State v. Mitchell
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****************************************************** The officially released date that appears near the beginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be published in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the beginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the officially released date appearing in the opinion. In no event will any such motions be accepted before the officially released date. All opinions are subject to modification and technical correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of discrepancies between the electronic version of an opinion and the print version appearing in the Connecticut Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest print version is to be considered authoritative. The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears on the Commission on Official Legal Publications Electronic Bulletin Board Service and in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publications, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. ****************************************************** STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. MICHAEL MITCHELL (AC 19708) Lavery, C. J., and Spear and Hennessy, Js. Argued May 1 officially released August 22, 2000 Counsel Conrad Ost Seifert, special public defender, for the appellant (defendant). Rita M. Shair, assistant state s attorney, with whom were Michael Dearington, state s attorney, and, on the brief, John Waddock, senior assistant state s attorney, for the appellee (state). Opinion HENNESSY, J. The defendant, Michael Mitchell, appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of unlawful restraint in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-95 (a), robbery in the second degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a135 (a) (2), kidnapping in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-92 (a) (2) (A), assault in the third degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-61 (a) (1), attempt to commit sexual assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49 (a) (1) and 53a-70 (a) (1), and sexual assault in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-70 (a) (1). The defendant s claim on appeal arises from the trial court s instruction to the jury that it could infer from the defendant s failure to produce certain witnesses that evidence from those witnesses would have been unfavorable to the defendant.1 The defendant claims that the court s jury instruction was improper and that it constituted harmful error. The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. On February 6, 1996, the defendant entered the victim s boutique in New Haven. He showed the victim his wedding band and told her that he was looking for a Valentine s Day gift for his wife. Several customers entered and left the store while the victim showed the defendant some pieces of jewelry. When the store was empty, the defendant grabbed the victim s arm and told her that he was there to rob her. Noticing a pointed object protruding from the defendant s jacket pocket, the victim gave him money from a desk drawer. The defendant then pushed her into the dressing room where he sexually assaulted her. He stopped after the victim had convinced him that she had HIV. He then went behind the desk, threw her purse at her and ordered her to dump everything out. He rifled through its contents and took money from another purse containing business proceeds. He then wiped the counters and the desk with a scarf from the store and, after the victim pleaded for her life, he left. The victim immediately called the police and later identified the defendant as the perpetrator. At trial, the defendant presented an alibi defense. Specifically, his girlfriend testified that she picked up the defendant at his grandmother s home on February 2, 1996. She further testified that the defendant stayed with her at her apartment in Bridgeport from February 2 to February 7, when she returned him to his grandmother s home. She also testified that she shared the apartment with her niece and her niece s boyfriend; however, the grandmother, the niece and the niece s boyfriend were not presented as defense witnesses. At the state s request, the court instructed the jury that the defendant s failure to present those witnesses may be used to draw the inference that the witnesses would have provided evidence unfavorable to the defendant. The defendant took an exception to the instruction and subsequently appealed from his conviction. The defendant claims that the court improperly instructed the jury pursuant to Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 675, 165 A.2d 598 (1960). The defendant initially bases his claim on the vitality of the missing witness rule as set forth in Secondino. After the defendant filed his brief in this appeal, our Supreme Court abandoned the Secondino rule in criminal cases in State v. Malave, 250 Conn. 722, 739, 737 A.2d 442 (1999), holding that the continued use of the Secondino instruction is unwarranted. Id., 728. The issues remain, however, as to whether Malave applies retroactively in this case and, if so, whether the jury instruction constituted harmful error. In State v. Young, 57 Conn. App. 566, 572, 750 A.2d 482 (2000), this court held that Malave applies retroactively. As did the defendant in this case, the defendant in Young appealed from his conviction on the ground that the court improperly gave the jury a missing witness instruction. During the pendency of that appeal, however, our Supreme Court decided Malave. As we noted in Young, [t]he Malave decision applies retroactively to this case because so doing will not produce substantial inequitable results and because our Supreme Court did not stipulate that the Malave decision should apply prospectively only. See Marone v. Waterbury, 244 Conn. 1, 10, 707 A.2d 725 (1998) (judgments that are not by their terms limited to prospective application are presumed to apply retroactively). (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Young, supra, 572, quoting State v. Quinones, 56 Conn. App. 529, 533, 745 A.2d 191 (2000). Because Malave applies retroactively, we now turn to the question of whether the Secondino instruction harmed the defendant. State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 740 41; State v. Young, supra, 573. [T]he defendant has the appellate burden to establish harm flowing from the [instructional] error, in order to secure a reversal of judgment. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 741. In Malave, our Supreme Court acknowledged two lines of cases that articulate the standard of review for harmless error. One line of cases states that the defendant must establish that it is more probable than not that the erroneous action of the court affected the result. . . . Another line of cases states that the defendant must establish that the trial court error caused him substantial prejudice. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.; see also State v. Young, supra, 57 Conn. App. 573. The court in Malave declined to resolve whether there was a functional difference between the two standards because it concluded that the defendant had failed to meet his burden under either standard in light of the strong evidence against him. State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 741. In that case, the victim knew the defendant, identified him as the assailant to hospital personnel shortly after the crime and selected his photograph from a photographic display. A second victim also identified the defendant as the assailant at trial. As in Malave, we find that the defendant here failed to meet his burden of proof under either the more probable than not or the substantial prejudice standard. The state offered strong evidence that the defend- ant was the perpetrator. First, the victim had ample opportunity to view the defendant. Before the assault, the victim and the defendant had had a conversation and, during the assault, they remained in close proximity. Additionally, the entire exchange lasted approximately one hour in a well-lit store. The next day, the victim identified the defendant from a photographic array, stating that she was 99 percent sure of his identity and, two days after the incident, she pointed him out on the street with 100 percent certainty. Her description of the defendant was further substantiated by evidence that the defendant wore a thin gold ring and had a cut on his nose. Moreover, the jury reasonably could have rejected as unreliable the only alibi testimony offered, which was that of the defendant s girlfriend. In Malave, the court additionally held that where defense counsel explained to the jury that a witness was unavailable, that her testimony would be unnecessary and cumulative of other witnesses and that other testimony supported the defendant s alibi defense, there was a reasonable basis to presume that the jury attributed the defendant s failure to produce [the witness] not to any concerns about the substance of her testimony, but, rather, to her unavailability or to the fact that her testimony would have been cumulative or otherwise unnecessary. Id., 742. Although the jury was not offered evidence of the witnesses unavailability in this case, the defendant did take an exception to the instruction in the presence of the jury by referring to his girlfriend s alibi testimony and stating that it would not have been helpful or necessary to bring in additional witnesses.2 As such, there is a reasonable basis to presume that the jury concluded that the witnesses were not produced because they were unnecessary. Moreover, the court s instruction did not require the jury to draw an inference from the defendant s failure to produce certain witnesses; rather, it apprised the jury that it could draw such an inference if the Secondino requirements had been met. State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 742. We conclude that the identification evidence offered by the state in this case was so strong that it is reasonable to presume that the jury would have found the defendant guilty even if the court had not given the Secondino instruction.3 Because the defendant has not established that the jury s evaluation . . . would have been different had the court not given the Secondino instruction ; State v. Malave, supra, 250 Conn. 743; we find that the defendant did not establish that the Secondino instruction constituted harmful error. The judgment is affirmed. In this opinion the other judges concurred. 1 In Secondino v. New Haven Gas Co., 147 Conn. 672, 674 75, 165 A.2d 598 (1960), our Supreme Court held that the failure to produce a witness for trial who is available and whom a party would naturally be expected to call, warrants an adverse inference against that party. This is commonly referred to as the missing witness rule or the Secondino rule. 2 Defense counsel stated, I understand [that the missing witness instruction] probably meets the predicates, but I want to take exception to it on the basis that even though these people may have been available, according to the testimony of [the defendant s girlfriend], that I didn t think there was enough there to draw an inference that they would have been helpful to us or necessary to be brought by us during the course of the trial. 3 Although this court found a contrary result with respect to the harmfulness of the error in Young, Young is distinguishable from the present case. In Young, although the witness also had been charged in connection with the incident involving the defendant and had been advised to invoke his privilege against self-incrimination, the trial court ruled that he was available and, if his testimony were favorable, he would naturally have been called as a defense witness. State v. Young, supra, 57 Conn. App. 571. In determining whether the Secondino instruction had harmed the defendant, this court noted that the prosecutor had repeatedly referred to the witness absence in closing argument, and, because it was unlikely that the defendant could have obtained the witness testimony, he was powerless to contest the potential inference. Id., 575. Also, the victim s credibility was critical to the state s case ; id., 574; and the fact that the defendant had been acquitted of some of the charges showed that her testimony was not totally accepted. Id., 575. We concluded that it was more probable that not that the state of the evidence, coupled with the state s heavy reliance on the missing witness inference in its arguments to the jury . . . affected the result and caused the defendant substantial prejudice. Id. Here, although the state s case hinged on the reliability of the victim s identification, there was strong evidence supporting that identification.
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