Murray v. Town of Dewey Beach, et al.

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IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE ANTHONY MURRAY, CHARLES H. MCKINNEY, DAVID KAMINSKY, ELIZABETH CADELL, as individuals and owners of property in the Town of Dewey Beach, Delaware, Plaintiffs, C.A. No. 6785-VCN v. TOWN OF DEWEY BEACH, a municipal corporation of the State of Delaware, TOWN COUNCIL OF DEWEY BEACH, consisting of, MAYOR DIANE HANSON, JAMES LAIRD, JAMES PRZYGOCKI, MARTY SEITZ, and RICHARD N. SOLLOWAY, in their official capacity; DIANA K. SMITH, Town Manager, in her official capacity, WILLIAM D. MEARS, Town Building Official, in his official capacity, DEWEY BEACH ENTERPRISES, INC., a Delaware Corporation; and RUDDERTOWNE REDEVELOPMENT, INC., a Delaware Corporation, Defendants. MEMORANDUM OPINION Date Submitted: June 18, 2012 Date Decided: July 31, 2012 Michael W. McDermott, Esquire and David B. Anthony, Esquire of Berger Harris, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Plaintiffs. Megan T. Mantzavinos, Esquire and Ann M. Kashishian, Esquire of Marks, Defendants Town of Dewey Beach, Town Council of Dewey Beach, Diane Hanson, Mayor, James Laird, James Przygocki, Marty Seitz, and Richard N. Solloway, Commissioners, Diana K. Smith, Town Manager, and William D. Mears, Town Building Official. William T. Quillen, Esquire, Shawn P. Tucker, Esquire, and Karen V. Sullivan, Esquire of Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants Dewey Beach Enterprises, Inc. and Ruddertowne Redevelopment, Inc. NOBLE, Vice Chancellor I. INTRODUCTION This Court dismissed the land use claims brought by the Plaintiffs based upon its conclusion that 10 Del. C. § 8126 applied to the actions they challenged and had extinguished their claims.1 The Plaintiffs now move pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 59(f), seeking reargument of a portion of the Opinion and the related order. For the reasons set forth below, the Plaintiffs motion for reargument is denied. II. BACKGROUND This action arose from the attempts of the Town to settle litigation brought against it by DBE. DBE sought to redevelop Ruddertowne as a mixed-use property that would include commercial space, hotel units, and condominium units. The Town initially opposed these plans. In response to actions taken by the Town allegedly to prevent DBE from implementing its redevelopment plan, DBE filed the DBE Litigation. In an effort to settle the DBE Litigation, the Town and DBE entered into the MAR. The MAR provided that, if the Town permitted DBE to redevelop Ruddertowne in accordance with the Redevelopment Plan, DBE would, among other things, release the Town from the claims underlying the DBE Litigation. 1 Murray v. Town of Dewey Beach, 2012 Del. Ch. LEXIS 129 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2012) (the . The background for this litigation is set forth in greater detail there, and, for convenience, its terminology is adopted here. 1 The MAR also outlined the process by which the Town Council was to consider the Redevelopment Plan. In accordance with this process, the Town Council held the Special Town Meeting on February 26, 2011. At the Special Town Meeting, the Town Council approved the Resolution through which the Town Council purported to amend and approve the MAR, to approve the Record Plat Plan, and to approve the Building Permit application. On March 1, 2011, the Town published the Resolution Notice. The June Town Meeting was held on June 17, 2011. At this meeting, the Town Council gave final approval to the amenities DBE was to provide as part of the Redevelopment Plan and confirmed that the final construction plans satisfied the conditions of the Record Plat Plan; a notice describing these actions was published on June 23, 2011. On July 15, 2011, the Building Inspector issued the Building Permit to DBE. This action was filed on August 15, 2011. The Complaint sought declaratory and permanent injunctive relief to prevent the redevelopment of Ruddertowne from moving forward. Among other things, the Plaintiffs asked the Court to enjoin implementation of the MAR and issuance of any building permit based upon the MAR, to declare the Building Permit invalid, and to declare the recordation of the MAR and the Record Plat Plan invalid. The Redevelopment Plan set forth in the MAR violated the Zoning Code, particularly its height and use 2 restrictions; and (2) that the Town Council could only approve the Redevelopment Plan either by passing an ordinance related to that plan or after first passing a more general ordinance to change the Zoning Code. As explained in the Opinion, the Plaintiffs contended that the challenged actions had the effect of rezoning Ruddertowne. 2 The process utilized by the Town Council was improper, the Plaintiffs argued, because, instead of enacting an ordinance, it approved the Challenged Documents through the Resolution after engaging in the process set forth in the MAR. DBE and the Town Defendants moved for dismissal, arguing that the Court did not have jurisdictio either the claims had been extinguished by the Statute of Repose or the Plaintiffs possessed an adequate remedy at law that they failed to pursue.3 In the Opinion, the Court concluded that the Statute of Repose applied to Challenged Documents and that the 60-day period for filing an action prescribed by § 8126 began to run upon publication of the Resolution Notice.4 Because the Plaintiffs 2 Id. at *39. DBE and the Town Defendants also questioned whether the Plaintiffs had standing to bring their claims. 3 4 concluded that these actions constituted an amendment to the Zoning Code within the scope of § 8126(a), assuming these actions had the legal effects ascribed to them by the Plaintiffs. Building Permit, the Court ruled that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over that claim because the Plaintiffs possessed an adequate remedy at law. This conclusion has not been challenged by way of reargument. 3 filed their action more than 60 days after the publication of the Resolution Notice, the Court determined related to the Challenged Documents had been extinguished by the Statute of Repose; therefore, the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the claims. Accordingly, the action was dismissed. III. CONTENTIONS The Plaintiffs make two primary arguments in support of their motion for reargument. First, they contend that the Complaint included a constitutional challenge to the MAR and that § 8126(a) may not be applied to constitutional challenges to zoning ordinances. Second, they argue that the Resolution Notice did not satisfy the notice requirement of § 8126(a) because the Resolution Notice of the Zoning Code. According to the Plaintiffs, or one of the other specific words used in § 8126(a) (ordinance, code, regulation, or map) must be used in a notice for it to meet the notice requirement of § 8126(a). Furthermore, the Plaintiffs argue, the Resolution Notice was inadequate because the Town and DBE publicly declared that approval of the MAR did not require the approval of an ordinance because it was not an amendment to the Zoning Code. In sum, the Plaintiffs contend that the Court overlooked relevant precedents that stand for the proposition that § 8126(a) may not be applied to a constitutional challenge, and the Court overlooked relevant 4 statutory law and facts that establish that the Resolution Notice did not satisfy the notice requirement of § 8126(a). According to DBE,5 contends that the Plaintiffs did not even allege a constitutional claim in the Complaint. Second, DBE argues, even if the Court were to accept that a constitutional claim was presented, the Plaintiffs never previously argued that constitutional claims may not be barred by § 8126(a). According to DBE, the lution Notice was insufficient is, likewise, unavailing. DBE claims that this argument, too, is now being raised for the first time. Furthermore, DBE asserts that the Plaintiffs themselves argued that the MAR constituted an improper amendment to the Zoning Code, and the Court, at least in part, based its ruling on this contention. Moreover, according to DBE, one Repose. re irrelevant R amended the Zoning Code. Finally, DBE 5 The Town Defendants join DBE in this argument. See The Town Defendants also argue that the Plaintiffs are merely reprising the same arguments that the Court previously rejected and that the Plaintiffs lack standing to bring the claims they assert. 5 argues that, even if the Resolution Notice is found to be insufficient under § 8126(a), the Plaintiffs do not challenge its sufficiency under § 8126(b).6 IV. ANALYSIS A. Legal Standard In order to prevail on a motion for reargument, the moving party must show have controlling effect or the Court has misapprehended the law or the facts so that the 7 A motion for reargument will be denied where the movant merely rehashes arguments the Court has already rejected or where the motion is based upon new arguments not previously raised.8 6 Section 8126(b) is the portion of the Statute of Repose that applies to the approval or denial of final or record plans. In the Opinion, the Court concluded that § 8126(b) applied to the Town See Murray, 2012 Del. Ch. LEXIS 129, at *43-48. In their motion for reargument, the Plaintiffs only question the application of the Statute of Repose to the approval of the MAR. In the Opinion, the Court concluded that § 8126(a) applied to the approval of the MAR. See id. at *38reargument focuses solely on the applicability of § 8126(a) to the approval of the MAR, it is unsurprising that they do not challenge the sufficiency of the Resolution Notice under § 8126(b). 7 Miles, Inc. v. Cookson Am., Inc., 677 A.2d 505, 506 (Del. Ch. 1995). 8 MetCap Secs. LLC v. Pearl Senior Care, Inc., 2007 WL 1954442, at *1 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2007); Miles, 677 A.2d at 506; Nieves v. All Star Title, Inc., 2010 WL 4227057, at *3 (Del. Super. Oct. 22, 2010), , 21 A.3d 597 (Del. 2011) (TABLE). See also Gelof v. Prickett, Jones & Elliot, P.A., 2010 WL 1057500, at *1 (Del. Ch. Mar. 16, 2010) (arguments not fairly raised before a motion for reargument are barred); Oliver v. Boston Univ., 2006 WL 3742598, at *1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 8, 2006) (same); Lane v. Cancer Treatment Centers of Amer., Inc., 2000 WL 364208, at *2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 16, 2000) (same); 10B CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2810.1 (3d ed. 2012) (same, regarding motions to alter or amend a judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e)). 6 B. The Plaintiffs contend that the Complaint presented a constitutional challenge to the MAR, and, citing Town of South Bethany v. Nagy,9 Buckson v. Town of Camden,10 and Acierno v. New Castle County,11 the Plaintiffs argue that § 8126(a) may not be applied to constitutional challenges to zoning ordinances. South Bethany and Acierno cases [were] 12 specificall In response, DBE argues that the Complaint did not allege a constitutional claim and that, even if it did, the Plaintiffs never previously argued that constitutional claims may not be extinguished by § 8126(a). Although the Court does not need to resolve the issue of whether the Complaint presented a constitutional claim, it notes that, at most, a constitutional claim is just barely asserted. 13 First, it is not entirely clear what type of constitutional claim it is that the Plaintiffs are contending they alleged in the es a 9 2006 WL 4759866 (Del. Ch. May 12, 2006). 2001 WL 1671443 (Del. Ch. Dec. 4, 2001). 11 2000 WL 718346 (D. Del. May 23, 2000). 10 12 13 In support of their Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Town Defendants, joined by DBE, argued that the Plaintiffs failed to allege adequately a procedural due process erified Compl. 14-21. The Court need not, and does not, now decide whether the Plaintiffs have adequately pled a constitutional claim. 7 violation of the United States Constitution or the Delaware Constitution or what constitutional provisions were allegedly violated. In their Answering Brief,14 the Plaintiffs seemingly argued that the Complaint alleges a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.15 Although, in their motion for reargument, the Plaintiffs cite portions of the Opinion and the Complaint that, perhaps, could be seen as relating to a constitutional due process claim, they explain that their constitutional claim is based on allegations 16 This statement is most easily understood as an allegation that the MAR police powers.17 unconstitutionally exceeded There are scant factual allegations in the Complaint that support either of these theories. 18 Regarding their 14 Enters. Mots. to Dismiss & Strike Pls comes closest to articulating the basis of a possible constitutional claim motion for reargument. 15 Id. at 34-36. was not cited in their 16 17 See Buckson, 2001 WL 1671443, at *5. 18 rst Amended Verified Complaint as support for their argument that they adequately alleged a constitutional claim. Ultimately, whether the Plaintiffs adequately alleged a constitutional claim depends upon the contents of their Complaint. With regard to th contend that they have adequately Murray, 2012 Del. Ch. alleged LEXIS 129, at *30 (emphasis added). 8 police powers allegations in the Complaint that concern, primarily, the To -compliance with its own municipal code and charter.19 It is unclear how such allegations relate to a challenge that the Town unconstitutionally exceeded its police powers in approving the MAR, a claim that would require the Plaintiffs to prove that the terms of the MAR were 20 The Plaintiffs do not appear to dispute that the Town Council had the power to amend the Zoning Code to increase the permissible height of buildings and expand the list of permissible uses to include use as a hotel.21 Instead, the substance of the Complaint focuses on the manner in which the MAR was approved and the fact that its provisions, allegedly, were inconsistent with the Zoning Code. The Complaint does include references to the Town Council employed an improper process to approve the MAR. Again, though, these allegations are focused 19 -compliance with its own municipal code and Compl. ¶¶ 15, 57, 70, 78, 91, 93. See also 20 Town of S. Bethany v. Nagy, 2006 WL 4759866, at *8 (Del. Ch. May 12, 2006) (quoting Mayor & Council of New Castle v. Rollins Outdoor Adver., Inc., 475 A.2d 355, 360 (Del. 1984)). 21 See 22 Del. C. § 301. 9 charter. 22 The Plaintiffs do not allege that they were denied notice and an 23 The Court does not need to resolve the question of whether the Plaintiffs adequately pled a constitutional claim and, to be clear, this Memorandum Opinion does not resolve this question because, before filing their motion for reargument, they never argued that the Statute of Repose may not be applied to constitutional challenges to zoning ordinances. 24 Since this argument was not In fact, in their motion for reargument, the Plaintiffs never contend that this argument was previously raised. Instead, they cite three cases Town of South Bethany, Acierno, and Buckson that they claim stand for the proposition that that the Statute of Repose may not be applied to constitutional challenges to land use actions, and, in 22 In fact, the most fulsome description of any procedural due process claim that can be found in ts the Therefore, the Plaintiffs contend that, by approving the MAR with a resolution, the Town Council denied them their charter-conferred right to seek a referendum. 23 an alleged deprivation of a protected property interest without notice and a meaningful Citizens Coalition, Inc. v. Cty. Council of Sussex Cty., 1999 WL 669307, at *5-6 (Del. Ch. July 22, 1999)). At best, the Complaint might be construed as alleging that the hearing available to the Plaintiffs was, in some manner, inadequate. See Compl. ¶¶ 55-57. 24 This argume 10 a footnot South Bethany and Acierno cases [were] 25 First, even if this argument was raised at oral argument (and it was not), it would not have been raised timely because it was not presente Complaint or Answering Brief. 26 Second, the purported citation of the South Bethany and Acierno27 cases by counsel at oral argument28 comes nowhere close to a fair presentation of the argument the Plaintiffs currently assert. The names of these cases were mentioned not cited by counsel for DBE as part of a quotation from a third case, Sterling Property Holdings, Inc. v. New Castle County. 29 25 26 ants waited until contention at oral argument. Id. at ¶ 3 n.5. The Plaintiffs because it was, in part, based on the Comprehensive Plan, and it included the ratification of the working group recommendation contemplated by the Comprehensive Plan. See Defs. Dewey Dismiss First Am. Verified Compl. 5-7. But, as noted in the Opinion, the Court was not persua argument in their Opening Brief in Support of Their Motion to Dismiss First Amended Verified shed by the Statute of Repose; thus, at the time they drafted their Answering Brief, the Plaintiffs were on notice to raise any legitimate arguments in opposition to application of the Statute of Repose. 27 The South Bethany and Acierno cases the Plaintiffs cite in support of this argument Town of S. Bethany v. Nagy, 2006 WL 4759866 (Del. Ch. May 12, 2006) and Acierno v. New Castle Cty., 2000 WL 718346 (D. Del. May 23, 2000) are not the same South Bethany and Acierno cases that the Court cited in the Opinion Council of S. Bethany v. Sandpiper Dev. Corp., Inc., 1986 WL 13707 (Del. Ch. Dec. 8, 1986) and Acierno v. New Castle Cty., 2006 WL 1668370 (Del. Ch. June 8, 2006). 28 Tr. 74. 29 2004 WL 1087366 (Del. Ch. May 6, 2004). Counsel for DBE did not specifically cite the South Bethany and Acierno cases. Instead, those case names were mentioned in the following 11 Furthermore, these cases were mentioned as part of argument that the Statute of Repose applies to any action that has a goal of voiding a record plan. They were not mentioned with respect to an argument that § 8126 may not be applied to a constitutional claim, and, in fact, no such argument was made at oral argument.30 In sum, the Plaintiffs raised the argument that the Statute of Repose may not be applied to constitutional claims for the first time in conjunction with their motion for reargument, and, therefore, it is barred. C. The Plaintiffs also contend that the Resolution Notice did not satisfy the notice requirement of § 8126(a), and, accordingly, the the MAR is not entitled to the protection afforded by the Statute of Repose. Basically, the Plaintiffs argue that the Resolution Notice was insufficient under § 8126(a) because it did not specifically state that approval of the MAR would esolution Notice] quotation from Sterling to the teaching of South Bethany and Acierno, and conclude that the Statute of Repose includes within its scope actions which challenge ordinances and regulations that void (or will cause the Sterling, 2004 WL 1087366, at *5). 30 s at oral argument could be interpreted as alleging a constitutional claim. See Tr. 46, 54power is a constitutional police power that is given that has authorized these municipalities and counties to exercise that police power through the legislative process and administer that. Under -55. But, such arguments stop short of positing that, because a constitutional violation was alleged, the Statute of Repose could not be applied to that claim. 12 actually provide the public with any notice that a Section 8126(a)-qualifying 31 The Plaintiffs also claim that the Court failed to take into account certain public comments made by the Town and DBE before the approval of the MAR when determining if the Resolution Notice was sufficient. The Plaintiffs characterize these comments as denials that the MAR would amend the Zoning Code or that it required the enactment of an ordinance. According to t did not (and was never intended to) implicate the repose period of Section 32 These arguments fail because they, too, are now being raised for the first time. To begin, the Opinio Plaintiffs contend.33 In the Opinion, the Court stated that, before it could conclude 34 One of these requirements, of course, is that proper notice was published. It is true that the Court did not specifically insufficient notice argument. The Court did not address this argument in the Opinion because the 31 32 Id. at ¶ 16. 33 34 Murray, 2012 Del. Ch. LEXIS 129, at *37. 13 Plaintiffs never raised it until they filed their motion for reargument; the insufficient notice argument fails, now, due to this simple fact. Instead, in extinguished their claims, the Plaintiffs argued: (1) that the Statute of Repose did not apply to the approvals, by resolution, of the Challenged Documents; and (2) that, even if § 8126 did apply to these actions s therefore, the Complaint was filed within the 60-day period provided for in the Statute of Repose. These arguments were addressed in the Opinion. Indeed, there appeared to be little room to dispute the sufficiency of the Resolution Notice, if it was determined that § 8126(a) applied to the approvals of the MAR and the Building Permit 35 Once this question was answered in the affirmative, the Court was satisfied that the Resolution Notice which specifically noted the approvals of the Challenged Documents and their authorization of the features of the Redevelopment Plan that the Plaintiffs contended resulted in an amendment to the Zoning Code36 was sufficient to meet the notice requirement of § 8126(a). This conclusion could have been more clearly stated in the Opinion, 35 36 Id. at *38. See DBE Opening Br., Ex. 24 (Resolution Notice). 14 determination that the Statute of Repose applied to the approvals of the Challenged Documents, and the fact that the sufficiency of the Resolution Notice was not challenged, it seemed self-evident. and the Town do not salvage their argument that the Resolution Notice was insufficient. argument that the Resolution Notice was insufficient was not raised timely, and neither was this supporting (or related) argument that the public comments of DBE and the Town somehow prove that otice did not (and was never intended to) 37 The public comments that the Plaintiffs refer to come from answers to three sets of frequently asked questions about the MAR and the Redevelopment Plan that were posted on the 38 Specifically, the Plaintiffs reference answers from the third set of FAQs, dated February 7, 2011. 39 The answers at issue stated that the Redevelopment Plan did not need to be referred to the Planning and Zoning Commission because it was not being approved by an ordinance and that one reason why the MAR did not constitute contract zoning was because 37 38 Letter from Michael W. McDermott, Esq. to the Court, dated February 14, 2012 (Exhibits 1-3). 39 15 40 While the Plaintiffs did reference the second set of FAQs, dated January 31, 2011, the Challenged Documents did not occur until the June Town Meeting, 41 they never previously argued that the public comments of DBE and the Town somehow generally precluded application of the Statute of Repose; 42 therefore, since this argument43 44 40 Letter from Michael W. McDermott, Esq. to the Court, dated February 14, 2012 (Exhibit 3). The FAQs were also mentioned, in a manner unrelated to this new argument, in the Complaint. See Compl. ¶ 72. 41 42 did state that the answers in the FAQs were, generally, misleading. Tr. 64-65. But, such a statement is a far cry from a coherent argument that, because the Town and DBE made misleading public comments before the approval of the Challenged Documents, the Resolution Notice is insufficient to meet the notice requirement of § 8126(a) or that the Defendants are, somehow, estopped from invoking the protection of § 8126(a). 43 entered into the record by way of the t, dated February 14, 2012. These facts, however, were not used to make an argument regarding the sufficiency of the Plaintiffs did not raise any argument regarding the sufficiency of the Resolution Notice until their motion for reargument. 44 Furthermore, the Plaintiffs do not cite any authority in support of this, somewhat nebulous, Notice insufficient or estop the Defendants from invoking § 8126(a); nor do they address the fact that, despite what the Defendants may have said before the Special Town Meeting, the Resolution Notice noted that the Challenged Documents permitted the construction of a 45.67-foot-high building that could be used as a hotel. In a footnote, the Plaintiffs ominously for Reargument ¶ 15 n.13. The Plaintiffs had previo favor would usher in a new era of secretive, privately negotiated, ad hoc zoning decisions. See Tr. 59; Answering Br. 25. But, such dire prophesies ignore the unique factual circumstances of this case, factual circumstances recognized and relied upon in the Opinion. See Murray, 2012 Del. Ch. LEXIS 129, at *47-49. This was not an instance where municipal officials met with 16 All of the arguments the Plaintiffs present in support of their motion for reargument are now being raised for the first time. As a result, the Court denies this motion. To reiterate what the Court stated in the Opinion 45 claims and its denial, here, of not endorsements of the Town Council means of approving the Challenged Documents and committing to carry out the actions contemplated by them. The convoluted manner in which the Town Council approved the Challenged Documents is not recommended and, quite possibly, may not have survived a timely challenge. But, the Plaintiffs challenge was not timely,46 as measured by the 60-day period set forth in § 8126, and, likewise, it is developers in a dark backroom surreptitiously to agree to zoning changes; then quietly published a sparse, inscrutable notice; and, finally, waited for the 60-day Statute of Repose period to run. Instead, the record shows that the redevelopment of Ruddertowne was the hot button political issue in Dewey Beach for years prior to the Special Town Meeting; the Special Town Meeting was widely publicized; the vote at the Special Town Meeting occurred after the public had the chance to comment publicly on the MAR; and the results of the Special Town Meeting were clearly reflected in the Resolution Notice and, otherwise, widely reported and publicly comments and their technical arguments regarding the wording of the Resolution Notice, it is unsurprising that the Plaintiffs never contend that they were actually unaware of the approval of the Resolution or its consequences. In short, the Court views this case as presenting a highly unusual set of facts, which would preclude it from serving as a precedent for the more extreme types of zoning shenanigans envisioned by the Plaintiffs. 45 See Murray, 2012 Del. Ch. LEXIS 129, at *50. 46 If § 8126 were a statute of limitations instead of a statute of repose, the Court would have assessed its impact under various equitable theories, thus allowing the Court to consider whether any extraordinary circumstances rendered the limitations period inequitable. See Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate and Commercial Practice in the Delaware Court of Chancery §11.06[c], at 11-71 (2011). The Court, however, has no such latitude when dealing with time periods prescribed by statutes of repose, which are fundamentally different from statutes of limitations. While the running of a statute of limitations will nullify a party's remedy, the running of a statute of repose will extinguish both the remedy and the right. Cheswold 17 too late for the Plaintiffs to raise new arguments as part of their motion for reargument. V. CONCLUSION An implementing order will be entered. Volunteer Fire Co. v. Lambertson Const. Co., 489 A.2d 413, 421 (Del. 1984). Statutes of repose e any failure to commence the action within the applicable time period extinguishe[s] the right itself and divests . . . the [C]ourt of any subject Id. expand its own subject matter jurisdiction. 18

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