Joe Ivory Johnson, Petitioner-appellant, v. United States of America, Respondent-appellee, 246 F.3d 655 (6th Cir. 2001)

OPINION

Petitioner Joe Ivory Johnson appeals the judgment denying his motion under 28 U.S.C. §2255 (" § 2255") for habeas relief. The district court dismissed the motion as untimely because it was filed more than one year after Johnson's direct appeal had become final. We AFFIRM.

Petitioner was convicted by a jury of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute and was sentenced to 204 months of imprisonment. Petitioner appealed his conviction and sentence to this Court. We affirmed on February 17, 1994. See United States v. Johnson, No. 93-5615, 1994 WL 49592 (6th Cir. February 17, 1994) (unpublished per curiam). The Supreme Court denied certiorari on October 17, 1994. See Johnson v. United States, 513 U.S. 949 (1994).

On November 14, 1995, Petitioner filed a timely motion under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 ("Rule 33") for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence of false testimony¹ . Petitioner submitted an affidavit of David Johnson, his brother, stating that the Government'switness, Gary Bowers, had lied at trial. Petitioner also presented facts introduced at David Johnson's sentencing further indicating that Bowers had lied at trial. See United States v. Johnson, No. 96-5566, 1997 WL 63151, at *1 (6th Cir. February 12, 1997) (unpublished per curiam). The district court denied his Rule 33 motion. On February 12, 1997, this court affirmed the denial. We concluded that the evidence was not "newly discovered" within the meaning of Rule 33, and that in any event, the evidence would not likely have produced an acquittal. See id. at *2.

On September 10, 1997, Petitioner moved under § 2255 to vacate his conviction and sentence. On January 14, 1998, the district court dismissed his § 2255 petition as untimely because he did not file it within one year after the end of his direct appeal in this Court. Petitioner moved for reconsideration on January 28, 1998, which was denied on April 3, 1998. He appealed on April 17, 1998. This Court granted a certificate of appealability on July 14, 1999, limited to one issue: "whether a timely motion seeking a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 serves to render a judgment of conviction as not final for purposes of the running of the one-year statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2255."

The principal question in this case is the effect of Petitioner's Rule 33 motion on the limitation period contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2255, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241-2266. After the AEDPA's enactment, § 2255 provides a one-year limitation period that runs from the latest of four events, one of which is the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes "final."²  Petitioner claims that his Rule 33 motion prevented his conviction from becoming "final" for § 2255 purposes until February 12, 1997, when this Court affirmed the denial of the motion. Stated differently, Petitioner argues that § 2255 entitles him to file a petition within one-year of final judgment, which means completion of direct review, and that direct review cannot be complete until post-trial remedies such as Rule 33 motions based on new evidence are resolved through the appellate level.

Although the AEDPA does not expressly define when a conviction becomes "final," we presume Congress to have been aware that, for purposes of a collateral attack, a conviction becomes final at the conclusion of direct review. See United States v. Torres, 211 F.3d 836, 839 (4th Cir. 2000). As a general rule, direct review for a federal prisoner who files a petition for certiorari with the Supreme Court concludes when the Court either denies the petition or decides the case on the merits. See id³ . Therefore, absent the Rule 33 motion, it would be undisputedthat Petitioner's judgment of conviction became final when the Supreme Court denied certiorari on October 17, 1994 - well before April 24, 1996, the effective date of the AEDPA. In cases where the conviction became final prior to AEDPA's effective date, we have granted a one-year grace period from the AEDPA's effective date for defendants to seek § 2255 relief. See Hyatt v. United States, 207 F.3d 831, 833 (6th Cir. 2000). Thus, Petitioner would have had until April 24, 1997, to file his §2255 motion. Because he did not file the motion until September 10, 1997, it would be barred. However, if Petitioner's Rule 33 motion prevented his judgment of conviction from becoming final until February 12, 1997, the date this Court affirmed Petitioner's denial, then Petitioner's motion would be timely.

To determine whether Petitioner's Rule 33 motion affects the "finality" of his conviction, we must consider whether such a motion is part of direct review, or is instead a collateral challenge. Mindful that Petitioner's motion was based on new evidence and was filed after the expiration of the ten-day period for seeking appellate review provided in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b), we think that compelling reasons justify treating Petitioner's Rule 33 motion as a collateral challenge⁴ .

A delayed Rule 33 motion is usually not part of "any critical process leading from trial to direct appeal." See United States v. Williams, No. 97-6517, 1998 WL 786200, at *2 (4th Cir. Nov. 12, 1998) (unpublished) (concluding that a Rule 33 motion based on new evidence is akin to a collateral proceeding, and thus a defendant has no right to appointed counsel to file such a motion). As stated in Williams, delayed Rule 33 motions are not necessary "to preserve or sharpen issues for appeal." See id. "Nor [are they] made for the purpose of giving the trial judge an opportunity to correct errors in order to avoid a direct appeal." See id. Along these same lines, we have held that because of their timing and nature, delayed Rule 33 motions share identical "'finality implications and practical considerations'" with collateral attacks. United States v. Seago, 930 F.2d 482, 489 (6th Cir. 1991) (quoting United States v. Ellison, 557 F.2d 128, 133-34 & n.3 (7th Cir. 1977))⁵ .

We find additional support in the notice of appeal requirement contained in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b) for our conclusion that a delayed Rule 33 motion is a collateral challenge separate from the direct appeal. Under that rule, if a Rule 33 motion that is not based on newly discovered evidence is filed within the seven-day period, then the "notice of appeal from a judgment of conviction must be filedwithin 10 days after the entry of the order disposing of the [Rule 33] motion, or within 10 days after the entry of the judgment of conviction, whichever period ends later." Fed. R. App. P. 4(b) (3) (A). In other words, the ten-day period for filing a notice of appeal is tolled while a Rule 33 motion not based on new evidence is pending, and begins to run anew after the order disposing of the motion. Similarly, the period for filing a notice of appeal is tolled while a Rule 33 motion based on new evidence is pending, so long as that motion is filed within ten days after the entry of the judgment of conviction. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b) (3) (A) (ii). However, if a Rule 33 motion based on new evidence is filed later than ten days after the entry of the judgment, a defendant wishing to appeal the denial of the Rule 33 motion must file a second notice of appeal, even if the first appeal of right is still pending. See United States v. Spillan, No. 91-3539, 1992 WL 92672, at *6 (6th Cir. April 23, 1992) (unpublished) (holding that despite potential for consolidation, independent notice of appeal is necessary to confer jurisdiction on court of appeals). Thus, just as we do today, the Rules of Appellate Procedure draw a distinction between timely Rule 33 motions filed within ten days after the entry of the judgment of conviction and those that are filed more than ten days after the entry of the judgment of conviction.

Our holding that delayed Rule 33 motions do not affect the finality of a judgment for purposes of the AEDPA also furthers the AEDPA's strong preference for swift and final adjudication of § 2255 motions, as expressed through its strict limitation period and constraints on successive petitions. Petitioner's reading of Rule 33 would severely undercut Congress' intent in enacting the AEDPA by greatly extending the time in which a petitioner may properly bring a § 2255 challenge. Petitioner's argument, in essence, is that the AEDPA one-year limitation period cannot begin to run until all delayed Rule 33 motions are resolved and the time period for bringing a delayed Rule 33 motion has expired. Thus, the rule Petitioner advocates, as applied to his case, would mean that the AEDPA limitation period would not expire until, at the earliest, three years after his conviction became final. The potential for abuse of such a rule is evident: every defendant seeking to file an untimely § 2255 motion could do an end-run around the AEDPA limitation period by filing a timely, but ultimately meritless, Rule 33 motion.

Therefore, we hold that a Rule 33 motion based on new evidence and filed after the ten-day period provided in Fed. R. App. P. 4(b) (3) must be treated as a collateral challenge for purposes of § 2255's limitation period⁶ . See Williams, 1998 WL786200, at *2; see also Seago, 930 F.2d at 489. Because a collateral challenge is a separate proceeding that does not interfere with the finality of the judgment that is attacked, a delayed Rule 33 motion has no per se impact on the AEDPA limitation period.⁷  We recognize that because related, if not identical, claims may be pursued under both Rule 33 and §2255, these two provisions overlap to some extent. Because of this overlap, their different limitation periods create tension. Nevertheless, nothing prevents a petitioner, upon discovering new evidence, from filing motions under both Rule 33 and § 2255. The district court may then consolidate the motions, or stay the timely filed § 2255 motion pending the outcome of the Rule 33 motion.⁸  See United States v. Prescott, 221 F.3d at 689; O'Connor v. United States, 133 F.3d at 550-51. We think that this rule strikes the appropriate balance between the competing concerns of Rule 33 and the AEDPA.

Petitioner also argues that his § 2255 motion was timely because it was brought within one year of the discovery of new evidence of ineffective assistance of counsel.This argument was not listed in the certificate of appealability, and we therefore cannot consider it. See 28 U.S.C. §2253(c) (1) (B); In re Certificates of Appealability, 106 F.3d 1306, 1308 (6th Cir. 1997) ("In the briefing letter to the parties, the clerk shall state that the court of appeals will not entertain any issue that lacks district court or court of appeals certification"). In any event, the "new evidence" Petitioner alleged in connection with his ineffective assistance of counsel argument was identical to the "new evidence" he asserted as part of his Rule 33 motion in 1995. He thus did not bring his § 2255 motion within one year of the discovery of the alleged new evidence.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.