P. v. Davis
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Filed 6/26/08 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION* IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT (Sacramento) ---- THE PEOPLE, C054129 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 05F04184) v. ALBERT DAVIS, Defendant and Appellant. APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Russell L. Hom, Judge. Affirmed. George O. Benton, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez and Marcia A. Fay, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Convicted by jury of first degree murder with use of a firearm and sentenced to 50 years to life in state prison, * Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part II. 1 defendant appeals. He contends that (1) the prosecutor improperly used peremptory challenges to excuse prospective jurors based on race and (2) the trial court abused its discretion in excluding evidence of a handgun owned by the victim. We affirm. FACTS In late 2001, defendant and his wife, Dolores Sanders, separated, after being together 15 years and married six. Sanders moved in with her daughter and son-in-law, Connie and Jerry Johnson, while defendant moved to New Orleans. Several months later, defendant returned from New Orleans and tried to convince Dolores to resume their relationship. She refused. Defendant continued in his efforts to resume his relationship with Dolores, calling frequently and going to her home unannounced, all to no effect. In late 2004, defendant s communications to Dolores became more threatening and irrational. He said he was going to kill himself. Defendant claimed that Jerry was controlling Dolores. In early 2005, Dolores obtain a restraining order, prohibiting defendant from having contact with her or the others in her household. Nonetheless, defendant continued in his efforts to contact Dolores. Defendant left a voice mail message for Dolores telling her that he loved her and would not hurt her, but that she would feel the [e]ffects. Jerry normally left for work between 3:30 and 3:45 in the morning. Defendant knew about Jerry s work schedule. 2 On May 9, 2005, defendant confronted Jerry as Jerry left for work in the early morning and, using a rifle, shot him in the abdomen. Dolores was awakened by the gunshot. She went to the front of the house and found Jerry on the lawn, calling for help. She went outside and Jerry said, referring to defendant who was no longer there, Al shot me. Connie, who was sleeping in her room upstairs, was also awakened by a loud boom. She followed Dolores out of the house to where Jerry was lying. When an ambulance arrived, she ran upstairs, changed her clothes, and returned downstairs to accompany Jerry to the hospital. A neighbor, William Pahia, was awakened by yelling on the morning of the shooting. He heard two voices, and one of the voices said, No, not that. He heard a loud gunshot, and then a quieter one that may have been an echo. Jerry died about two hours after he was shot. Defendant was pulled over in his car at about 4:00 a.m., within minutes after the shooting. of his car. He had a rifle in the trunk Testing revealed that the bullet recovered from Jerry was fired from the rifle possessed by defendant. A test for gunshot residue revealed one particle of residue on the back of defendant s right hand. DISCUSSION I Peremptory Challenges The prosecutor used two of her peremptory challenges to excuse African-American women from the jury venire. 3 The trial court found that the prosecutor did not use the peremptory challenges for an improper purpose. (See Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79, 84 89 [90 L.Ed.2d 69, 79-83] (Batson); People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258, 276 277 (Wheeler).) On appeal, defendant contends that the judgment must be reversed because (1) the trial court did not make a sincere and reasoned effort to evaluate the prosecutor s stated reasons for challenging the two prospective jurors and (2) the prosecutor s stated reasons were unconvincing. We conclude that the trial court properly evaluated the prosecutor s stated reasons and did not err in concluding that the prosecutor s reasons were proper. A. Legal Background The California Supreme Court summarized the law regarding discriminatory peremptory challenges: Both the state and federal Constitutions prohibit the use of peremptory challenges to remove prospective jurors based solely on group bias. (Batson, supra, 476 U.S. at p. 89; Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 276 277.) Recently, the United States Supreme Court reaffirmed that Batson states the procedure and standard to be employed by trial courts when challenges such as defendant s are made. First, the defendant must make out a prima facie case by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose. [Citations.] Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the racial exclusion by offering permissible race-neutral justifications for the 4 strikes. [Citations.] Third, if a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide . . . whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination. [Citation.] (People v. Cornwell (2005) 37 Cal.4th 50, 66 67, quoting Johnson v. California (2005) 545 U.S. 162, 168 [162 L.Ed.2d 129], fn. omitted (Johnson).) The high court clarified that a defendant satisfies the requirements of Batson s first step by producing evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that discrimination has occurred. (Johnson, supra, at p. 170, revg. in part People v. Johnson (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1302, 1318 [requiring the defendant to show that it is more likely than not the other party's peremptory challenges, if unexplained, were based on impermissible group bias ].) In determining whether the defendant ultimately has carried his burden of proving purposeful racial discrimination, the trial court must make a sincere and reasoned attempt to evaluate the prosecutor s explanation in light of the circumstances of the case as then known, his knowledge of trial techniques, and his observations of the manner in which the prosecutor has examined members of the venire and has exercised challenges for cause or peremptorily . . . . Reynoso (2003) 31 Cal.4th 903, 919.) (People v. [T]he trial court is not required to make specific or detailed comments for the record to justify every instance in which a prosecutor s race-neutral reason for exercising a peremptory challenge is being accepted by the court as genuine. (Ibid.) 5 Inquiry by the trial court is not even required. (Id. at p. 920.) All that matters is that the prosecutor s reason for exercising the peremptory challenge is sincere and legitimate, legitimate in the sense of being nondiscriminatory. (Id. at p. 924.) A reason that makes no sense is nonetheless sincere and legitimate as long as it does not deny equal protection. (Ibid.) (People v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1100 1101; see also People v. Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 913, 936.) The trial court s ruling on the issue of purposeful racial discrimination is reviewed for substantial evidence. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 541.) (People v. Because the trial court is in the best position to observe the demeanor of a prospective juror, we accord that court s findings, express and implied, great deference. (People v. Reynoso, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 926; see also People v. Stanley, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 939.) B. Procedure Before defendant s Wheeler motion, the prosecution used peremptory challenges to excuse nine jurors, two of whom were African-American women: first K.H., and then H.B. After the prosecutor used a peremptory challenge to excuse prospective juror H.B., the defense made its Wheeler motion. We therefore summarize the voir dire proceedings with respect to those two jurors. On the first day of jury voir dire, K.H. arrived in the courtroom late, after the other prospective jurors had been sworn in. She asked the court to excuse her on a hardship because of a potential calendaring conflict and because she was 6 looking for work, but the court determined there would be no conflict and therefore denied her request. During questioning of the prospective jurors, K.H. stated that her son had been the victim of a DUI driver. Upon further questioning, however, it was determined that her son was arrested for driving under the influence and was not the victim. boyfriends owned firearms. K.H. s grandfather and her Defense counsel asked the prospective jurors whether any time anybody is shot with a firearm that it s necessarily murder. K.H. said she did not understand and asked, If anybody is shot with a firearm, would it be murder or would it be like attempted murder? Defense counsel clarified that the hypothetical person dies. Defense counsel could not read what K.H. wrote concerning the occupations of her children, so K.H. told him that one works at a pharmacy and the other delivers documents. In response to questioning from the court and counsel, H.B. stated that she had worked as a certified nursing assistant for about 20 years but was then working for a paratransit service. She believed she would be open to persuasion, even after asserting an opinion. She felt she could be fair and impartial. Defense counsel asserted that there was no rational basis for using a peremptory challenge on either of the two prospective jurors. Although K.H. s son had a conviction for driving under the influence, other jurors had similar experiences. The court noted that two African-American women remained unexcused in the jury box and other African-Americans were in the jury venire. Nonetheless, the trial court 7 determined that defense counsel had established a prima facie case because there was a possible inference of discriminatory purpose. The court noted that the burden therefore shifted to the prosecutor to justify the peremptory challenges. As to K.H., the prosecutor stated that she had been late and seemed very confused. She sat in the wrong chair and did not seem to be able to follow the court s instructions. She was dazed and somewhat unresponsive, and her son had a conviction for driving under the influence. She had also asked to be excused on a hardship. As to H.B., the prosecutor noted that she was a bus driver and had worked in that capacity less than two years. Concerning H.B. s prior experience as a certified nursing assistant, the prosecutor said: I guess I have a little bias against CNA s based on my own experience involving my father within the last year. He was in a nursing home, and we did not have a very good experience with CNA s, and ended up moving him out. [¶] That s, that was one of the reasons, but it was one of those reasons sort of like the juror before, I wasn t sure whether I should kick her off. I was on the fence about [H.B.] but decided to go with my gut instinct on that. After allowing defense counsel to respond, the trial court denied the Wheeler motion. It found that the prosecutor did not act with a discriminatory purpose in using peremptory challenges to excuse the two African-American women from the pool of prospective jurors. 8 C. Contentions 1. Court s Sincere and Reasoned Effort Defendant contends that the record does not reflect a sincere and reasoned effort on the part of the trial court to evaluate the prosecutor s stated reasons for using peremptory challenges on two African-American women. He claims the court should have scrutinized the reasons more carefully, thereby providing a better record for review. Because the trial court did not adequately scrutinize the prosecutor s stated reasons, argues defendant, the court s ruling is not entitled to great deference on appeal. To the contrary, the record establishes that the trial court properly performed its function in responding to defendant s Wheeler motion. As noted above, a trial court is not required to make specific and detailed statements on the record in evaluating a Wheeler motion. 1100 1101.) (People v. Guerra, supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. The trial court made the proper inquiry and required the prosecutor to explain her peremptory challenges. The court also allowed defense counsel to respond. Yet defendant asserts that the court should have probed further into the prosecutor s reasons because, in defendant s opinion, the reasons given were not convincing. In the next section, we conclude that the reasons stated were sufficient to sustain the trial court s finding that the peremptory challenges were not used in a discriminatory manner. It suffices here to note that the trial court was required to do no more than it did in considering the Wheeler motion. 9 2. Sufficiency of Prosecutor s Reasons Defendant attacks the reasons the prosecutor gave for her use of peremptory challenges. He claims that, even if the stated reasons were theoretically neutral, they were insufficiently convincing. We disagree. As to prospective juror K.H., defendant claims that the prosecutor should have been required to explain why K.H. s lateness made her less acceptable as a juror. The prosecutor also did not explain how K.H. was dazed or confused or why K.H. s response to the inquiry about her son s DUI conviction was significant. Defendant concludes: None of these claimed justifications was reasonable in any way to distinguish [K.H.] from the rest of the jurors; the fair implication was the prosecutor did not like her for a less-innocent reason. This argument is unconvincing. On their face, the prosecutor s reasons were race neutral. Although the question of whether the prosecutor s reasons are rational and reasonable weighs into the trial court s determination of whether to conclude that they are genuine and not a pretext, those reasons need not meet any particular standard of reasonableness. The only relevant consideration for the trial court is whether the reasons were sincere and nondiscriminatory. (People v. Reynoso, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 924.) Prospective juror K.H. s conduct and answers to questioning gave plenty of reasons for an attorney not to want her on the jury. She was not punctual and she did not otherwise do well in following the court s directions. 10 Her son had been involved in criminal activity, for which she characterized him, whether mistakenly or intentionally, as a victim. There was sufficient evidence on this record to support the finding that the prosecutor s use of a peremptory challenge on her was not for discriminatory reasons. Likewise, the record supports the trial court s finding that the use of a peremptory challenge to excuse prospective juror H.B. was not for discriminatory reasons. Excusing her because she was a certified nursing assistant and the prosecutor had bad feeling towards certified nursing assistants because of her experience with her father was a subjective judgment with respect to H.B. s profession, not her skin color. But defendant asserts: This was, beyond doubt, not a neutral explanation related to the particular case being tried, but rather an excuse for the prosecutor s lack of any rational basis for the challenge other than to rid herself of a juror whom she distrusted because of her race. We disagree. Having had a prior bad experience with certified nursing assistants, the prosecutor had a gut instinct that she should use a peremptory challenge to excuse H.B. The record does not belie the prosecutor s sincerity in this regard. A prosecutor may act freely on the basis of hunches, unless and until these acts create a prima facie case of group bias, and even then he may rebut the inference. 170.) (People v. Hall (1983) 35 Cal.3d 161, Further supporting the trial court s determination that this was not a pretext is that other African-Americans remained in the pool of prospective jurors. 11 (See People v. Turner (1986) 42 Cal.3d 711, 719 [inference of discriminatory purpose when all African-American jurors excused].) 3. Snyder v. Louisiana After the briefing in this case was completed, the United States Supreme Court decided Snyder v. Louisiana (2008) 552 U.S. ___ [170 L.Ed.2d 175] (Snyder). In Snyder, the court reversed a defendant s murder conviction and death sentence because the prosecutor exercised a racially-motivated peremptory challenge. We conclude that Snyder does not require reversal here. The jury panel in Snyder consisted of 36 prospective jurors, including five African-American prospective jurors, after challenges for cause. The prosecution had 12 peremptory challenges and used five of those to eliminate all of the African-American prospective jurors from the panel. (Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. at p. ___ [170 L.Ed.2d at p. 180].) The Supreme Court focused on the prosecutor s reasons for using a peremptory challenge to excuse one particular prospective juror, Jeffrey Brooks, who is African-American. When asked by the trial court for his reasons, the prosecutor stated that he had two: (1) Brooks looked nervous during questioning and (2) he had asked to be dismissed for cause because he was a student-teacher and was missing necessary observation time in the classroom. (Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. at p. ___ [170 L.Ed.2d at pp. 181182].) Considering the nervousness justification first, the Supreme Court noted that the trial judge did not describe its own observation of Brooks s demeanor and may not have had its 12 own impression concerning whether Brooks seemed nervous. The Supreme Court therefore concluded that it could not presume that the trial court credited the prosecutor s assertion concerning Brooks s nervousness. (Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. at p. ___ [170 L.Ed.2d at p. 182].) The Supreme Court then considered the rationale that, because Brooks was missing student-teaching observation time, he might be too willing to agree quickly to a lesser offense. Based on the fact that (1) the trial court had checked with Brooks s teacher and found that jury service would not present a problem and (2) other prospective jurors had similar concerns about missing work or school, the Supreme Court found the proffered reason suspicious and implausible. (Snyder, supra, 552 U.S. at p. ___ [170 L.Ed.2d at pp. 182-186].) Because the Supreme Court found no support for the trial court s acceptance of the prosecutor s reasons for eliminating Brooks from the jury, it concluded that the prosecutor s proffer was pretextual and that he exercised the challenge with discriminatory intent. It therefore found Batson error and reversed. Snyder is distinguishable from this case on the facts. There, the prosecutor used peremptory challenges to excuse all five of the African-American prospective jurors from the panel. Here, the trial court noted that two African-American women remained unexcused in the jury box and other African-Americans were in the jury venire. In Snyder, the prosecutor used as a reason the demeanor of the prospective juror, and the trial 13 court made no express finding concerning that prospective juror s demeanor. Here, the prosecutor used an element of demeanor with respect to prospective juror K.H., but that demeanor is shown on the record from her lateness and inability to follow the court s instructions. needed. No further finding was In Snyder, the Supreme Court found the prosecutor s proffered reason (Brooks s apprehension concerning missing student-teaching time) suspicious and implausible because the prosecutor did not excuse other prospective jurors with similar problems. Here, although prospective juror K.H. (1) asked to be excused for cause and (2) had a family member with a drunk driving conviction, and the prosecutor did not excuse others with those circumstances, there were other reasons -inattention and failure to follow instructions -- that justified the prosecutor s use of a peremptory challenge based on demeanor. In summary, unlike in Snyder, there is in this case no basis to reject the trial court s finding that the prosecutor did not act with discriminatory intent. There were no Snyder-related demeanor issues as to prospective juror H.B. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err in denying defendant s Wheeler motion. II Exclusion of Evidence Defendant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding evidence concerning a handgun found in the victim s home after the killing. court did not abuse its discretion. 14 We conclude that the trial A. Background Concerning Excluded Evidence Before trial, defendant submitted a request to federalize all objections, and to deem all objections to be made based on the state and federal Constitutions. The prosecutor did not object, and the trial court granted the motion. The prosecution moved to exclude evidence that the victim owned a handgun. Defense counsel stated that it might become relevant later to a self-defense theory. The court granted the prosecution s motion, subject to reconsideration. During trial, defense counsel sought to introduce the evidence of the handgun found inside the victim s home. The handgun, a revolver, was between the mattresses in the victim s upstairs bedroom. 10 live rounds. It was inside a plastic Ziploc bag, as were There were no expended casings in the bag or otherwise at the scene of the killing. The handgun was found by officers searching the home on the morning of the shooting. Defense counsel desired to base a theory of self-defense on the handgun and the testimony of the neighbor, William Pahia, who said he heard arguing before the shooting and that he heard two shots in rapid succession. Counsel argued that Connie Johnson could have hidden the handgun, which was not located until about six hours after the shooting. The prosecutor responded that there was no evidence that the handgun had been fired. The victim had no gunshot residue on him, and there were no expended casings. The trial court concluded: It would appear to me that pursuant to [Evidence Code section] 352, it is speculative 15 whether or not this gun has any involvement, and the circumstantial evidence would suggest that it probably has no absolutely no [sic] involvement in this case, even assuming that there were two shots fired. There is nothing really to establish a nexus between a second shot, assuming that the victim had fired a second shot, or it [sic] was in possession of a firearm, and the gun that was located upstairs in what appears to be a condition that is inconsistent with recent use. The court left open the possibility that it would change its ruling if something more concrete were to support an inference that the handgun was used during the incident. B. Exclusion Defendant asserts that the exclusion of the handgun evidence (1) was an abuse of discretion pursuant to Evidence Code section 352 and (2) violated his right to due process. Neither assertion has merit.1 1. Evidence Code section 352 Evidence Code section 352 provides: The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value is 1 The Attorney General asserts that (1) defendant did not preserve his due process argument for appeal because he did not offer a timely and specific objection (Evid. Code, § 354) and (2) because defendant did not include some of the theories, such as heat of passion and lack of premeditation, in his argument concerning admission of the handgun in the trial court, defendant has forfeited review of those theories. We need not parse the various aspects of defendant s objection because (1) defendant objected below, even if it was more cursory than the argument he now makes, and (2) there is no merit in defendant s argument, regardless of its basis. 16 substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury. Exclusion of evidence as more prejudicial, confusing or distracting than probative, under Evidence Code section 352, is reviewed for abuse of discretion. [Citation.] But exclusion of evidence that produces only speculative inferences is not an abuse of discretion. [Citation.] (People v. Cornwell (2005) 37 Cal.4th 50, 81.) A trial court s exercise of discretion under Evidence Code section 352 will not be disturbed except on a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice [citation]. (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 9-10.) Here, the proposed evidence supporting an inference that the victim had a handgun in his confrontation with defendant was weak, and any inference based on such evidence was nothing more than speculation. Defendant asserts that he may have been able to convince the jury that the victim had the handgun and fired a shot. We conclude, however, that no reasonable jury would have made such an unsupported factual finding. The handgun was found upstairs, in a plastic bag, apparently unfired. leaving for work at his regular time. The victim was There was no gunshot residue or expended casing supporting an inference that the victim had fired a handgun. And, while Pahia stated that there may have been a second shot (if it was not an echo), no other 17 witness testified that there were two shots. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence and precluding the highly speculative argument defendant sought to make based on the evidence. 2. Due Process Similarly, we reject defendant s argument that the exclusion of the handgun evidence violated his constitutional due process rights. Although Evidence Code section 352 must bow to the due process right of a defendant to a fair trial and to his right to present all relevant evidence of significant probative value to his defense (People v. Reeder (1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 543, 553, original italics), the handgun evidence did not have significant probative value. Therefore, his due process rights were not violated. DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. NICHOLSON We concur: SIMS , Acting P.J. HULL , J. 18 , J.
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