Marvin M. Mhoon v. State of Arkansas
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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CR 06-1000
MARVIN M. MHOON
Opinion Delivered March 1, 2007
APPELLANT,
VS.
STATE OF ARKANSAS,
APPELLEE,
APPEAL FROM DREW COUNTY
CIRCUIT COURT,
NO. CR-2005-0134-1,
HON. SAMUEL B. POPE, JUDGE,
AFFIRMED IN PART;
REVERSED AND REMANDED IN
PART.
JIM GUNTER, Associate Justice
Appellant, Marvin M. Mhoon, appeals the Drew County Circuit Court’s rulings
denying appellant’s motion in limine to prohibit the introduction of his breathalyzer test
results into evidence, overruling appellant’s objections to the introduction of the breathalyzer
results, and refusing to take judicial notice of the Arkansas Regulations for Alcohol Testing.
We reverse and remand for a new trial.
On November 24, 2003, appellant was pulled over for speeding by Officer David
Wesson of the Drew County Sheriff’s Department. When Officer Wesson approached
Mhoon’s vehicle, he noticed that appellant had blood on his face. Officer Wesson then
realized that appellant’s vehicle matched the description of a vehicle belonging to a person
reportedly involved in a fight at All Star Sports Bar earlier in the evening. Officer Wesson
asked appellant if he had been drinking, and appellant stated that he had consumed a few
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beers and played pool. After asking appellant if he needed medical attention, which
appellant declined, Officer Wesson performed three field-sobriety tests on appellant. The
tests administered involved: the one-legged stand test where appellant was asked to stand on
one leg and count; the finger-to-nose test where appellant was asked to hold his arms to his
side and touch his nose with the point of his index finder; and the reverse counting test where
appellant was asked to use his fingers to count one-to-five and five-to-one until instructed
to stop. Appellant failed all three tests and was taken to the county detention facility. Officer
Wesson called Officer Rickey Rausch from the Monticello Police Department to administer
the blood alcohol test on appellant. Appellant signed the DWI/DUI statement of rights after
checking on the form that he understood all parts of the rights; that he agreed to take the
breathalyzer test; and that he did not want an additional test at his own expense. Officer
Wesson then observed appellant for a period of time, and in that time, appellant’s burping
negated the test. Officer Wesson testified that he had to wait twenty minutes before he could
resume his observation. After the observation, Officer Rausch administered the breath test
to appellant. The results of the breathalyzer test showed that appellant had a blood alcohol
level of 0.119%. Officer Wesson wrote a citation to appellant for speeding and DWI.
On February 23, 2006, a jury found appellant guilty of DWI in the Drew County
Circuit Court. In an in-chambers hearing on the day of trial, appellant’s attorney told the
court that the rights form signed by appellant was defective with regard to compliance with
Ark. Code Ann. § 5-65-204(e)(2) and (3) (Supp. 2001). Appellant made a motion in limine
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to prevent the introduction of the breath-test results because the rights form used did not meet
the requirements of Daniels v. State, 84 Ark. App. 263, 139 S.W.3d 140 (2003), an opinion
delivered one month before appellant’s arrest. The State agreed that the rights form did not
meet the requirements of the Daniels case, but argued that appellant’s motion was not a
motion in limine, but actually a motion to suppress that must be filed no later than ten days
before the date of trial. The court denied appellant’s motion, finding that it was “in the
nature of a motion to suppress,” and filed untimely. Appellant now brings this appeal from
the circuit court’s ruling.
When considering a denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we conduct a de novo
review based on the totality of the circumstances, reviewing findings of historical facts for
clear error and determining whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable
cause, giving due weight to inferences drawn by the trial court. Davis v. State, 351 Ark. 406,
94 S.W.3d 892 (2003). When reviewing a denial of a motion in limine or a refusal to take
judicial notice, we use the abuse-of-discretion standard. The trial court has broad discretion
in its evidentiary rulings; hence, the trial court’s findings will not be disturbed on appeal
unless there has been a manifest abuse of discretion. Threadgill v. State, 347 Ark. 986, 69
S.W.3d 423 (2002); Taylor v. Taylor, 345 Ark. 300, 47 S.W.3d 222 (2001).
For his first point on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his
motion in limine to prohibit the introduction of the breathalyzer-test results into evidence.
In response, the State argues that appellant’s motion to prohibit the introduction of the
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breathalyzer-test was a motion to suppress and not a motion in limine. The State asserts that,
because the motion made by appellant was a motion to suppress, and a motion to suppress
must be filed no later than ten days before trial, the motion made by appellant was untimely.
We first turn to whether the motion made by appellant on the day of trial was a motion
to suppress or a motion in limine. Appellant contends that the breathalyzer test results were
not illegally obtained evidence because they were obtained pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 565-202, commonly referred to as the implied-consent law. Appellant argues that, because
the results were obtained by consent, they were not illegally obtained, and his objection to
their introduction was not a motion to suppress. The State argues that appellant was trying
to suppress illegally obtained evidence by arguing that the breathalyzer test was illegally
performed because he was not properly advised of his rights concerning the test. The State
further argues that appellant’s motion was an untimely motion to suppress.
We have consistently held that courts should not be guided blindly by titles but should
look to the substance of motions to ascertain what they seek. Cornett v. Prather, 293 Ark.
108, 737 S.W.2d 159 (1987). It would not be in the interest of justice and fair play to be
blindly guided by the title of a motion or pleading. Id. A motion in limine to suppress the
use of evidence is distinguishable from a motion to suppress. Payne v. State, 327 Ark. 25,
29, 937 S.W.2d 160, 162 (1997) (citing Jenkins v. State, 301 Ark. 20, 21, 781 S.W.2d 461,
462 (1989)). A motion to suppress evidence presupposes that the evidence was illegally
obtained. Id. A motion in limine deals with the admissibility of evidence, rather than
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illegally obtained evidence. Id.
Arkansas Code Annotated § 5-65-204(e)(3) provides:
The refusal or failure of a law enforcement officer to advise a person
of this right and to permit and assist the person to obtain a test shall preclude
the admission of evidence relating to a chemical test taken at the direction of
a law enforcement officer.
Id. (emphasis added). Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 16.2 provides as follows:
(a) Objection to the use of any evidence, on the grounds that it was
illegally obtained, shall be made by a motion to suppress evidence. The phrase
“objection to the use of any evidence, on the grounds that it was illegally
obtained” shall include but is not limited to evidence which:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Consists of tangible property obtained by means of an unlawful search
and seizure; or
Consists of a record of potential testimony reciting or describing
declarations or conversations overheard or recorded by means of
eavesdropping; or
Consists of a record or potential testimony reciting or describing a
confession or admission of a defendant involuntarily made; or
Was obtained as a result of other evidence obtained in a manner
described in subdivisions one, two, and three; or
Consists of the prospective in-court identification of the defendant
based on an unlawful pre-trial confrontation.
Id.
The State does not dispute appellant’s contention that the rights form used in this case
was identical to the one that the court of appeals found to be defective in Daniels, supra. In
Daniels, the defendant was informed that he could have an additional test at his own expense,
but was not advised that he would be reimbursed for the cost of the additional test if found
not guilty. The court held that the rights form violated Ark. Code Ann. § 5-65-204(e) by
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failing to inform the accused that he would be reimbursed for the cost of an additional
breathalyzer test if found not guilty and that the trial court erred in admitting the accused’s
breathalyzer test results. The Daniels court considered the issue as one of admissibility.
Further, in Kay v. State, 46 Ark. App. 82, 877 S.W.2d 957 (1994), the appellant moved to
exclude evidence of a breathalyzer test on grounds that the officer had failed to advise
appellant of his right to an additional test and to assist him in obtaining such a test. The court
of appeals held that appellant’s motion was not a motion to suppress under Rule 16.2. Id. at
85, 877 S.W.2d at 959 (citing Scalco v. State, 42 Ark. App. 134, 856 S.W.2d 23 (1993)
(holding that the breath test did not result from an unlawful search, seizure, or arrest)).
In the present case, appellant consented to the breathalyzer test under the implied
consent law pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 5-65-202. Because the breathalyzer test was not
illegally obtained, Rule 16.2 does not apply, and the issue is admissibility. Admissibility is
covered by our rules, and with respect to procedural issues, by statutes not in conflict. Reed
v. State, 317 Ark. 286, 878 S.W.2d 376 (1994). No argument has been made that a conflict
exists between our rules and section 5-65-204, and we find none. Therefore, the motion
made by appellant in this case to prohibit the introduction of the breathalyzer test into
evidence was not a motion to suppress. Thus, we hold that the trial court erred in denying
appellant’s motion.
Because we have decided Rule 16.2 does not apply, section 5-65-204 determines
admissibility. Here, there is no dispute that the form used to advise appellant failed to meet
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the requirements of section 5-65-204, because the rights form had been found defective. See
Daniels, supra. Considering the facts here in light of section 5-65-204, we hold that the trial
court erred in denying the motion to prohibit the introduction of the test results.
For his second point on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in overruling
his objection to the introduction of the breathalyzer-test results. The State responds, arguing
that, even if the trial court did err in admitting the breathalyzer, appellant’s conviction must
be affirmed because of his failure to perform the three field-sobriety tests. The State relies
on our holding in Porter v. State, 356 Ark. 17, 145 S.W.3d 378 (2004), for the proposition
that proof of a motorist’s blood-alcohol content is not necessary for a conviction of DWI on
the ground of intoxication. In Porter, the appellant argued on appeal that the trial court erred
in admitting into evidence the blood alcohol test performed by the hospital because the test
was not performed in compliance with Ark. Code Ann. § 5-65-204 (Repl. 1997). However,
we disposed of this argument because it was not preserved below. This court’s opinion in
Porter dealt solely with the appellant’s directed verdict motion challenging the sufficiency
of the evidence. Therefore, Porter is inapplicable to the present case.
In the present case, the State called Officer Wesson, who testified that he asked
appellant to perform three field sobriety tests: a one-legged stand, a finger-to-nose test, and
a reverse-counting test. Officer Wesson testified that appellant kept putting his foot down
during the one-legged stand, that appellant moved his head to his finger when asked to touch
his finger to his nose, and was unable to accurately count backwards during the reverse-
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counting test. Dr. Randall McKiever treated appellant’s head injury a few days after the
accident. Dr. McKiever testified that, in his opinion, appellant may not have been able to
stand on one leg and hold his other foot six inches above the ground for thirty seconds
without wavering, and that appellant would probably have been compromised after receiving
the head injury. The State argues that appellant should be found guilty of DWI if he operated
a vehicle while intoxicated or blew a .08 or more on the breathalyzer test, and the jury was
instructed on both.
For the reasons set out in the first point, we find that the trial court erred in admitting
the breathalyzer results over the objection of appellant. Even when a trial court errs in
admitting evidence, we have held that when the evidence of guilt is overwhelming and the
error is slight, we can declare that the error was harmless and affirm the conviction. Barrett
v. State, 354 Ark. 187, 119 S.W.3d 485 (2003)(citing Cobb v. State, 340 Ark. 240, 12 S.W.3d
395 (2000)).
In the present case, we can neither say that the evidence of guilt was
overwhelming nor that the error was slight. The jury was instructed on both the improperly
admitted breathalyzer test and the other relevant evidence of intoxication. Because the jury’s
verdict was general, we cannot determine how it came to its conclusion. Considering the
case as a whole, we cannot say that the error in this case was harmless.
For his third point on appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to
take judicial notice of the Arkansas Regulations for Blood Alcohol Testing (the Regulations).
Appellant submits that he asked the court to take judicial notice of (1) the prescribed
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observation period as provided by the Arkansas Regulations for Alcohol Testing, and (2) the
regulation setting the requirements for breathalyzer machines. The State responds that, at
trial, appellant asked the court to take judicial notice of a superseded version of the
regulations. The State argues that the trial court did not err by refusing to take judicial notice
of a superseded version of the Health Department regulations or by not admitting the
regulations into evidence.
During trial, appellant asked the court to take judicial notice of the Regulations. The
State objected, arguing that the 1989 version of the regulations being offered by appellant
was not the most recent. The State also objected on the grounds of hearsay, but the trial court
stated that it was not hearsay, and that the real question was whether it was relevant to
anything that the jury would decide. Appellant argued that the Regulations were relevant to
the weight of the evidence on the validity of the results of the breath test. The court decided
that the testimony of the officers showed that they had observed appellant for the twenty
minutes required by the Regulations. Upon appellant’s request for the court to take judicial
notice of the Regulations setting the requirements for breathalyzer machines, the circuit court
stated that because the Regulations were confusing, it would take an expert to understand
them.
Appellant relies on State v. Jones, 338 Ark. 781, 3 S.W.3d 675 (1999), to support his
argument. In Jones, the State argued to the trial court that the alcohol testing in that case was
conducted in a manner already approved by the State Health Department and that the
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standards, machinery, and certification procedures mandated for alcohol testing under the
DWI statute were also applicable to testing under the BWI statute. We held that, although
the trial court did not orally take formal judicial notice of the regulations, the State’s
argument was sufficient to place the trial court on notice that it was relying on them. We
stated:
A party is not required to formally proffer, prove, or introduce published
regulations into evidence, so long as that party’s reliance on such regulations
is brought to the attention of the trial court. See, e.g., Peters, supra; Mitchell,
supra; Touzin, supra. This is because regulations adopted pursuant to the
authority of a statute are considered part of the substantive law of this State,
thus creating a presumption that the trial court judicially knows them.
Manufacturer’s Casualty Ins. Co. v. Hughes, 229 Ark. 503, 316 S.W.2d 829
(1984). . . . An agency regulation is part of the substantive law that the trial
court must determine and then apply to the facts of the case before it.
Washington, supra. In Touzin, supra, we succinctly stated what is required to
preserve arguments premised upon regulations for appeal:
Judicial notice may be taken of [a] regulation, but the proper procedure
is for the party relying on such judicial notice to aid the court or administrative
law judge by calling attention to that regulation.
Id. at 786, 3 S.W.3d at 677. Taking judicial notice of a regulation is akin to taking
judicial notice of a statute or other form of law upon which the judge instructs a jury.
Washington v. State, 319 Ark. 583, 586, 892 S.W.2d 505, 506 (1995).
We agree with the State’s argument that the trial court did not err by refusing
to take judicial notice of the regulations or by not admitting the regulations into
evidence. Under Ark. R. Evid. 201(c), a trial court “may take judicial notice [of
adjudicative facts] whether requested or not,” although under Rule 201(d), a court
“shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and supplied with the necessary
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information.” Here, appellant did ask the trial court to take judicial notice of the
Regulations, but asked the court to take judicial notice of a 1989 version instead of
the current 1995 revised version. In St. Paul Ins. Co. v. Touzin, 267 Ark. 539, 592
S.W.2d 447 (1980), we held that judicial notice could be taken of a Department of
Health regulation requiring stricter compliance with a statute concerning admissibility
of blood-alcohol tests, but the proper procedure for judicial notice is for the party
relying on such judicial notice to aid the court or administrative law judge by calling
attention to that regulation. Here, appellant merely called attention to a superseded
version of the regulations.
The Regulations are adopted pursuant to the authority of a statute and
considered part of the substantive law, thus creating the presumption that the trial
court judicially knows them.1 See Jones, supra. In this case, if we presume that the
trial court already judicially knew the Regulations, then it was unnecessary for the
court to take judicial notice of them or admit them into evidence. The trial court in
this case decided that the testimony of Officers Wesson and Rausch was sufficient to
explain the requirements of the Regulations and whether they were complied with.
Officer Wesson testified that he resumed the twenty-minute observation period after
1
The Arkansas Regulations for Blood Alcohol Testing are duly adopted and
promulgated by the Arkansas Department of Health as approved by the Arkansas State
Board of Health pursuant to the authority expressly conferred by the laws of the State of
Arkansas, Act 106 of 1969 as amended and Act 346 of 1957 as amended, the same being
Arkansas Code, Title 5, Chapter 65 and Act 518 of 1995 as amended.
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the test was negated, and there were no new occurrences to warrant restarting the
observation period. The requirement stated in the Regulations that there be a twentyminute observation period was addressed in the officer’s testimony. Therefore, we
hold that the trial court did not err in not taking judicial notice of the Regulations.
Accordingly, we affirm on this point.
We reverse and remand for the reasons stated above.
Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.
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