plaintiff brought suit against the defendant, an The district court granted the defendant's motion to Affirmed. 23 24 Tim Walker, Waverly, IA, DefendantAppellee, pro se. 25 26 Thomas Freedman (Terrence A. Oved, Darren Oved, Eric S. Crusius, on the 1 2 brief), Oved & Oved, New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant. 3 4 5 6 Slade R. Metcalf (Katherine M. Bolger, on the brief), Hogan & Hartson, LLP, New York, NY, amicus curiae in support of Defendant-Appellee.1 7 SACK, Circuit Judge: 8 9 The defendant, Tim Walker, a resident of Waverly, Iowa, is the proprietor of a not-for-profit internet website that 10 provides information and opinions about household movers. 11 August 2003, Walker posted derogatory comments about the 12 plaintiff, Best Van Lines, Inc. ("BVL"), a New York-based moving 13 company. 14 website, that BVL was performing household moves without legal 15 authorization and without insurance that is required by law. 16 Less than a month later, BVL brought suit against Walker in the 17 United States District Court for the Southern District of New 18 York alleging that the statements about it on the website were 19 false, defamatory, and made with an intent to harm BVL. 20 ¶¶ 21-30. 21 In Walker asserted, at two different locations on his Compl. BVL sought injunctive and monetary relief. On May 4, 2004, the district court (Gerard E. Lynch, 22 Judge) granted Walker's motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal 23 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) on the ground that N.Y. C.P.L.R. 24 § 302(a), the New York State "long-arm" statute, did not give the 25 court personal jurisdiction over Walker. 1 Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Because the defendant-appellee was not represented by counsel and the appeal raises difficult issues, we requested pro bono counsel to appear for him as amicus curiae. The Court is grateful for counsel's participation. 2 1 Walker, 03 Civ. 6585, 2004 WL 964009, at *1, 2004 U.S. Dist. 2 LEXIS 7830, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. May 4, 2004). 3 it lacked jurisdiction under the statute, the court found it 4 unnecessary to consider whether asserting jurisdiction over 5 Walker would violate his constitutional right to due process. 6 Id. at *7, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7830, at *24. 7 not demonstrated a prima facie case supporting jurisdiction, the 8 court also denied jurisdictional discovery. 9 Having concluded that Because BVL had We affirm. BACKGROUND 10 11 The defendant, Tim Walker, is the proprietor of a 12 website, "MovingScam.com" (the "Website"). He operates it from 13 his home in Waverly, Iowa. 14 provides consumer-related comments, most of them derogatory, 15 about household movers in the United States. 16 5, 2003, Walker posted statements about BVL in the section of the 17 Website called "The Black List Report." 18 "Editor's Comments," Walker wrote that "as of 8/5/2003 [BVL] was 19 performing interstate moving services without legal authority 20 from the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, and did not 21 carry Cargo insurance as required by law." 22 made similar factual assertions in response to a question about 23 BVL that was posted on the message-board section of the Website 24 by a person whose whereabouts are not disclosed in the record.2 As its name suggests, the Website 2 On or about August Under the heading Compl. ¶ 8. Walker In response to the query, Walker wrote, "If you are talking about Best Van Lines of Brooklyn, NY, then DO NOT USE 3 1 On August 26, 2003, BVL instituted this lawsuit against 2 Walker by filing a complaint in the United States District Court 3 for the Southern District of New York. 4 the statements about it on the Website were false, defamatory, 5 and made with an intention to harm it. 6 assume at this stage of the proceedings that BVL's allegations 7 are correct and can be proved. 8 from publishing further defamatory statements about BVL. 9 seeks compensatory and punitive damages totaling $1.5 million. 10 In it, BVL alleges that Compl. ¶¶ 21-30. We BVL seeks to have Walker enjoined It also Walker moved to transfer the action to the United 11 States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa. 12 opposed the motion, but also treated it as a motion to dismiss 13 for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of 14 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 15 964009, at *1, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7830, at *3. 16 Walker, representing himself, argued that N.Y. C.P.L.R. 17 § 302(a) -- New York's long-arm statute -- did not give New York 18 courts jurisdiction over him for purposes of this lawsuit. 19 BVL Best Van Lines, 2004 WL In his reply, Id. The district court granted what was construed to be 20 Walker's motion to dismiss. The court concluded that BVL had 21 failed to allege facts sufficient to show that Walker had THEM! They have only had their DOT license since February, 2003 and have NO interstate authority whatsoever with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator. They also have not provided the FMCSA with proof of any Cargo Insurance, and they have a vehicle Out of Service record of 40% and a driver Out of Service record of 100% (national averages are 22.9% and 7.21%, respectively)." Compl. ¶ 11. 4 1 transacted business for purposes of section 302(a)(1), or that 2 its suit arose from any such transaction. 3 Dist. LEXIS 7830, at *24. 4 address whether asserting jurisdiction over Walker would be 5 consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process guarantee. 6 Id. 7 Id., 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7830, at *24-25. 8 Id. at *7, 2004 U.S. The court found it unnecessary to It also denied permission to take jurisdictional discovery. BVL appeals. DISCUSSION 9 10 I. Standard of Review 11 We review a district court's dismissal of an action for 12 lack of personal jurisdiction de novo. 13 v. Allure Resorts Mgmt., LLC, 450 F.3d 100, 102 (2d Cir. 2006). 14 "In order to survive a motion to dismiss for lack of personal 15 jurisdiction, a plaintiff must make a prima facie showing that 16 jurisdiction exists." 17 Cir. 2006). 18 19 20 Sole Resort, S.A. de C.V. Thomas v. Ashcroft, 470 F.3d 491, 495 (2d II. Personal Jurisdiction in New York A. The Issue on Appeal This appeal raises a single question: whether the 21 United States District Court for the Southern District of New 22 York had personal jurisdiction over Walker for purposes of 23 entertaining this lawsuit. 24 first to the law of the State of New York, in which the district 25 court sits. Kronisch v. United States, 150 F.3d 112, 130 (2d 26 Cir. 1998). If, but only if, our answer is in the affirmative, To answer that question, we look 5 1 we must then determine whether asserting jurisdiction under that 2 provision would be compatible with requirements of due process 3 established under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States 4 Constitution. 5 315 (1945). 6 See Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, Agreeing with the district court, we conclude that 7 while New York appellate courts have not decided this precise 8 issue, under well-settled principles of New York law, the 9 district court did not have such jurisdiction. We therefore need 10 not address the second question: whether, if New York law 11 conferred it, asserting such jurisdiction would be permissible 12 under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the 13 United States Constitution.3 14 state statutory and federal constitutional limitations have 15 become somewhat entangled in New York jurisprudence, we think it 16 advisable to explore the relationship between the two in some 17 detail. 18 B. Constitutional Limits on Personal Jurisdiction 19 Still, because the analysis of the In 1945, the Supreme Court held that states' power to 20 exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants consistent with 21 the federal Constitution was not contingent on those defendants' 3 Because we think that we can determine this issue based on well-settled principles of New York law, we have decided not to certify it to the New York Court of Appeals. See Sole Resort, S.A. de C.V. v. Allure Resorts Mgmt., LLC, 450 F.3d 100, 104 (2d Cir. 2006) (deciding a question of how to interpret section 302(a)(1) that was "novel . . ., both in this court and in the New York courts"). 6 1 physical presence within the states' borders. 2 U.S. at 316. 3 over out-of-state defendants, the Due Process Clause of the 4 Fourteenth Amendment requires only that the defendants have 5 "certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the 6 maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of 7 fair play and substantial justice.'" 8 9 Int'l Shoe, 326 Instead, in order to exercise personal jurisdiction Id. (citation omitted). A court deciding whether it has jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant under the Due Process Clause must evaluate 10 the "quality and nature," Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 11 U.S. 462, 475 (1985), of the defendant's contacts with the forum 12 state under a totality of the circumstances test, id. at 485-86. 13 The crucial question is whether the defendant has "purposefully 14 avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities within 15 the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of 16 its laws," id. at 475 (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 17 253 (1958)) (internal quotation marks omitted), "such that [the 18 defendant] should reasonably anticipate being haled into court 19 there," id. at 474 (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. 20 Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)) (internal quotation marks 21 omitted).4 4 Applying this principle, the Court has held that the Due Process Clause forbids the exercise of personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state automobile distributor whose only tie to the forum resulted from a customer's decision to drive there, World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson[, 444 U.S. 286 (1980)]; over a divorced husband sued for child-support payments 7 1 Applying these principles, in Keeton v. Hustler 2 Magazine Inc., 465 U.S. 770 (1984), the Supreme Court concluded 3 that a New Hampshire federal district court had jurisdiction over 4 the defendant magazine publisher, an Ohio corporation with its 5 principal place of business in California, id. at 772. 6 based its conclusion on the fact that the defendant's magazine in 7 which the alleged libel appeared had a monthly circulation in New 8 Hampshire of 10,000 to 15,000. 9 defendant "continuously and deliberately exploited the New 10 Hampshire market," creating in the defendant a reasonable 11 expectation that it might be haled into court there in an action 12 based on the contents of the magazine. 13 The Court This established that the Id. at 781. Also invoking the minimum contacts rubric, in Calder v. 14 Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984) -- decided the same day as Keeton -- 15 the Court concluded that a California state court had personal 16 jurisdiction over The National Enquirer, a nationally distributed 17 weekly with editorial offices in Florida, and a reporter and an 18 editor, both Florida residents, in a lawsuit based on an whose only affiliation with the forum was created by his former spouse's decision to settle there, Kulko v. California Superior Court, 436 U.S. 84 (1978); and over a trustee whose only connection with the forum resulted from the settlor's decision to exercise her power of appointment there, Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235 (1958). In such instances, the defendant has had no "clear notice that it is subject to suit" in the forum and thus no opportunity to "alleviate the risk of burdensome litigation" there. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, [444 U.S.] at 297. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475 n.17. 8 1 allegedly libelous story about the California activities of a 2 California resident. 3 come to be called the "effects test," the Court reasoned that 4 because "California is the focal point both of the story and of 5 the harm suffered," jurisdiction over the defendants was "proper 6 in California based on the 'effects' of their Florida conduct in 7 California." 8 when the defendants committed "their intentional, and allegedly 9 tortious, actions . . . expressly aimed at California," they 10 "must [have] 'reasonably anticipate[d] being haled into court 11 there' to answer for the truth of the statements made in their 12 article." Id. at 786, 788. Id. at 789. Employing what has since In the language of minimum contacts, Id. at 789-90 (citations omitted). 13 Although Calder and Keeton were handed down 14 simultaneously on similar subjects, they relied on independent, 15 if conceptually overlapping, methods of demonstrating minimum 16 contacts -- Keeton on the defendant's overall activity within the 17 forum state; Calder on the in-state effects of out-of-state 18 activity. 19 C. Long-Arm Statutes and N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a) 20 21 Relying on International Shoe, state legislatures began enacting laws, known as "long-arm" statutes,5 prescribing the 5 The popular name of these statutes seems likely to have roots in the expression "the long arm of the law." See, e.g., Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, Ch. 73 (1841) ("[T]he failure of a spirited enterprise in the way of their profession . . . caused their career to receive a sudden check from the long and strong arm of the law."); see also Michael Quinion, World Wide Words, http://www.worldwidewords. org/qa/qa-lon1.htm (last visited June 25, 2007) (tracing the 9 1 terms under which their courts could exercise personal 2 jurisdiction. 3 been interpreted to provide, that jurisdiction will be permitted 4 to the full extent allowed by the federal Constitution.6 5 federal courts sit in such states, there is but one inquiry as to 6 specific personal jurisdiction over the out-of-state defendant: 7 whether the defendant has sufficient contacts with the forum 8 state to satisfy the requirements of due process. 9 Young v. New Haven Advocate, 315 F.3d 256, 261 (4th Cir. 2002) Most of these laws explicitly provide, or have When See, e.g., 10 ("Because Virginia's long-arm statute extends personal 11 jurisdiction to the extent permitted by the Due Process Clause, 12 the statutory inquiry necessarily merges with the constitutional 13 inquiry, and the two inquiries essentially become one." 14 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). 15 The reach of New York's long-arm statute, by contrast, 16 does not coincide with the limits of the Due Process Clause. 17 Analysis under it therefore may involve two separate inquiries, 18 one statutory and one constitutional. If jurisdiction is expression back to The Old Curiosity Shop). 6 See, e.g., Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 410.10; 14 M.R.S. § 704-A (Maine); Good Hope Indus., Inc. v. Ryder Scott Co., 378 Mass. 1, 6, 389 N.E.2d 76, 79 (1979) (interpreting Massachusetts law); N.J. Ct. R. 4:4-4; Ricker v. Fraza/Forklifts of Detroit, 160 Ohio App. 3d 634, 640, 828 N.E.2d 205, 210 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005) (interpreting Ohio law); 42 Pa.C.S. § 5322; R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-533; Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 17.042; Utah Code § 78-27-22; Young v. New Haven Advocate, 315 F.3d 256, 261 (4th Cir. 2002) (interpreting Virginia law). 10 1 statutorily impermissible, of course, we need not reach the 2 question of its constitutionality. 3 The New York long-arm statute provides: 4 5 6 7 8 9 As to a cause of action arising from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any non-domiciliary, or his executor or administrator, who in person or through an agent: 10 11 12 1. transacts any business within the state or contracts anywhere to supply goods or services in the state; or 13 14 15 16 2. commits a tortious act within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act; or 17 18 19 20 21 3. commits a tortious act without the state causing injury to person or property within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act, if he 22 23 24 25 26 27 (i) regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed or services rendered, in the state, or 28 29 30 31 32 (ii) expects or should reasonably expect the act to have consequences in the state and derives substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce; or 33 34 4. owns, uses or possesses any real property situated within the state. 35 N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(a). Importantly for present purposes, 36 sections 302(a)(2) and (3), which permit jurisdiction over 37 tortious acts committed in New York and those committed outside 38 New York that cause injuries in the state, respectively, 11 1 explicitly exempt causes of action for the tort of defamation7 2 from their scope, whether or not such jurisdiction would be 3 consistent with due process protection. 4 exceptions thus create a "gap" between the jurisdiction conferred 5 by the New York statute and the full extent of jurisdiction 6 permissible under the federal Constitution. 7 Carroll, 90 N.Y.2d 592, 596-97, 687 N.E.2d 1293, 1294-95, 665 8 N.Y.S.2d 10, 11-12 (1997) ("[S]ubdivision [302(a)(3)] was not 9 designed to go to the full limits of permissible jurisdiction. The defamation See Ingraham v. 10 The limitations contained in subparagraphs (i) and (ii) were 11 deliberately inserted to keep the provision well within 12 constitutional bounds.") (citations and internal quotation marks 13 omitted; second brackets in original).8 7 "Defamation" includes the torts of libel (usually written) and slander (usually oral). See, e.g., Marcone v. Penthouse Int'l Magazine for Men, 754 F.2d 1072, 1080 n.1 (3d Cir. 1985); Belli v. Orlando Daily Newspapers, Inc., 389 F.2d 579, 586 (5th Cir. 1967); Varian Med. Sys., Inc. v. Delfino, 113 Cal. App. 4th 273, 293-95, 6 Cal. Rptr. 3d 325, 340-43 (6th Dist. 2003), rev'd on other grounds, 35 Cal. 4th 180, 25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 298, 106 P.3d 958 (2005). 8 There are other possible "gaps" between the extent of jurisdiction allowed by the New York statute and that permitted by due process. See, e.g., Banco Ambrosiano, S.p.A. v. Artoc Bank & Trust, Ltd., 62 N.Y.2d 65, 71-72, 464 N.E.2d 432, 435, 476 N.Y.S.2d 64, 67 (1984) (discussing quasi-in-rem jurisdiction, and noting that "C.P.L.R. [§] 302 does not provide for in personam jurisdiction in every case in which due process would permit it," so that "a 'gap' exists in which the necessary minimum contacts, including the presence of defendant's property within the State, are present, but personal jurisdiction is not authorized by C.P.L.R. [§] 302"). Section 302(b) also prescribes limits on jurisdiction in matrimonial cases that may not be coterminous with the jurisdictional reach of due process. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 302(b). 12 New York's Appellate Division, First Department,9 has 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 reflected on the reasons for the defamation exception. [T]he Advisory Committee intended to avoid unnecessary inhibitions on freedom of speech or the press. These important civil liberties are entitled to special protections lest procedural burdens shackle them. It did not wish New York to force newspapers published in other states to defend themselves in states where they had no substantial interests, as the New York Times was forced to do in Alabama. 11 Legros v. Irving, 38 A.D.2d 53, 55, 327 N.Y.S.2d 371, 373 (1st 12 Dep't 1971) (referring to N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 13 254 (1964), which reversed a large Alabama libel judgment against 14 the New York Times based on a pro-civil rights advertisement that 15 it published where jurisdiction was based on limited daily 16 circulation of the New York Times within Alabama). 17 In light of these intentions, one might think that the 18 New York State legislature meant for no provision of the long-arm 19 statute to grant jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant with 20 respect to a cause of action for defamation. 21 v. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 89 Civ. 2475, 1990 WL 124338, 22 at *6 n.3, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10881, at *9 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23 20, 1990) (Leval, J.) ("Because §§ 302(a)(2) and (3) expressly 24 exclude actions for defamation, there are strong arguments that 25 the legislature intended to bar use of the long-arm statute in 9 See Vardinoyannis "We are bound, as was the district court, to apply [New York] law as interpreted by New York's intermediate appellate courts . . . unless we find persuasive evidence that the New York Court of Appeals, which has not ruled on [an] issue, would reach a different conclusion." Pahuta v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 170 F.3d 125, 134 (2d Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). 13 1 defamation cases."). 2 Under New York law, when a person utters a defamatory statement 3 without the state that causes injury to the plaintiff within the 4 state, jurisdiction may be acquired under section 302(a)(1), even 5 though section 302(a)(3) -- which explicitly concerns 6 jurisdiction as to out-of-state tortious acts that cause in-state 7 injury -- excludes defamation cases from its scope. 8 9 But New York courts have not gone that far. Legros itself relied on section 302(a)(1) to support jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant in a defamation case. 10 After describing the history of the statute, the court defended 11 its reliance on section 302(a)(1), which covers transactions of 12 business within the state, to establish jurisdiction. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 There is a clear distinction between a situation where the only act which occurred in New York was the mere utterance of the libelous material and on the other hand, a situation where purposeful business transactions have taken place in New York giving rise to the cause of action. Where purposeful transactions of business have taken place in New York, it may not be said that subjecting the defendant to this State's jurisdiction is an "unnecessary inhibition on freedom of speech or the press." 25 Legros, 38 A.D.2d at 55-56, 327 N.Y.S.2d at 373. 26 "virtually all the work attendant upon publication of the book 27 [containing the alleged libel] occurred in New York," 28 jurisdiction over the defendant under subsection (1) was proper. 29 Id. at 56, 327 N.Y.S.2d at 373. 30 D. Defamation Cases under Section 302(a)(1) 14 Because 1 New York courts evaluating specific jurisdiction under 2 section 302(a)(1) look to both the language of the statute and 3 the relation between the alleged conduct and the cause of action. 4 To determine the existence of jurisdiction under section 5 302(a)(1), a court must decide (1) whether the defendant 6 "transacts any business" in New York and, if so, (2) whether this 7 cause of action "aris[es] from" such a business transaction. 8 Deutsche Bank Sec., Inc. v. Montana Bd. of Invs., 7 N.Y.3d 65, 9 71, 850 N.E.2d 1140, 1142, 818 N.Y.S.2d 164, 166 (2006). See Courts 10 look to "the totality of the defendant's activities within the 11 forum," Sterling Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. of N.Y. v. Fidelity 12 Mortgage Investors, 510 F.2d 870, 873 (2d Cir. 1975) (citation 13 and internal quotation marks omitted), to determine whether a 14 defendant has "transact[ed] business" in such a way that it 15 constitutes "purposeful activity" satisfying the first part of 16 the test, see id. at 874; Longines-Wittnauer Watch Co. v. Barnes 17 & Reinecke, Inc., 15 N.Y.2d 443, 457, 261 N.Y.S.2d 8, 18-19, 209 18 N.E.2d 68, 75, cert. denied, 382 U.S. 905 (1965). 19 second part of the test, "[a] suit will be deemed to have arisen 20 out of a party's activities in New York if there is an 21 articulable nexus, or a substantial relationship, between the 22 claim asserted and the actions that occurred in New York." 23 Henderson v. INS, 157 F.3d 106, 123 (2d Cir. 1998) (internal 24 quotation marks omitted); accord Deutsche Bank, 7 N.Y.3d at 71, 25 850 N.E.2d at 1142, 818 N.Y.S.2d at 166-67. 26 1. Transacting Business 15 As for the 1 With respect to the first part of the test for 2 jurisdiction under section 302(a)(1), New York courts define 3 "transact[ing] business" as purposeful activity -- "'some act by 4 which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privilege 5 of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking 6 the benefits and protections of its laws.'" 7 Rauland-Borg Corp., 20 N.Y.2d 377, 382, 229 N.E.2d 604, 607, 283 8 N.Y.S.2d 34, 37-38 (1967) (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 9 235, 253 (1958)).10 McKee Elec. Co. v. This "purposeful[] avail[ment]" language 10 Section 302(a)(1)'s "transact[ing] business" language does not require that the business in question be commercial in nature. In Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 352 F.3d 695, 709 (2d Cir. 2003), rev'd on other grounds, 542 U.S. 426 (2004), we noted that the purpose of section 302(a)(1) "was to extend the jurisdiction of New York courts over nonresidents who have engaged in some purposeful activity here in connection with the matter in suit" and that "the statute's jurisprudential gloss and its legislative history suggest that its 'transacts business' clause is not restricted to commercial activity." (citations, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). We noted there that "transacting business" under Section 302(a)(1) has been held to include: engaging in active bidding on an open phone line from California, Parke-Bernet[ Galleries v. Franklyn, 26 N.Y.2d 13, 19, 308 N.Y.S.2d 337, 342, 256 N.E.2d 506, 509 (1970)]; the conducting of proceedings and disciplinary hearings on membership by a private organization, Garofano v. U.S. Trotting Assoc., 78 Misc. 2d 33, 355 N.Y.S.2d 702, 705-06 (Sup. Ct. 1974); the execution of a separation agreement, Kochenthal v. Kochenthal, 28 A.D.2d 117, 282 N.Y.S.2d 36, 38 (N.Y. App. Div. 1967); the making of a retainer for legal services, Elman v. Belson, 32 A.D.2d 422, 302 N.Y.S.2d 961, 964-65 ([N.Y. App. Div.] 1969); the entry into New York by non-domiciliary defendants to attend a meeting, Parker v. Rogerson, 33 A.D.2d 284, 307 N.Y.S.2d 986, 994-95 (N.Y. App. Div. 1970), appeal dismissed, 26 N.Y.2d 964, 311 N.Y.S.2d 7, 259 N.E.2d 479 (1970); and the conducting of audits, U.S. Steel Corp. v. Multistate Tax Comm'n, 367 F. Supp. 107, 121 (S.D.N.Y. 16 1 defining "transacting business" has been adopted by the New York 2 Court of Appeals from Supreme Court cases analyzing the 3 constitutional limitations on a state's power to assert personal 4 jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary defendant. 5 McFadden Oil Corp., 71 N.Y.2d 460, 467, 522 N.E.2d 40, 43, 527 6 N.Y.S.2d 195, 198 (1988) ("New York's long-arm statute, C.P.L.R. 7 § 302, was enacted in response to [inter alia, McGee v. 8 International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220 (1957), and 9 International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945)]."). See Kreutter v. 10 New York decisions thus, at least in their rhetoric, tend to 11 conflate the long-arm statutory and constitutional analyses by 12 focusing on the constitutional standard: whether the defendant's 13 conduct constitutes "purposeful[] avail[ment]" "of the privilege 14 of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking 15 the benefits and protections of its laws." Denckla, 357 U.S. at 16 253; see, e.g., McKee, 20 N.Y.2d at 382, 229 N.E.2d at 607, 283 17 N.Y.S.2d at 37-38 (quoting Denckla, 357 U.S. at 253). 18 It may be that the meaning of "transact[ing] business" 19 for the purposes of section 302(a)(1) overlaps significantly with 20 the constitutional "minimum contacts" doctrine. 21 N.Y.2d at 382, 229 N.E.2d at 607, 283 N.Y.S.2d at 37 ("[I]t seems 22 to us the contacts here, rather than being minimal, were so 23 infinitesimal, both in light of Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235 1973). Padilla, 352 F.3d at 709 n.19. 17 See McKee, 20 1 [(1958),] and Longines-Wittnauer Watch Co. v. Barnes & 2 Reinecke, 15 N.Y.2d 443[, 261 N.Y.S.2d 8, 209 N.E.2d 68 (1965)], 3 that jurisdiction of the New York courts cannot be sustained."); 4 Deutsche Bank, 7 N.Y.3d at 71-72, 850 N.E.2d at 1142-43, 818 5 N.Y.S.2d at 166-67 (discussing the section 302(a)(1) and due 6 process requirements seemingly simultaneously); Donini Int'l, 7 S.p.A. v. Satec (U.S.A.) LLC, 03 Civ. 9471, 2004 WL 1574645, at 8 *5, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13148, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2004) 9 (noting that the analysis under section 302 is "in essence, the 10 same as that established by the United States Supreme Court to 11 evaluate the constitutionality of personal jurisdiction under 12 long-arm statutes"). 13 teach that the "gap" created by the defamation exceptions in 14 sections 302(a)(2) and (3), see Ingraham, 90 N.Y.2d at 597, 687 15 N.E.2d at 1294-95, 665 N.Y.S.2d at 11-12, is eliminated by the 16 "transact[ing] business" analysis. 17 the jurisdiction permitted by the Due Process Clause and that 18 granted by New York's long-arm statute. 19 But we do not understand New York courts to Some distance remains between New York courts do not interpret "transact[ing] 20 business" to include mere defamatory utterances sent into the 21 state. 22 from its coverage, New York courts construe "transacts any 23 business within the state" more narrowly in defamation cases than 24 they do in the context of other sorts of litigation. 25 cases, "proof of one transaction," or a "single act," "in New 26 York is sufficient to invoke [long-arm] jurisdiction, even though Although section 302(a)(1) does not exclude defamation 18 In other 1 the defendant never enters New York," Deutsche Bank, 7 N.Y.3d at 2 71, 850 N.E.2d at 1142, 818 N.Y.S.2d at 166-67 (internal 3 quotation marks omitted); see also Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 4 v. Franklyn, 26 N.Y.2d 13, 17, 256 N.E.2d 506, 508, 308 N.Y.S.2d 5 337, 340 (1970) (finding jurisdiction where out-of-state 6 defendant never entered New York, but participated in a live 7 auction in New York by making one telephone call to New York and 8 thus was "receiving and transmitting bids over an open telephone 9 line"); Fischbarg v. Doucet, 38 A.D.3d 270, 832 N.Y.S.2d 164, 10 2007 N.Y. Slip Op. 1964, at *2 (1st Dep't Mar. 13, 2007) (finding 11 jurisdiction over out-of-state defendants who solicited New York 12 lawyer plaintiff to provide them with legal advice and called, 13 emailed, and faxed the plaintiff in New York pursuant to such 14 representation, though defendants never entered the state); 15 Catauro v. Goldome Bank for Sav., 189 A.D.2d 747, 748, 592 16 N.Y.S.2d 422, 422 (2d Dep't 1993) (finding jurisdiction where 17 Missouri defendant called a New York bank with an inquiry, 18 "mailed letters to the bank, enclosing the bankbook and the power 19 of attorney," and thereafter received money from the bank). 20 see Kimco Exchange Place Corp. v. Thomas Benz, Inc., 34 A.D.3d 21 433, 434, 824 N.Y.S.2d 353, 354 (2d Dep't 2006) ("The defendants' 22 acts of faxing the executed contracts to New York and of making a 23 few telephone calls do not qualify as purposeful acts 24 constituting the transacting of business."). 25 cases, by contrast, the "single act" of uttering a defamation, no 26 matter how loudly, is not a "transact[ion of] business" that may 19 But In defamation 1 provide the foundation for personal jurisdiction. 2 words, when the defamatory publication itself constitutes the 3 alleged "transact[ion of] business" for the purposes of 4 section 302(a)(1), more than the distribution of a libelous 5 statement must be made within the state to establish long-arm 6 jurisdiction over the person distributing it.11 7 In other Consistent with this analysis, in cases where the 8 plaintiff has brought a defamation action based on letters the 9 defendant sent into New York from outside the state, New York 10 courts have concluded that the act of sending the letters into 11 the state does not alone amount to a transaction of business 12 within the state under Section 302(a)(1). 13 Dvorak, 230 A.D.2d 286, 658 N.Y.S.2d 502 (3d Dep't 1997), the 14 Third Department concluded that the sending of four allegedly 15 defamatory letters by the defendant to health care professionals 16 in New York did not constitute transaction of business in the 17 state, id. at 290, 658 N.Y.S.2d at 505. 18 court said, would "unjustifiably extend the intendment of the 19 Legislature to allow, in limited circumstances, the reach of this 20 State's jurisdiction beyond its borders." 21 Shapero, 231 A.D.2d 407, 647 N.Y.S.2d 185 (1st Dep't 1996), the 11 For example, in Kim v. To hold otherwise, the Id. In Pontarelli v. Our interpretation of section 302(a)(1) factors into the analysis the defamation exemptions contained in sections 302(a)(2) and (3) consistent with the "cardinal rule" of statutory construction "that a statute is to be read as a whole, since the meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context." King v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221 (1991) (citations omitted); accord Handberry v. Thompson, 436 F.3d 52, 68 (2d Cir. 2006). 20 1 First Department similarly decided that the sending of two 2 allegedly defamatory letters and one facsimile into New York did 3 not constitute transaction of business in the state for purposes 4 of section 302(a)(1), id. at 410-11, 647 N.Y.S.2d at 188. 5 Strelsin v. Barrett, 36 A.D.2d 923, 320 N.Y.S.2d 886 (1st Dep't 6 1971), the court concluded that it did not have jurisdiction over 7 a California defendant who had allegedly libeled the plaintiff in 8 a television broadcast recorded in California. 9 distribution of a tape of the broadcast in New York "d[id] not And in Subsequent 10 constitute doing business in New York by the newscaster who 11 performed elsewhere." 12 Id. at 923, 320 N.Y.S.2d at 885. To be sure, New York courts have found jurisdiction in 13 cases where the defendants' out-of-state conduct involved 14 defamatory statements projected into New York and targeting New 15 Yorkers, but only where the conduct also included something more. 16 In Sovik v. Healing Network, 244 A.D.2d 985, 665 N.Y.S.2d 997 17 (4th Dep't 1997), for example, the Appellate Division, Fourth 18 Department, concluded that one allegedly defamatory letter sent 19 by the defendants could provide a basis for jurisdiction where 20 the defendants had "drafted the letter and either distributed or 21 authorized the distribution of the letter in the Buffalo area," 22 thereby demonstrating the defendants' "active involvement and 23 personal control [in New York] over the writing and distribution 24 of the allegedly defamatory statement." 25 at 999 (affirming district court's decision that plaintiffs were 26 entitled to jurisdictional discovery); cf. Legros, 38 A.D.2d at 21 Id. at 987, 665 N.Y.S.2d 1 55-56, 327 N.Y.S.2d at 373 (concluding that the publication of an 2 allegedly defamatory book for which "virtually all the work 3 attendant upon publication" had occurred in New York, including 4 the research for it and the negotiations and execution of the 5 contract with the publisher, constituted "transactions of 6 business" for the purposes of section 302(a)(1)); Modica v. 7 Westchester Rockland Newspapers, Inc., 54 Misc. 2d 1086, 283 8 N.Y.S.2d 939 (Sup. Ct. Westchester County 1967) (finding 9 jurisdiction proper under section 302(a)(1) where the newspaper 10 containing an allegedly defamatory column was published in New 11 York for New York readers). 12 2. "Arising from" a Transaction of Business 13 If the defendant is transacting business in New York, 14 the second half of the section 302(a)(1) inquiry asks whether the 15 cause of action "aris[es] from" that business transaction or 16 transactions. 17 1142, 818 N.Y.S.2d at 167. 18 claim 'aris[es] from' a particular transaction when there is 19 'some articulable nexus between the business transacted and the 20 cause of action sued upon,' or when 'there is a substantial 21 relationship between the transaction and the claim asserted.'" 22 Sole Resort, S.A. de C.V. v. Allure Resorts Mgmt., LLC, 450 F.3d 23 100, 103 (2d Cir. 2006) (citations omitted). 24 is 'merely coincidental' is insufficient to support 25 jurisdiction." See Deutsche Bank, 7 N.Y.3d at 71, 850 N.E.2d at Id. "New York courts have held that a (citation omitted). 22 "A connection that 1 Under the "arises from" prong, New York courts have 2 also concluded that they lacked jurisdiction over out-of-state 3 defendants accused of having uttered defamatory falsehoods where 4 the "[defamation] claim did not arise from the defendants' 5 specific business transactions in New York." 6 Abrille, 01 Civ. 10158, 2003 WL 21537754, at *6, 2003 U.S. Dist. 7 LEXIS 11529, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2003) (noting that the 8 defendants were not involved in the publication or distribution 9 of the allegedly libelous article at issue). Realuyo v. Villa In Talbot v. 10 Johnson Newspaper Corp., 71 N.Y.2d 827, 522 N.E.2d 1027, 527 11 N.Y.S.2d 729 (1988), for example, a California resident wrote two 12 letters to the president and board of trustees of St. Lawrence 13 University. 14 the plaintiff, a school athletic coach, drunk at a fraternity 15 party. 16 newspaper later published one of the letters, which it had 17 received from one of the trustees, and quoted from a telephone 18 interview with the daughter, who was also a California resident. 19 In concluding that New York courts did not have jurisdiction over 20 the father and daughter in a defamation suit brought against them 21 by the coach, the New York Court of Appeals did not address 22 whether the letters or the telephone call into the state could 23 themselves constitute "purposeful activities." 24 that even if the daughter's attendance at St. Lawrence could 25 qualify as a purposeful activity, jurisdiction would be improper 26 because the cause of action did not arise out of that contact In the letter, he alleged that his daughter had seen Id. at 828, 522 N.E.2d at 1028, 527 N.Y.S.2d at 730. 23 A Instead, it found 1 with New York. Id. at 829, 522 N.E.2d at 1029, 527 N.Y.S.2d at 2 731. 3 Co., 58 Misc. 2d 483, 296 N.Y.S.2d 21 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. County 4 1968), the court noted that the defendant, the publisher of the 5 Baltimore Sun, which circulated 400 copies in New York State and 6 derived just over 3% of its advertising revenue from New York, 7 might transact business in New York, but the court concluded that 8 the defamation claim did not arise from any of those contacts, 9 id. at 484-85, 296 N.Y.S.2d at 22-23. ("[N]ot one [of the alleged And in American Radio Association, AFL-CIO v. A. S. Abell 10 contacts] may be relied upon to uphold jurisdiction under the 11 long-arm statute since the cause of action alleged in the 12 complaint does not, as is required by statute, arise from any of 13 the acts enumerated."). 14 distribution and of circulation which underlie the alleged 15 grievances occurred in Baltimore and not here." 16 N.Y.S.2d at 23. 17 E. Section 302(a)(1) and Case Law Respecting Defamatory Websites Instead, "[t]he acts of publication, of Id. at 485, 296 18 While no New York appellate court has yet explicitly 19 analyzed a case of website defamation under the "transact[ing] 20 business" provision of section 302(a)(1), several federal 21 district courts in New York have. 22 developed in the New York cases discussed above, these courts 23 have concluded that the posting of defamatory material on a 24 website accessible in New York does not, without more, constitute 25 "transact[ing] business" in New York for the purposes of New 26 York's long-arm statute. Consistent with the principles See Realuyo, 2003 WL 21537754, at *7, 24 1 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11529, at *20-21 (deciding that the 2 availability of an article on a website, without more, does not 3 amount to "transaction of business" for purposes of 4 section 302(a)(1)); see also Starmedia Network, Inc. v. Star 5 Media, Inc., 00 Civ. 4647, 2001 WL 417118, at *3, 2001 U.S. Dist. 6 LEXIS 4870, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 23, 2001) ("[I]t is now well 7 established that one does not subject himself to the jurisdiction 8 of the courts in another state simply because he maintains a web 9 site which residents of that state visit.") (citation and 10 quotation indication omitted). 11 there are business transactions incident to establishing a 12 website, a defamation claim based on statements posted on a 13 website does not "arise from" such transactions. 14 2003 WL 21537754, at *7, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11529, at *20-22 15 (finding that "the publication of the article was not the 16 transaction of business in New York" and the defamation claim did 17 not arise from advertising links on the website); see also 18 Competitive Techs., Inc. v. Pross, 13297/2006, 14 Misc. 3d 19 1224(A), 2007 WL 283075, at *3, 2007 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 217, at *8 20 (Sup. Ct. Suffolk County, Jan. 26, 2007) (concluding that 21 libelous statements posted on a Yahoo! message board did not give 22 rise to jurisdiction because they were "not in connection with 23 any business transactions"). 24 F. 25 26 In addition, to the extent that See Realuyo, Internet Defamation, and Analysis under Zippo Mfg. Co. In analyzing personal jurisdiction in the internet context, so many courts have turned to the standards set out more 25 1 than ten years ago by a judge of the Western District of 2 Pennsylvania in Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. 3 Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997) (cited by, e.g., Toys "R" Us, Inc. v. 4 Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 452 (3d Cir. 2003) (calling Zippo 5 the "seminal authority regarding personal jurisdiction based upon 6 the operation of an Internet web site"); ALS Scan, Inc. v. 7 Digital Serv. Consultants, Inc., 293 F.3d 707, 713-14 (4th Cir. 8 2002) (adopting the Zippo model); Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, 9 Inc., 130 F.3d 414, 418 (9th Cir. 1997); Citigroup Inc. v. City 10 Holding Co., 97 F. Supp. 2d 549, 565 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)), that the 11 opinion warrants separate mention here. 12 applied traditional due process "minimum contacts" principles to 13 determine whether jurisdiction over the out-of-state website 14 proprietor was constitutionally permissible. 15 at 1122 (citing Pennsylvania's long-arm statute, 42 Pa. C.S.A. 16 § 5322(b), which allows Pennsylvania courts to exercise 17 jurisdiction to the "fullest extent allowed under the 18 Constitution"). 19 jurisdiction can be constitutionally exercised is directly 20 proportionate to the nature and quality of commercial activity 21 that an entity conducts over the Internet," the court explained 22 the spectrum of internet interactivity that many courts have 23 since invoked in determining jurisdiction. 24 25 26 27 28 In Zippo, the court Zippo, 952 F. Supp. Noting that "the likelihood that personal At one end of the spectrum are situations where a defendant clearly does business over the Internet. If the defendant enters into contracts with residents of a foreign jurisdiction that involve the knowing and 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 repeated transmission of computer files over the Internet, personal jurisdiction is proper. At the opposite end are situations where a defendant has simply posted information on an Internet Web site which is accessible to users in foreign jurisdictions. A passive Web site that does little more than make information available to those who are interested in it is not grounds for the exercise [of] personal jurisdiction. The middle ground is occupied by interactive Web sites where a user can exchange information with the host computer. In these cases, the exercise of jurisdiction is determined by examining the level of interactivity and commercial nature of the exchange of information that occurs on the Web site. Id. at 1124 (citations omitted).12 19 Several federal district courts in New York have 20 applied the Zippo formulation to website defamation cases in 21 analyzing personal jurisdiction under section 302(a)(1). 22 See Citigroup, 97 F. Supp. 2d at 565 ("At the very least, the 23 interactivity of the [defendant's] site brings this case within 24 the middle category of internet commercial activity. 25 the interaction is both significant and unqualifiedly commercial 26 in nature and thus rises to the level of transacting business 27 required under CPLR § 302(a)(1)."); Realuyo, 2003 WL 21537754, at 28 *6-*7, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11529, at *20-*22 (declining to 29 exercise jurisdiction over defendant newspaper/website proprietor 12 Moreover, Ultimately, the Zippo court did not itself rely on this approach to evaluate the defendant's contacts with Pennsylvania. The defendant had sold passwords to its news-services website to 3,000 Pennsylvania subscribers and had contracted with seven Internet access providers in Pennsylvania. Id. at 1126. The court found that such "conduct[] of electronic commerce with Pennsylvania residents constitutes the purposeful availment of doing business in Pennsylvania." Id. at 1125-26. 27 1 because its website, on which alleged libel was posted, was 2 "passive"; having 332 non-paying email registrants in New York 3 was insufficient to establish jurisdiction under Section 4 302(a)(1)). 5 2004 WL 2966926, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2004), the plaintiff 6 argued that the defendant's website, which contained allegedly 7 defamatory material about the plaintiff, fell into the "middle 8 range" of the Zippo sliding scale because the website permitted 9 the defendant to answer questions posted by users. In Lenahan Law Offices, LLC v. Hibbs, 04-cv-6376, The court 10 rejected that argument, concluding that such low-level 11 interactivity was insufficient to support jurisdiction. "Absent 12 an allegation that Hibbs is projecting himself into New York, 13 this Court cannot exercise specific personal jurisdiction over 14 him." 15 "transacting business" under section 302(a)(1), the court 16 concluded, the plaintiff had failed to show that its cause of 17 action "arose" from such transactions since the allegedly 18 defamatory material was posted on a passive portion of the 19 website. 20 Id. Even if such interactivity could constitute Id. While analyzing a defendant's conduct under the Zippo 21 sliding scale of interactivity may help frame the jurisdictional 22 inquiry in some cases, as the district court here pointed out, 23 "it does not amount to a separate framework for analyzing 24 internet-based jurisdiction." 25 *3, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7830, at *9. 26 statutory and constitutional principles remain the touchstone of Best Van Lines, 2004 WL 964009, at 28 Instead, "traditional 1 the inquiry." Id. As the Zippo court itself noted, personal 2 jurisdiction analysis applies traditional principles to new 3 situations. 4 progress has increased the flow of commerce between States, the 5 need for jurisdiction has undergone a similar increase." (quoting 6 Hanson, 357 U.S. at 250-51) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 7 We think that a website's interactivity may be useful for 8 analyzing personal jurisdiction under section 302(a)(1), but only 9 insofar as it helps to decide whether the defendant "transacts Zippo, 952 F. Supp. at 1123 ("[A]s technological 10 any business" in New York -- that is, whether the defendant, 11 through the website, "purposefully avail[ed] himself of the 12 privilege of conducting activities within New York, thus invoking 13 the benefits and protections of its laws." 14 Naughton, 806 F.2d 361, 365 (2d Cir. 1986); see also Deutsche 15 Bank, 7 N.Y.3d at 71-72, 850 N.E.2d at 1143, 818 N.Y.S.2d at 167 16 (determining that there was jurisdiction over a sophisticated 17 institutional trader from Montana who "knowingly initiat[ed] and 18 pursu[ed] a negotiation with [plaintiff] in New York [via instant 19 messaging] that culminated in the sale of $15 million in bonds," 20 thus "enter[ing] New York to transact business").13 13 Cutco Indus. v. The spectrum may also be helpful in analyzing whether jurisdiction is permissible under due process principles. We note that the court in Zippo and most, if not all, of the courts that subsequently adopted the Zippo sliding scale were evaluating whether jurisdiction in those cases comported with due process, under state long-arm statutes that recognized jurisdiction coterminous with the extent allowed by the federal Constitution. See, e.g., Young, 315 F.3d at 261. We make no comment at this point on the relevance of the Zippo sliding scale in New York in evaluating whether the exercise of jurisdiction would be 29 1 III. Long-Arm Jurisdiction over Walker 2 To decide this appeal, then, we must determine whether 3 the conduct out of which BVL's claim arose was a "transact[ion 4 of] business" under section 302(a)(1). 5 Walker's internet postings or other activities the kind of 6 activity "by which the defendant purposefully avail[ed him]self 7 of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, 8 thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws," McKee, 9 20 N.Y.2d at 382, 229 N.E.2d at 608, 283 N.Y.S.2d at 37-38 In other words, were 10 (internal quotation marks omitted), and over which the New York 11 legislature intended New York courts to have jurisdiction? 12 argues that there are three different factual bases for an 13 affirmative conclusion. 14 A. The "Black List Report" BVL 15 BVL first asserts that Walker's inclusion of a report 16 on BVL in his "Black List Report" contained allegedly false and 17 defamatory statements about BVL. 18 New York case law establishes that making defamatory statements 19 outside of New York about New York citizens does not, without 20 more, provide a basis for jurisdiction, even when those 21 statements are published in media accessible to New York readers. 22 Walker's "Black List Report" seems to be exactly that -- 23 allegedly defamatory statements posted on a website accessible to 24 readers in New York. Compl. ¶ 7. As we have seen, As with the column in Realuyo, Walker's consistent with due process. 30 1 listing of BVL on his Black List arises "solely from the aspect 2 of the website from which anyone - in New York or throughout the 3 world - could view and download the allegedly defamatory 4 article." 5 LEXIS 11529, at *21; see also McBee v. Delica Co., Ltd., 417 F.3d 6 107, 124 (1st Cir. 2005) ("[T]he mere existence of a website that 7 is visible in a forum and that gives information about a company 8 and its products is not enough, by itself, to subject a defendant 9 to personal jurisdiction in that forum."); Jennings v. AC Realuyo, 2003 WL 21537754, at *7, 2003 U.S. Dist. 10 Hydraulic A/S, 383 F.3d 546, 549-50 (7th Cir. 2004) (similar); 11 ALS Scan, Inc. v. Digital Serv. Consultants, Inc., 293 F.3d 707, 12 713-15 (4th Cir. 2002) (similar); Competitive Techs., Inc. v. 13 Pross, 14 Misc. 3d 1224(A), 2007 WL 283075, at *3, 2007 N.Y. 14 Misc. LEXIS 217, at *9 (Sup. Ct. Suffolk County, Jan. 26, 2007) 15 ("[I]n order to exercise personal jurisdiction over a 16 non-resident defendant, something more than the mere posting of 17 information on a passive web site is required to indicate that 18 the defendant purposefully directed his activities at the forum 19 state." (citation omitted)). 20 Moreover, the nature of Walker's comments does not 21 suggest that they were purposefully directed to New Yorkers 22 rather than a nationwide audience. 23 discusses interstate moving companies located in many states for 24 the putative benefit of potential persons in many states who will 25 undergo household moves. 26 therefore do not establish that, for purposes of section Material on the Website Compl. ¶ 2. 31 Walker's comments 1 302(a)(1), he "purposefully avail[ed] himself of the privilege of 2 conducting activities within New York, thus invoking the benefits 3 and protections of its laws." 4 (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 5 added).14 6 Cutco Indus., 806 F.2d at 365 We conclude that posting the "Black List Report" does 7 not constitute "transact[ing] business" under section 302(a)(1). 8 B. Walker's Answer to a User's Question 9 We reach the same conclusion with respect to Walker's 10 allegedly defamatory statement about BVL posted as a response to 11 a user's question. 12 statement was or was not in response to a question from someone 13 somewhere else would, alone, make a difference. 14 otherwise, New York courts require more than "the mere utterance 15 of the libelous material," Legros, 38 A.D.2d at 55, to constitute 16 "transact[ing] business" under section 302(a)(1). We fail to perceive why the fact that a 14 Prompted or See Kim, 230 We express no view, of course, as to whether the Black List postings might have satisfied the minimum contacts requirement under the constitutional "effects test" employed in Calder, 465 U.S. at 789-90, or the analysis in Keeton, 465 U.S. at 773-74, 781, based on the defendant's magazine's in-state monthly circulation and the defendant's accompanying continuous and deliberate exploitation of the in-state market. We think it worth noting nonetheless that the Keeton analysis is roughly similar to the inquiry under section 302(a)(1), which focuses on transactions of business within the state. Calder's "effects test," by contrast, is not relevant to the New York long-arm statute analysis under section 302(a)(1). New York courts would evaluate personal jurisdiction asserted on the basis of allegedly tortious conduct committed outside the state and targeted at alleged New York victims under section 302(a)(3). And Section 302(a)(3), which is roughly analogous to the "effects test" in Calder, specifically exempts defamation from its reach. 32 1 A.D.2d at 290, 658 N.Y.S.2d at 504; Yanni v. Variety, Inc., 48 2 A.D.2d 803, 369 N.Y.S.2d 448 (1st Dep't 1975) (finding no 3 jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant who placed an 4 allegedly defamatory advertisement in a California newspaper); 5 Strelsin, 36 A.D.2d 923, 320 N.Y.S.2d 885. 6 C. 7 Website Donations The final factual basis asserted by BVL for 8 jurisdiction over Walker here is the portion of the Website 9 through which Walker accepts donations. This feature is the most 10 "interactive" on the Website, which may place it at the "clearly 11 do[ing] business" end of the Zippo spectrum. 12 2d at 1124. 13 framework, it might constitute doing business in New York. 14 here, even if that were enough to render it "transact[ing] any 15 business within the state" under section 302(a)(1), BVL's claim 16 does not "arise from" the Website's acceptance of donations for 17 the purposes of section 302(a)(1). 18 nexus, or a substantial relationship," Henderson, 157 F.3d at 123 19 (internal quotation marks omitted), between the donations and the 20 allegedly defamatory conduct. 21 *6, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11529, at *16-17; Bassili v. Chu, 242 22 F. Supp. 2d 223, 229 (W.D.N.Y. 2002). 23 Zippo, 952 F. Supp. And particularly if one were to use the Zippo But There is no "articulable See Realuyo, 2003 WL 21537754, at BVL asserts that the Website's "primary function and 24 business is to publish negative information about companies, 25 including a 20 percent New York base, and the Website's visitors 26 make donations solely because of the overwhelming negative 33 1 comments and content on the website." Appellant's Br. in 2 Response to Br. by Amicus Curiae at 22-23 (emphasis omitted). 3 But this nexus - between allegedly tortious conduct and the 4 revenue transactions required to support such conduct - is so 5 attenuated, the relationship between the quest for funds and the 6 lawsuit for which jurisdiction is sought so insubstantial, that 7 the nexus or relationship cannot alone be a sufficient basis upon 8 which to establish jurisdiction over the defendant for purposes 9 of this case. See Realuyo, 2003 WL 21537754, at *7, 2003 U.S. 10 Dist. LEXIS 11529, at *21 (noting that although the defendant's 11 website's advertising links may have been "interactive," the 12 defamation claim did not arise from such links); Hy Cite Corp. v. 13 Badbusinessbureau.com, L.L.C., 297 F. Supp. 2d 1154, 1165 (W.D. 14 Wis. 2004) (explaining that a sale on the website had 15 insufficient nexus to defamation and trademark infringement 16 claims when "[t]he only relationship between the sale and the 17 lawsuit is that the sale occurred through the website"). 18 donation section of the Website, unrelated to the publication 19 that underlies this lawsuit, therefore does not provide the 20 district court with jurisdiction under section 302(a)(1). The 21 IV. Due Process Analysis 22 As we have noted, New York law has relied significantly 23 on due process cases in developing its jurisprudence under its 24 long-arm statute. 25 do so only as a means of understanding New York State long-arm 26 jurisdiction. We have therefore discussed them here. But we Nothing in this opinion is intended, or should be 34 1 read, to indicate our view as to whether jurisdiction in this 2 case would have passed Fourteenth Amendment muster. 3 should anything we have said be interpreted to indicate our 4 position with respect to due process principles recently 5 developed in the internet context by other circuits in decisions 6 such as Revell v. Lidov, 317 F.3d 467 (5th Cir. 2002), and Young 7 v. New Haven Advocate, 315 F.3d 256 (4th Cir. 2002). Neither 8 V. Jurisdictional Discovery 9 BVL argues that it is entitled to jurisdictional 10 discovery on the issue of personal jurisdiction. We review for 11 abuse of discretion the district court's decision not to permit 12 jurisdictional discovery because BVL failed to establish a prima 13 facie case of personal jurisdiction. 14 N.A. v. Rafidain Bank, 150 F.3d 172, 175 (2d Cir. 1998). 15 conclude that the district court acted well within its discretion 16 in declining to permit discovery because the plaintiff had not 17 made out a prima facie case for jurisdiction. 18 Nissan Motor Co., 148 F.3d 181, 186 (2d Cir. 1998) (finding that 19 the district court did not err in denying jurisdictional 20 discovery where the plaintiffs did not establish a prima facie 21 case that the district court had jurisdiction over the 22 defendant); Lehigh Valley Indus. v. Birenbaum, 527 F.2d 87, 93-94 23 (2d Cir. 1975) (similar). 24 court's decision declining to order jurisdictional discovery. First City, Texas-Houston, We See Jazini v. We therefore affirm the district 35 CONCLUSION 1 2 3 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 36

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