Michael J. Jacobs, Plaintiff-appellant, v. the United States and Commandant, U. S. Coast Guard, Admiraljohn B. Hayes, Uscg and His Successors,defendants-appellees, 680 F.2d 88 (9th Cir. 1982)

Michael Jacobs, an officer in the United States Coast Guard, contends that the four years he spent as a cadet at the Coast Guard Academy should be counted in satisfying the 20 years of active service required for voluntary retirement under 14 U.S.C. § 291. After exhausting his administrative remedies,¹  Jacobs sought a declaratory judgment that he had completed 22 years of active service-four years as a Coast Guard Academy cadet and 18 years as a commissioned officer-and was therefore entitled to retire. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court held for the Government. We affirm.

The controlling question in this case is whether cadet time may be credited in computing length of service for retirement eligibility under 14 U.S.C. § 291.²  The critical statute is 10 U.S.C. § 971(b).³  Section 971(b) prohibits any officer of the Navy, Marine Corps, Army, or Air Force from counting "for any purpose" time spent as a cadet or midshipman (pre-commission status) in any of the service schools, including the Coast Guard Academy. Relying on the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, Jacobs argues that because § 971(b) applies, on its face, to every branch of the armed services except the Coast Guard, Congress necessarily intended to allow Coast Guard officers to credit time spent as cadets at the Coast Guard Academy toward retirement eligibility.

The Government returns Jacobs' fire with its own canons of statutory construction. The Government's principal contention is that military benefit provisions should be construed to apply equally to all five branches of the military service unless Congress expressly indicates otherwise. The Government points out that Jacobs' position would be unfair both to officers in other services who attended a service school and to the many Coast Guard officers who did not attend a service school.

Because we find neither party's statutory construction arguments entirely persuasive, we turn to § 971(b)'s legislative history for guidance. See Cass v. United States, 417 U.S. 72, 78-79, 94 S. Ct. 2167, 2171, 40 L. Ed. 2d 668 (1974) (legislative history used to interpret language of military benefit statute which appeared clear on "superficial examination"). Officers of the Army and Navy have been expressly prohibited since 1913 from counting cadet or midshipman time in computing length of service. See Act of August 24, 1912, Pub. L. No.338, ch. 391, 37 Stat. 594; Act of March 4, 1913, Pub. L. No.433, ch. 148, 37 Stat. 891. Congress found that the previous rule of counting cadet time "discriminat(ed) against the civilian appointee who pays for his own preliminary education and in favor of the graduate of the Military Academy who is educated for his commission at the expense of the Government." H.R.Rep.No.270, at 66, 62nd Cong.2d Sess. (1912) (discussed in United States v. Noce, 268 U.S. 613, 618, 45 S. Ct. 610, 611, 69 L. Ed. 1116 (1925)). The House Report notes that "this preposterous practice ... of counting the period of cadet service in computing length of service ... is as indefensible as it is illogical and unfair...." Report at 65-66. Because the determination of creditable service for Coast Guard officers was expressly linked to that of Army officers from 1912 to 1920, Act of August 24, 1912, Pub. L. No.338, ch. 391, 37 Stat. 594, and similarly tied to that of Navy officers from 1920 to 1966, Act of May 18, 1920, Pub. L. No.210, 41 Stat. 601, 603 (1920), Coast Guard officers have traditionally been precluded from applying cadet time toward retirement.⁴  In 1966, the specific statutory link between Navy and Coast Guard officers was repealed without explanation as part of an overall revision of Title 10. Act of Nov. 2, 1966, Pub. L. No.89-718, § 73, 80 Stat. 1115, 1124 (1967).

Jacobs' contention that Congress manifested its intention to change the longstanding practice of prohibiting Coast Guard officers from counting academy time by repealing 14 U.S.C. § 461(a), the "linkage" provision, is refuted by the legislative history accompanying the 1968 Act⁵  which, inter alia, added subsection (b) to § 971. As noted in footnote 3, supra, and accompanying text, subsection (b) is the key provision regarding use of service school time in computing length of service. In its analysis of the first section of the Act, the Senate Armed Services Committee reported that:

The new section is also made applicable to the Coast Guard upon the recommendation of the General Counsel of the Treasury that "general military law applicable to the Armed Forces should also be applicable to the Coast Guard." Consequently, other sections of the bill generally applicable to the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps (such as section six containing the addition of subsection (b) to 10 U.S.C. § 971), have also been made applicable without further specific comment ... to the Coast Guard.

S.Rep.No. 931, at 3, reprinted in (1967) U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 2635 at 2637.

Although neither the district court nor the parties cited this legislative history, we believe that it removes any vestige of doubt about the correctness of the Government's position. In light of the legislative history accompanying § 971(b) and its predecessor provisions, and the fact that the Government's position promotes equality of treatment among the officers of all five branches of military service and is consistent with 70 years of uniform administrative practice, we hold that § 971(b) applies to Coast Guard officers to the same extent as it does to officers of the other service branches.

Our decision obviates the need to determine whether academy time may be counted in computing retirement pay under 14 U.S.C. § 423. Jacobs concedes that the retirement pay issue is controlled by the same considerations as the length-of-service issue under § 971(b).

The district court's decision is AFFIRMED.