State v. Calabrese

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****************************************************** The officially released date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the officially released date appearing in the opinion. In no event will any such motions be accepted before the officially released date. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of an opinion and the print version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest print version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ****************************************************** STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. EDAN F. CALABRESE (AC 27916) Bishop, Gruendel and Borden, Js. Argued October 31, 2008 officially released August 4, 2009 (Appeal from Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, geographical area number twenty-three, Levin, J.) Edan F. Calabrese, pro se, with whom, on the brief, was Glenn W. Falk, special public defender, for the appellant (defendant). Timothy F. Costello, deputy assistant state s attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Michael Dearington, state s attorney, and Marc G. Ramia, assistant state s attorney, for the appellee (state). Opinion GRUENDEL, J. This case arises from an altercation between the defendant, Edan F. Calabrese, and his mother, Maureen Calabrese. The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury found him guilty of assault of an elderly person in the third degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-61a (a) (1),1 burglary in the second degree in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2005) § 53a-102 (a) (1)2 and interfering with an officer in violation of General Statutes § 53a-167a (a).3 On appeal, the defendant claims that (1) there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction on any of the counts charged, (2) the court improperly excluded from evidence messages left on his answering machine by the victim and (3) the state engaged in prosecutorial impropriety.4 We affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the trial court. The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. The victim, a woman in her seventies,5 owns two homes in Branford on adjoining properties she resides in one and the defendant resides in the other. On June 23, 2005, the victim accompanied the defendant to a bank to cash his paycheck.6 The pair returned to the victim s house where the defendant gave some portion of the proceeds from his paycheck to the victim as a rent payment and asked her to hold an additional sum for him. Concerned that he would use the money to fuel his drinking problem, the defendant instructed the victim not to return the money to him even if he requested its return. After this exchange, the defendant left the victim s house. Approximately two hours later, the defendant returned. The defendant asked the victim for some of the money that he left in her care. The victim returned a portion of the money, and the defendant instructed her to continue holding what remained. The defendant then left the victim s house again. Later that evening, the defendant called the victim to inform her that he would be going to her house to retrieve additional money. She replied: [I]f you come here, you re not getting any money. Don t come here. Go home. Go to bed. You have to go to work tomorrow. The victim then hung up the telephone on the defendant. The defendant called the victim two more times the first of these proceeded much as the earlier call did, and the victim did not answer the second call. Nevertheless, the defendant returned to the victim s house again at approximately 11:30 p.m. He spent some time knocking on a front window until the victim appeared. The defendant indicated that he believed that the victim was intoxicated at the time. The victim shook her head to indicate that she would not let the defendant into the house, and, after a brief exchange of obscenities, the victim left the window. The defendant then walked to the rear of the house and entered. The defendant claims that he entered through the unlocked back door. At the time of the incident, however, the victim indicated to police that all of the doors and windows were locked and that she believed that he entered through a second floor window.7 Upon discovering that the defendant had entered the house, the victim called 911 but hung up before the call was answered. She then entered the bathroom and closed the door, yelling for the defendant to leave her house. She attempted to lock the bathroom door, but the defendant forced it open. The defendant pulled the victim s hair and dragged her from the bathroom by the wrist. In the meantime, the telephone began ringing presumably the 911 operator and Branford police eventually arrived at the premises.8 Officer Jomo Crawford, a Branford police patrolman at the time of the incident, testified that he was the first to arrive at the scene. As he pulled up to the house, he observed the victim walking toward his police cruiser. Her hair was disheveled, she was holding her arm and she was grimacing as she approached the car followed by the defendant. After indicating that the defendant should sit on the front porch, Crawford began to question the victim. The victim told Crawford that the defendant had grabbed her forearm and pulled her hair. After backup arrived, Crawford attempted to place the defendant in custody. Crawford testified: I placed the handcuffs on him, I was beginning to double lock the handcuffs, and [the defendant] attempted to pull away from me. At that time, I took him to the ground . . . . The defendant denies that he attempted to pull away and testified that Officer Crawford and [another officer] took me by the thighs and the hips and pile drove me into the ground, shoulder and head first, and it shattered my glasses . . . . Crawford then called for an ambulance to assist the victim. The victim, however, refused medical treatment. The state charged the defendant with (1) assault of an elderly person in the third degree, (2) burglary in the second degree and (3) interfering with an officer. The defendant pleaded not guilty to all counts. At trial, the defendant attempted to introduce messages left on his answering machine by the victim before the incident, which he claims would have impeached the credibility of the statement that the victim made to police at the time of the incident. The court, however, did not permit the messages to be admitted into evidence. The jury thereafter found the defendant guilty on all three counts, and the court rendered judgment accordingly. The defendant was sentenced to one year imprisonment on the assault conviction, thirty days imprisonment on the interfering conviction and eight years imprisonment on the burglary conviction, execution suspended after three years, and five years of probation. This appeal followed. I SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE We begin with the defendant s claims that there was insufficient evidence adduced at trial to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed assault of an elderly person in the third degree, committed burglary in the second degree and interfered with an officer. We review those claims regardless of our determination of the defendant s evidentiary claim because if the defendant prevails on the sufficiency claim[s], he is entitled to a directed judgment of acquittal rather than to a new trial. State v. Calabrese, 279 Conn. 393, 401, 902 A.2d 1044 (2006).9 We also note that our sufficiency review does not require initial consideration of the merits of [the defendant s evidentiary claim] . . . . Claims of evidentiary insufficiency in criminal cases are always addressed independently of claims of evidentiary error. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 401 402. The standard of review we apply to a claim of insufficient evidence is well established. In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction we apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [finder of fact] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . We note that the jury must find every element proven beyond a reasonable doubt in order to find the defendant guilty of the charged offense, [but] each of the basic and inferred facts underlying those conclusions need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . If it is reasonable and logical for the jury to conclude that a basic fact or an inferred fact is true, the jury is permitted to consider the fact proven and may consider it in combination with other proven facts in determining whether the cumulative effect of all the evidence proves the defendant guilty of all the elements of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . Moreover, it does not diminish the probative force of the evidence that it consists, in whole or in part, of evidence that is circumstantial rather than direct. . . . It is not one fact, but the cumulative impact of a multitude of facts which establishes guilt in a case involving substantial circumstantial evidence. . . . In evaluating evidence, the [finder] of fact is not required to accept as dispositive those inferences that are consistent with the defendant s innocence. . . . The [finder of fact] may draw whatever inferences from the evidence or facts established by the evidence it deems to be reasonable and logical. . . . Finally, [a]s we have often noted, proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean proof beyond all possible doubt . . . nor does proof beyond a reasonable doubt require acceptance of every hypothesis of innocence posed by the defendant that, had it been found credible by the [finder of fact], would have resulted in an acquittal. . . . On appeal, we do not ask whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that would support a reasonable hypothesis of innocence. We ask, instead, whether there is a reasonable view of the evidence that supports the [finder of fact s] verdict of guilty. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Meehan, 260 Conn. 372, 377 79, 796 A.2d 1191 (2002). A Assault of an Elderly Person in the Third Degree With these principles in mind, we turn first to the defendant s claim that the state failed to produce sufficient evidence to sustain the jury s verdict finding him guilty of assault of an elderly person in the third degree. In order to convict on this charge, the state was required to prove that, with intent to do so, the defendant caused physical injury to a person who is at least sixty years old. See General Statutes § 53a-61a (a) (1); footnote 1. The defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to prove two elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt namely, (1) that he intended to cause physical injury and (2) that he actually caused such physical injury. We begin with the latter. Physical injury is defined as impairment of physical condition or pain . . . . General Statutes § 53a-3 (3). There is no direct evidence in the record to indicate that the defendant caused pain or physical impairment to the victim. In addition, the victim testified at trial that the defendant did not hurt her in any way. The victim also refused medical treatment on the night of the incident, noting on the paramedic report, I m fine, no injuries. There is circumstantial evidence, however, that the victim was physically injured. First and foremost is the victim s statement made to police at the time of the incident. In that statement, she indicated that the defendant grabbed me by the arm and the hair and pulled me out of the bathroom. Although the statement does not mention pain or impairment, the jury reasonably could infer, on the basis of its knowledge and experience, that grabbing the arm and pulling the hair of a woman in her seventies would cause her pain. Jurors are not expected to lay aside matters of common knowledge or their own observation and experience of the affairs of life, but, on the contrary, to apply them to the evidence or facts in hand, to the end that their action may be intelligent and their conclusion correct. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Padua, 273 Conn. 138, 157, 869 A.2d 192 (2005). Furthermore, Officer Crawford testified that as the victim approached his cruiser from the house, she was holding her arm with a grimace on her face. He also testified that he called for an ambulance to attend to the victim, which is done only in cases where you have . . . visible injury or the party is complaining of pain or injury. Construed in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, this testimony, coupled with the victim s statement to police, reasonably could lead a jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the victim suffered pain or physical injury. We next turn to the defendant s claim that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he intended to cause physical injury beyond a reasonable doubt. It is axiomatic that the fact finder may infer intent from the natural consequences of one s voluntary conduct. State v. Cobb, 251 Conn. 285, 450, 743 A.2d 1 (1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 841, 121 S. Ct. 106, 148 L. Ed. 2d 64 (2000). This being the case, because we concluded that the jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant caused physical injury to the victim, it also could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that he intended those consequences. The state, therefore, presented sufficient evidence to permit the jury to find the defendant guilty of assault of an elderly person in the third degree. B Burglary in the Second Degree We next address the defendant s claim that the state produced insufficient evidence to support a conviction of burglary in the second degree. In order to convict on this charge, the state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant entered or remained in the victim s house unlawfully at night with intent to commit a crime therein. See General Statutes § 53a-102 (a) (1); footnote 2. Specifically, the defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence on the elements of (1) unlawful entry and (2) intent to commit a crime. A person enters or remains unlawfully when the premises, at the time of such entry or remaining, are not open to the public and when the actor is not otherwise licensed or privileged to do so. General Statutes § 53a100 (b). Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant unlawfully entered the victim s house, notwithstanding the testimony of the defendant and the victim to the contrary. The victim indicated to the police at the time of the incident that all the doors and windows to the house were locked. Further, the defendant testified at trial that when he was knocking on the front window of the victim s house attempting to be let in, he observed the victim through the window. [She] marched in place with her feet . . . [and] moved her arms in unison with her marching legs while at the same time showing [the defendant] her middle finger from both hands while marching . . . . And at the same time she did that . . . she mouthed the words fuck you. These facts alone are sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant entered the victim s house without her permission. The defendant asserts, however, that he was privileged to be in the victim s house. He argues that there exists in Connecticut a privilege to enter another s home to retrieve goods.10 This is simply not the case. The only Connecticut case cited by the defendant involves the retrieval of stolen property. See State v. Gelormino, 24 Conn. App. 563, 590 A.2d 480, cert. denied, 219 Conn. 911, 593 A.2d 136 (1991). Indeed, Connecticut does provide a statutory privilege to use reasonable physical force upon another person . . . when and to the extent he reasonably believes such to be necessary to regain property which he reasonably believes to have been acquired by larceny . . . . General Statutes § 53a-21. Conversely, in the present case, the defendant voluntary gave his property to the victim. That being the case, no such privilege existed for him to enter the victim s house.11 The defendant also claims that he did not enter the house with intent to commit a crime therein as required for a burglary conviction. The state argued that the crime the defendant intended to commit when he entered the house was either assault in the third degree or disorderly conduct.12 We conclude that the state met its burden of providing sufficient evidence on each of these alternative theories. As discussed previously, the jury may draw inferences from the evidence presented based on its common knowledge and experience. State v. Padua, supra, 273 Conn. 157. The victim twice told the defendant over the telephone not to come to her house, but he went to the house anyway. Further, once the defendant was at the house, he began banging on the front window. He entered the house despite the victim having made it quite clear that he was not welcome. All of these facts reasonably could lead the jury to conclude, on the basis of its knowledge and experience, that the defendant entered the house with intent to commit disorderly conduct. In addition, once in the house, the defendant committed assault in the third degree. See part I A. It is axiomatic that the fact finder may infer intent from the natural consequences of one s voluntary conduct. State v. Cobb, supra, 251 Conn. 450. As such, the jury could have reasonably concluded that the defendant entered the house with intent to assault the victim. C Interfering with an Officer Finally, we turn to the defendant s claim that the state produced insufficient evidence to support a conviction of interfering with an officer. In order to convict on this charge, the state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant resisted a Branford police officer in the performance of his duties. See General Statutes § 53a-167a (a); footnote 3. This case presents a situation in which the police account differs from that of the defendant. Officer Crawford indicated at trial that the defendant pulled away during the handcuffing procedure; the defendant denies that he did so and further asserts that he had no intent to do so. Although the jury may not give greater weight to the testimony of the police simply because of their profession or authority; see State v. Singleton, 95 Conn. App. 492, 504 505, 897 A.2d 636, cert. denied, 279 Conn. 904, 901 A.2d 1228 (2006); the jury was free to give credence to the testimony of one witness over the conflicting testimony of another. As an appellate court, [w]e do not sit as a [seventh] juror who may cast a vote against the verdict based upon our feeling that some doubt of guilt is shown by the cold printed record. . . . Rather, we must defer to the jury s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses based on its firsthand observation of their conduct, demeanor and attitude. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Jason B., 111 Conn. App. 359, 363, 958 A.2d 1266 (2008), cert. denied, 290 Conn. 904, 962 A.2d 794 (2009). The jury chose to credit the police officer s testimony and not the defendant s, and that testimony could establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant pulled away from the officer as he was attempting to handcuff the defendant. See State v. Sitaras, 106 Conn. App. 493, 498 502, 942 A.2d 1071 (affirming conviction of interfering with officer despite conflicting testimony), cert. denied, 287 Conn. 906, 950 A.2d 1283 (2008). The defendant asserts that even if that was the case, he did not intend to pull away. Again, the jury was not required to credit his protests regarding his intent to interfere with the police. Rather, if it found that he did in fact pull away from the officer and that such action constituted interference, it could likewise conclude that he intended the consequences of his voluntary actions. See State v. Cobb, supra, 251 Conn. 450. Therefore, there was sufficient evidence produced at trial from which the jury reasonably could have concluded that the defendant was guilty of interfering with an officer beyond a reasonable doubt. II EVIDENTIARY CLAIM The defendant next claims that the court improperly refused to admit into evidence the answering machine recording of the victim threatening him. During the defendant s testimony, he attempted to introduce into evidence a tape recording made from answering machine messages that the victim had left for him. The defendant alleged that the messages were left on his answering machine in October, 2002, by the victim while she was intoxicated. The defendant argued that the recordings would be used to impeach the victim s credibility in her statement made to police on the night of the incident. He further argued that the recording, in which the victim indicates that she will call the police if the defendant refused to bring her groceries and a sandwich, could illustrate her inclination to fabricate statements . . . to the police about me when she s intoxicated. 13 The state objected, asserting that it believed the recording to be irrelevant. It argued that the recording did not reflect the victim s state of mind at the time of the incident at issue and that the messages, which allegedly were left on the defendant s answering machine in 2002, were too remote in time. The court sustained the state s objection and refused to admit the recording into evidence. We begin by noting that the trial court s rulings on the admissibility of evidence are generally afforded great deference. State v. Calabrese, supra, 279 Conn. 406 407. In the present case, however, the state concedes, and we agree, that the court improperly excluded the evidence at issue in view of our Supreme Court s decision in Calabrese. In light of that decision, we do not find it necessary to engage in an extensive analysis of the reasons that the recording was both relevant and admissible. Because, however, the dissent s only point of departure from our opinion involves the extent to which the earlier Calabrese case is applicable and binding, we briefly address our Supreme Court s discussion of relevancy and admissibility in that case: [T]he messages were admissible nonhearsay evidence under § 65 of the Connecticut Code of Evidence, under which [t]he credibility of a witness may be impeached by evidence showing bias for, prejudice against, or interest in any person or matter that might cause the witness to testify falsely. . . . We can think of no better evidence of animus that might show a motive for making false allegations than the threats of seeking the arrest of the defendant if he did not comply with her wishes, and other invectives, contained in the messages that the trial court improperly excluded from the jury s consideration. (Citation omitted.) State v. Calabrese, supra, 279 Conn. 410. That discussion demonstrates the relevance and admissibility of the recording in the present case. Although the recording was made nearly three years before the incident in question, it indicates a bias on the part of the victim that arises when she is intoxicated. As the Supreme Court noted, [t]he answering machine messages at issue . . . relate directly to the relationship between the defendant and the [victim], and are evidence of the animosity between them, as well as the [victim s] use of threats involving the authorities to get the defendant to do her bidding. Id., 410 n.19. This is the type of evidence that a jury may fairly consider to be not necessarily affected by the passage of time. Therefore, in light of the holding and reasoning of Calabrese, we conclude that the court improperly excluded the answering machine recordings from evidence. Having established that the court improperly excluded the recording from evidence, we must next consider whether the defendant has proven that impropriety to be harmful error requiring that he receive a new trial. Id., 411. [T]he proper standard for determining whether an erroneous evidentiary ruling is harmless [is] whether the jury s verdict was substantially swayed by the error. . . . In applying this standard, which expressly requires the reviewing court to consider the effect of the erroneous ruling on the jury s decision, an appellate court may conclude that a nonconstitutional error is harmless only when it has a fair assurance that the error did not substantially affect the verdict. . . . In reviewing the case, we consider a number of factors, namely, the overall strength of the state s case, the impact of the improperly admitted or excluded evidence on the trier of fact, whether the proffered evidence was cumulative, and the presence of other evidence corroborating or contradicting the point for which the evidence was offered. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 411 12, citing State v. Sawyer, 279 Conn. 331, 357 58, 904 A.2d 101 (2006). With regard to the burglary and assault charges, we are not left with the requisite fair assurance that the error did not substantially affect the verdict. The only evidence that the defendant unlawfully entered the victim s home, the home in which he grew up, is the statement of the victim made at the time of the incident while she was allegedly intoxicated, and testimony of the victim and the defendant indicating that the victim told him not to come into the house. The recording may well have persuaded the jury that the victim s statement made to police was fabricated or otherwise exaggerated. The same is true of the assault charge. The primary evidence that the defendant attacked the victim was her statement made at the time of the incident and the fact that she was holding her arm with a grimace on her face when the police arrived on the scene. The recording similarly may have persuaded the jury that the claims of pain or injury were likewise fabricated or exaggerated. As such, we find it necessary to reverse the judgment of the trial court with regard to those two counts. The defendant s conviction of interfering with an officer, however, did not depend on any statements or testimony given by the victim. Consequently, the recording would not have affected that verdict. There- fore, the judgment of the trial court with regard to the defendant s conviction of interfering with an officer is affirmed. The judgment is reversed only as to the conviction of burglary in the second degree and assault of an elderly person in the third degree, and the case is remanded for a new trial on those counts. The judgment is affirmed in all other respects. In this opinion BORDEN, J., concurred. 1 General Statutes § 53a-61a (a) provides in relevant part: A person is guilty of assault of an elderly . . . person in the third degree when such person commits assault in the third degree under section 53a-61 and (1) the victim of such assault has attained at least sixty years of age . . . . General Statutes § 53a-61 (a) provides in relevant part: A person is guilty of assault in the third degree when: (1) With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person . . . . The later statute also provides for reckless and criminally negligent assault, but the substitute information charging the defendant only claims that he acted with intent to cause physical injury. 2 General Statutes (Rev. to 2005) § 53a-102 (a) provides in relevant part: A person is guilty of burglary in the second degree when such person (1) enters or remains unlawfully in a dwelling at night with intent to commit a crime therein . . . . The substitute information charging the defendant includes the alternative theories that he (1) entered unlawfully and (2) remained unlawfully. In its brief to this court, however, the state abandoned its theory that the defendant remained unlawfully in the victim s home and proceeded only under the theory that he entered her home unlawfully. 3 General Statutes § 53a-167a (a) provides in relevant part: A person is guilty of interfering with an officer when such person . . . resists . . . any peace officer . . . in the performance of such peace officer s . . . duties. 4 In this latter claim, the defendant asserts that during the state s closing argument, it engaged in impropriety by improperly describing the law of burglary as it relates to remaining unlawfully in the victim s dwelling. As discussed in part II, we must reverse the defendant s burglary conviction on his evidentiary claim. Consequently, because, on appeal, the state abandoned its theory that the defendant remained unlawfully in the victim s dwelling and proceeded solely under a theory that he unlawfully entered the dwelling; see footnote 2; it is unlikely that this issue will arise on remand, and we, therefore, do not afford it consideration. See Prentice v. Dalco Electric, Inc., 280 Conn. 336, 339 n.3, 907 A.2d 1204 (2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1266, 127 S. Ct. 1494, 167 L. Ed. 2d 230 (2007). 5 The victim s exact age is not in the record. There is no question or dispute, however, that she falls within the purview of § 53a-61a (a) (1), requiring that the victim of such assault has attained at least sixty years of age . . . . 6 The defendant s account of the events of the day does not include the victim accompanying him to the bank. This point, however, does not affect any of the issues presented on appeal. 7 At trial, the victim testified favorably for the defendant, indicating, for example, that she let him into the house. The state, however, introduced a signed statement made by the victim on the night of the incident that contradicted her testimony at trial. The statement was admitted as a full exhibit pursuant to State v. Whelan, 200 Conn. 743, 753, 513 A.2d 86 ( [w]e . . . adopt today a rule allowing the substantive use of prior written inconsistent statements, signed by the declarant, who has personal knowledge of the facts stated, when the declarant testifies at trial and is subject to crossexamination ), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S. Ct. 597, 93 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1986). 8 Much of the foregoing was contradicted by the testimony of both the defendant and the victim at trial. The defendant testified: Did I touch my mother? When I came upon her in the living room after just going in the house, I didn t lay a finger on her. I had no thought of laying a finger on her, none. [I didn t] touch her. She then walked into the kitchen. . . . I followed my mother into the kitchen. I was parched. I was upset. My mouth was dry. I went to a cabinet [and] got down a glass. I drank down two glasses of water. After I put down the glass . . . of water, I turned around to my mother, and she was hanging up the telephone and looking at me, and I asked her what she did, and she said, I called 911. She immediately then walked . . . into the bathroom, and she did so without any restraint by me . . . . She closed the door and, at that point, the telephone started to ring and I assumed that it was 911 calling back. . . . I asked her repeatedly to please come and answer the phone, and she refused. I probably stood outside the door for a minute and a half to two minutes, asking her to please answer the [telephone]. . . . I then opened the . . . [sliding] bathroom door . . . . [T]here was my mother, and I repeated, Would you please answer the phone? She refused. That is when I put my hand . . . on her wrist. . . . I took her by the wrist . . . the same way that you would take a misbehaving child . . . and that was to [get her to] answer the phone after dialing 911 and hanging up. It was my intent to have her answer the phone to hopefully diffuse the situation. That was the only intent in my mind and that was to move her with her consent, not to drag her, but to move her with her consent over to the telephone. That s all I did. I did not touch her with violence. My mother then, with some degree of force, withdrew her wrist from my hand. . . . When she did that, I let go. . . . I did not squeeze. I did not try to continue to hold her arm. . . . I did not touch my mother s hair. 9 We discuss State v. Calabrese, supra, 279 Conn. 393, throughout this opinion because the two cases involve very similar facts and the same defendant and victim. In addition, that case, as discussed in part II, directly governs our determination of the defendant s evidentiary claim. It should be noted, however, that the two cases arise from separate incidents and are procedurally unrelated. 10 In addition to the defendant s claim that this supposed privilege negates the element of burglary requiring unlawful entry, he also claims that he was entitled to a jury instruction so indicating. Because we conclude that no privilege exists to recover nonstolen property and because the defendant readily admitted that he voluntarily gave his property to the victim, we also conclude that he was not entitled to any such instruction. 11 The defendant further asserts that whether or not he was privileged to enter the victim s house, he believed that he was privileged to do so. As such, he claims, he could not knowingly or intentionally enter the defendant s home unlawfully. This is of no import because, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, it is clear that the jury could have concluded that the defendant knew that he was not licensed or privileged to enter the victim s house. Moreover, the defendant s subjective belief regarding the status of the law is irrelevant. See State v. Knybel, 281 Conn. 707, 713, 916 A.2d 816 (2007) ( ignorance of the law excuses no one from criminal sanction ). 12 The crime of disorderly conduct is set forth in General Statutes § 53a182 (a), which provides in relevant part: A person is guilty of disorderly conduct when, with intent to cause inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof, such person: (1) Engages in fighting or in violent, tumultuous or threatening behavior; or (2) by offensive or disorderly conduct, annoys or interferes with another person . . . . 13 In its entirety, the answering machine recording contained a string of separate messages from the [victim] and provided as follows: Edan. Please pickup Edan. Would you pick up please? Pick up will you? [PAUSE] Are you there? Are you there? [PAUSE] Pick up. Pick up if you re there. [PAUSE] I just wanted to say good luck and I love you. Are you there? Pick up. [PAUSE] [Sigh] Are you there? Pick up. [PAUSE] Pick up! [PAUSE] Pick up! [PAUSE] You prick! You d better come down here and pick up the pork and bring my groceries down here before I call the police. Pick up. Won t you pick up? I asked for a goddamn sandwich and I never got it and I had a call from the victim s advocate and you are in a hell of a lot of trouble if you don t bring me my sandwich cheeseburger! You better bring it here and leave it right on the doorstep you son of a bitch you bastard! Pick up. [PAUSE] Please pick up. Please pick up. [PAUSE] Please pick up. State v. Calabrese, supra, 279 Conn. 406 n.17. Although the two cases are procedurally unrelated, the Supreme Court case involved an effort by the defendant to introduce the same recording of the victim in an attempt to impeach her credibility.

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