In the Matter of JAMES JOSEPH HAMM
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SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA En Banc In the Matter of JAMES JOSEPH HAMM, ___________________ ) ) ) ) Applicant.) Arizona Supreme Court No. SB-04-0079-M O P I N I O N APPLICATION DENIED _________________________________________________________________ JAMES JOSEPH HAMM Tempe In Propria Persona MONROE & McDONOUGH, P.C. By Lawrence McDonough And JUAN PEREZ-MEDRANO, Chair Attorneys for the Committee on Character & Fitness Tucson Phoenix CHARLES W. WIRKEN, President HELEN PERRY GRIMWOOD, President-elect JIM D. SMITH, First Vice President DANIEL J. McAULIFFE, Second Vice President EDWARD F. NOVAK, Secretary-Treasurer ROBERT B. VAN WYCK, Chief Bar Counsel Attorneys for Amicus Curiae State Bar of Arizona Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix MICHAEL D. KIMERER MARTY LIEBERMAN AMY L. NGUYEN CARLA RYAN ANDREW SILVERMAN Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice Phoenix Phoenix Phoenix Tucson Tucson ANDREW P. THOMAS, MARICOPA COUNTY ATTORNEY Phoenix By Andrew P. Thomas Attorney for Amicus Curiae Maricopa County Attorney s Office _________________________________________________________________ M c G R E G O R, Chief Justice ¶1 James Hamm petitioned this Court, pursuant to Arizona Supreme Court Rule 36(g), A.R.S.,1 17A to review the recommendation of the Committee on Character and Fitness (the Committee) that his application for admission to the State Bar of Arizona (the Bar) be denied. Having reviewed the record and the Committee s report, we conclude that James Hamm has failed to establish the good moral character necessary to be admitted to the practice of law in Arizona and deny his application. I. ¶2 In September 1974, James Hamm was twenty-six years old and living on the streets of Tucson. Although he previously had attended divinity school and worked as a part-time pastor, Hamm describes his life in 1974 as reflecting a series of personal and social failures. In 1973, he had separated from his wife, with whom he had a son. Although he had no criminal record, he supported himself by selling small quantities of marijuana and, again according to Hamm, he used marijuana and other drugs and abused alcohol. ¶3 On September 6, 1974, Hamm met two young men who identified themselves as college students from Missouri. The two, buy Willard Morley and Zane twenty pounds of marijuana. apparently was unable to Staples, came to Tucson to Hamm agreed to sell it to them, but acquire 1 that quantity of marijuana. References in this opinion to Rule ___ are to the Rules of the Arizona Supreme Court. 2 Rather than call off the transaction, Hamm and two accomplices, Garland Wells and Bill Reeser, agreed to rob Staples and Morley of the money intended for the purchase. On September 7, Wells gave Hamm a gun to use during the robbery. Later that day, Wells and Hamm directed Morley and Staples to drive to the outskirts of Tucson, purportedly to complete followed in another vehicle. and Wells sat drug transaction; Reeser Both Wells and Hamm carried guns; Morley and Staples were unarmed. driver, the behind Hamm sat behind Morley, the Staples. At detected that Staples was becoming suspicious. some point, Hamm As Morley stopped the car, and without making any demand on the victims for money, Hamm shot Morley in the back of the head, killing him. same time, Wells shot Staples. At the Hamm then shot Staples in the back as he tried to escape and shot Morley once again. Wells also shot Morley, then pursued Staples, whom he ultimately killed outside of the car. Hamm and Wells took $1400.00 from the glove compartment, fled the scene in the van driven by Reeser, and left the bodies of Morley and Staples lying in the desert. ¶4 Hamm took his share of the money and visited his sister in California. At the hearing held to consider his application to the Bar, he told the Committee that he was compelled to come back to Tucson, despite knowing he probably would be caught. Police officers arrested Hamm shortly after his return. While in custody, he told the police that Morley and Staples were killed 3 in a gun battle during the drug deal. Initially charged with two counts of first-degree murder and two counts of armed robbery, Hamm pled guilty to one count of first-degree murder and was sentenced to life in prison, with no possibility of parole for twenty-five years. ¶5 Once in prison, Hamm began taking rehabilitation and became a model prisoner. steps toward After spending one year in maximum security, he applied for and received a job in a computer training program that allowed him to be transferred to medium security. Once in medium security, Hamm apparently took advantage of any and every educational opportunity the prison system had helped offer. and, meditation to on fellow responsibility degree in He his inmates for applied completed own, learn their certificates studied to read actions. sociology, Jungian summa and in yoga and psychology. write and He obtained a cum laude, from to He take bachelor s Northern Arizona University through a prison study program. ¶6 After Hamm completed six years in medium security, prison officials transferred him to minimum security, where he worked on paint and construction crews. He received a significant degree of freedom, which allowed him to live in a dormitory rather than in a unaccompanied to nearby towns. cell and occasionally to drive He testified that he was the only inmate permitted to head a work crew. 4 Hamm reported to the Committee that he played an instrumental role on various prison committees, particularly the committee that developed a new grievance procedure within the Department of Corrections. In addition, he wrote grant proposals for libraries, for handicapped prisoners, and for obtaining greater legal assistance for While in prison, he met and married Donna Leone. She prisoners. ¶7 and Hamm founded Middle Ground Prison Reform (Middle Ground), a prisoner and prisoner family advocacy organization involved in lobbying for laws related to the criminal justice system and prisons. Middle Ground also provides public education about those topics. ¶8 In 1989, the Governor, acting on the recommendation of the Arizona Board of Pardons and Parole (the Board), commuted Hamm s sentence. When he had served nearly seventeen years, in July 1992, the Board released Hamm on parole, conditioned upon no use of alcohol or drugs, drug and alcohol testing, and fifteen hours of community service each month. Arizona Board of Executive Clemency2 In December 2001, the granted Hamm s third application for absolute discharge. ¶9 Between his release in August 1992 and his absolute discharge in December 2001, Hamm performed thousands of hours of 2 The Board of Pardons and Paroles is now the Arizona Board of Executive Clemency. 1993 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 255, § 64. 5 community service. He advocated for prisoners rights in various forums by writing position papers, appearing on radio programs, testifying in legislative hearings, schools, and civic organizations. and speaking at churches, He also appeared in a public service video encouraging children not to do drugs or join gangs. Hamm now works as the Director of Advocacy Services at Middle Ground Prison Reform. ¶10 While on parole, Hamm graduated from the Arizona State University College of Law. In July 1999, Hamm passed the Arizona bar examination and, in 2004, filed his Character and Fitness Report with the Committee. II. ¶11 process The Rules of the Supreme Court of Arizona establish the through applications for which the admission Committee to the and Bar, this and Court prior evaluate case law clarifies the burden an applicant must satisfy to establish good moral character. We begin with a review of the rules. A. ¶12 Rules 34 through admission to the Bar.3 37 define the requirements for The Committee may recommend an applicant for admission only if that applicant, in addition to meeting 3 Amendments to Rules 32 through 40 became effective December 1, 2005. Order Amending Rules 32-40, 46, 62, 64 & 65, Rules of Supreme Ct., Ariz. Sup. Ct. No. R-04-0032 (June 9, 2005). In 6 other requirements, satisfies the Committee that he or she is of good moral character. Rule 34(a). The applicant bears burden of establishing his or her good moral character. the In re Greenberg, 126 Ariz. 290, 292, 614 P.2d 832, 834 (1980) (citing In re Levine, 97 Ariz. 88, 397 P.2d 205 (1964)). In determining whether an applicant s prior conduct indicates a lack of good moral character, the Committee must consider the following nonexhaustive list of factors: A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. The applicant s age, experience and general level of sophistication at the time of the conduct The recency of the conduct The reliability of the information concerning the conduct The seriousness of the conduct Consideration given by the applicant to relevant laws, rules and responsibilities at the time of the conduct The factors underlying the conduct The cumulative effect of the conduct The evidence of rehabilitation The applicant s positive social contributions since the conduct The applicant s candor in the admissions process The materiality of any omissions or misrepresentations by the applicant. Rule 36(a)3. ¶13 crime, When prior conduct involves the commission of a violent the hearing. Committee must, Rule 36(a)4.E. at a minimum, hold an informal If three or more Committee members who attended the hearing or who have read the entire record do not ________________________ this opinion, we refer to the Rules effective when Hamm filed his 7 recommend admission of an applicant, the Committee must hold a formal hearing to consider whether to recommend the applicant for admission to the Bar. ¶14 Id. If the applicant fails to convince the Committee of his or her good moral character, the Committee has a duty not to recommend that person to this Court. In re Klahr, 102 Ariz. 529, 531, 433 P.2d 977, 979 (1967); Levine, 97 Ariz. at 91, 397 P.2d at 207 ( If the proof of good moral character falls short of convincing the Committee on Examinations and Admissions, it is its duty not to recommend admission. ); In re Courtney, 83 Ariz. 231, 233, 319 P.2d 991, 993 (1957) ( In this it has no discretion; if the members entertain any reservations whatsoever as to the applicant s good moral character, it should not make a favorable recommendation to this court. ). submits its report, Court for review. an aggrieved applicant After the Committee may petition this Rule 36(g). B. ¶15 This Court then independently determines whether the applicant possesses good moral character and, based upon that determination, grants or denies the candidate s application. Although we give serious consideration to the facts as found by and the recommendation of the Committee, [t]he ultimate decision in this difficult matter rests with the Supreme Court. ________________________ application for admission to the practice of law. 8 In re Kiser, 107 Ariz. 326, 327, 487 P.2d 393, 394 (1971) (holding applicant possessed good moral character); see also Levine, 97 Ariz. at 92, 397 P.2d at 207 (holding the Court must, using our independent judgment, qualifications independent have review de been to novo determine shown ). matters of whether We law; we do the not have responsibility for determination of fact and law. necessary limit the our ultimate In re Ronwin, 139 Ariz. 576, 579, 680 P.2d 107, 110 (1983); see also In re Walker, 112 Ariz. 134, 137, 539 P.2d 891, 894 (1975) (making a finding regarding the credibility of testimony, although in agreement with the Committee). ¶16 The ultimate question in cases such as this is whether the applicant has established good moral character, a concept with which we have wrestled as we have attempted to define its boundaries. Greenberg, 126 Ariz. at 292, 614 P.2d at 834. As Hamm asserts, the rules and standards governing admission to the practice of law in Arizona include no per se disqualifications. Instead, we consider each case on its own merits. Id. In Walker, we described the principles on which we rely as follows: Upright character * * * is something more than an absence of bad character. * * * It means that he [an applicant for admission] must have conducted himself as a man of upright character ordinarily would, should, or does. Such character expresses itself not in negatives nor in following the line of least resistance, but quite often in the will to do the unpleasant thing if it is right, and the resolve not to do the pleasant thing if it is wrong. 9 112 Ariz. at 138, 539 P.2d at 895 (alteration in original) (quoting In re Farmer, 131 S.E. 661, 663 (N.C. 1926)). ¶17 We also agree with Hamm that, under the Rule applicable to Hamm s application, our concern must be with the applicant s present moral character. In Greenberg, we explained that it is [the applicant s] moral character as of now with which we are concerned. 36(a)3. 126 Ariz. at 292, 614 P.2d at 834; see also Rule Past misconduct, however, is not irrelevant. Rather, this Court must determine what past bad acts reveal about an applicant s current character. III. ¶18 In compliance with Rule 36(a)4.E, the Committee conducted a formal hearing to consider Hamm s application. Committee heard testimony on May 20 and June 2, 2004. The Hamm, representing himself, and his wife presented extensive testimony. In addition, the Committee heard from three licensed attorneys who had worked with Hamm and who recommended his admission and also considered letters from those opposed to and in support of Hamm s application. In detailed findings, the Committee specifically considered the various factors set out in Rule 36(a) to determine Hamm s character and fitness to be admitted to the Bar. In its report, the Committee stated that, in reaching its conclusions, it considered the following: 10 1) 2) 3) 4) ¶19 Hamm s unlawful conduct, which included the commission of two violent execution style murders and his testimony as to the facts surrounding the murders. Hamm s omissions on his Application and his testimony in explaining his failure to disclose all required information. Hamm s neglect of his financial responsibilities and/or violation of a longstanding child support court order and his testimony as to his failure to comply with the court order. Hamm s mental or emotional instability impairing his ability to perform the functions of an attorney including his testimony as to any diagnosis and treatment.4 After reviewing all these factors, the Committee concluded that Hamm had not met his burden of establishing that he possesses the requisite character and fitness for admission to the Bar denied. and accordingly recommended that his application be We now consider the Committee s findings, together with pertinent facts. A. ¶20 The serious nature of Hamm s past criminal conduct is beyond dispute. Hamm acknowledges that no more serious criminal conduct exists than committing first-degree murder. reserves its harshest punishment for those Our society convicted of such conduct. See Tucson Rapid Transit Co. v. Rubiaz, 21 Ariz. 221, 231, P. 187 568, 572 (1920) (describing 4 murder as the most The Committee was divided as to the significance of complaints made concerning Hamm s alleged unauthorized practice of law. This Court s decision does not rely upon those allegations. 11 serious crime known to the law ). ¶21 Hamm s past criminal conduct and the serious nature of that conduct affect the burden he must meet to establish good moral character. He must first establish rehabilitation from prior criminal conduct, a requirement that adds to his burden of showing current good moral character. See In re Adams, 540 S.E.2d 609, 610 (Ga. 2001) ( Where an applicant for admission to the bar has a criminal record, his or her burden of establishing present good moral character takes on the added weight of proving full and complete conviction . . . . ); rehabilitation subsequent to In re Allan S., 387 A.2d 271, 275 (Md. 1978) ( Although a prior conviction is not conclusive of a lack of present good moral character, . . . it adds to his burden of establishing present good character by requiring convincing proof of his full and complete rehabilitation. ). ¶22 The added burden conduct becomes more serious. becomes greater as past unlawful In In re Arrotta, we considered an application for reinstatement from an attorney who, eight years earlier, pled guilty to mail fraud and bribery. 96 P.3d 213 (2004). 208 Ariz. 509, We noted there that the more serious the misconduct that led to disbarment, the more difficult is the applicant s task in showing rehabilitation. P.3d at 216. Id. at 512 ¶ 12, 96 An applicant for initial admission to the Bar who is attempting to overcome the negative implications of a serious 12 felony on his current moral character likewise must overcome a greater burden for more serious crimes. Jersey Supreme Court, which We agree with the New recognized that in the case of extremely damning past misconduct, a showing of rehabilitation may be virtually impossible to make. 165, 176 (N.J. 1983). In re Matthews, 462 A.2d Indeed, we are aware of no instance in which a person convicted of first-degree murder has been admitted to the practice of law. ¶23 To show rehabilitation, Hamm must show accepted responsibility for his criminal conduct. recognizes his need to make this showing. his rehabilitation acceptance. could not have that he has Hamm fully Indeed, he states that proceeded absent such We recognize the Committee s concern that Hamm has not yet fully accepted responsibility for the two murders. Hamm says he has done so, repeatedly and strongly, but some of his other statements indicate to the contrary. The inconsistencies among his various statements related to accepting responsibility are most evident when he discusses Staples murder. Although he told the Committee that he accepts responsibility for Staples murder, in fact he consistently assigns that responsibility to his accomplice. His testimony revealed almost no attention to the commission or aftermath of Staples murder. Hamm concedes that he has focused on his role in Morley s murder rather than on his role in Staples murder. The difference in approach, he 13 explains, resulted from one postcard written to him by Morley s grandmother and his decision to use his connection to Morley to provide motivation to overcome difficulties. We have no reason to doubt that Hamm s focus on Morley s murder aided him, using his words, in accomplishing things that people have been telling me I can t do and we re [Hamm and Morley] still doing it today. That fact, however, does nothing to assure us that Hamm has taken responsibility for Staples murder, as he must if he is to establish rehabilitation. ¶24 We also give serious consideration to the Committee s finding that Hamm was not completely forthright in his testimony about the murders.5 Hamm has insisted in his filings with this Court that he did not intend to kill, but only to rob, his victims. The agreed facts, however, inference that Hamm intended to kill. lead directly to the He conspired with his accomplices to rob the victims; he accepted the gun provided by Wells and took it with him in the car with the victims; he testified that, although he did not intend to kill the victims, he was afraid they would be killed when he got in the car; he shot Morley without ever attempting a robbery and shot him a second time to make certain he was dead; and he also shot Staples 5 Hamm s lack of candor on this question also impacts our analysis of whether he met his burden of showing present good moral character. See Section III, subsections B through E, infra. 14 to prevent his escape. The Committee observed Hamm testify and was able to judge the credibility of his testimony in light of uncontested facts. We agree that the record shows that Hamm, despite his current protestations to the contrary, intended to kill the victims. His failure to confront the fact that these murders were intentional undermines his statements that he fully accepts responsibility for his actions. ¶25 Hamm s As did the Committee, we give substantial weight to attempts at rehabilitation. In Section I, supra, we described in some detail the activities Hamm has undertaken, both while in and since his release from prison. We are impressed with the sincerity and fervor of those who testified or submitted letters on Hamm s behalf. Were rehabilitation the only showing Hamm must make to establish good moral character, we would weigh those factors tending to show tending to show a lack thereof. rehabilitation against those Under the facts of this case, however, we need not decide whether the facts of record establish rehabilitation. ¶26 When an applicant has committed first-degree murder, a crime that demonstrates an extreme lack of good moral character, that applicant must make an extraordinary showing of present good moral character to establish that he or she is qualified to be admitted to the practice of law. Even assuming that Hamm has established rehabilitation, showing rehabilitation from criminal 15 conduct does not, in itself, establish good moral character. Rehabilitation is a necessary, but not sufficient, ingredient of good moral character. An applicant must establish his current good moral character, independent of and in addition to, evidence of rehabilitation. We conclude that Hamm failed to make that showing. B. ¶27 We longstanding share the failure Committee s to fulfill, deep or concern even about address, his Hamm s child support obligation to his son, born in 1969, four years before Hamm and his first wife separated. Not until he prepared his application for admission to the Bar in 2004 did Hamm make any effort to meet his responsibility to provide support for his son. During the Committee hearing, Hamm advanced several explanations for his failure to do so. Like the Committee, we find none of his explanations credible. ¶28 Although Hamm attempts to excuse his failure to pay child support by pointing out that he never received a copy of a final divorce decree, Hamm scarcely can claim that he lacked awareness of his obligation. A few months after he and his wife separated in 1973, Hamm was arrested on a misdemeanor charge of failing to pay child support. On May 6, 1974, James and Karen Hamm s divorce decree set Hamm s child support payments at $75.00 a month. Hamm made no effort 16 to learn the extent of his financial obligation to his son from 1974, when Hamm was twentysix years old, until 2004, when he was fifty-five. During those nearly thirty years, he gained sophistication and attended law school. He must have known, and certainly should have known, that he had long avoided a basic parental obligation.6 ¶29 Hamm also attempted to excuse his inattention to his obligation by explaining that he learned, first from a private investigator hired by his wife in 1988, and later from his son, that his former wife s new husband had adopted his son. His reliance on the private investigator s 1988 report to excuse his failure is surprising, given the fact that his son was only months from the age of majority when Hamm learned of the report; he provides no explanation for his lack of concern prior to that date. ¶30 Hamm further explained that only when he applied for admission to the Bar in 2004 did he discover that his son had not been adopted and then calculated the child support payment [due] over the years. even though the Hamm determined that he owed $10,000.00 and, statute of limitations 6 barred Hamm also cannot attribute his failure to the absence of funds. Even while in somewhere around a hundred dollars a month no portion of those earnings to discharge his 17 an action to to pay child support prison, Hamm earned probably, but used obligation. recover past amounts due,7 contacted his son and set up a repayment schedule. ¶31 Behavior of such long duration cannot be considered as a temporary aberration . . . . Walker, 112 Ariz. at 138, 539 P.2d at 895; see also Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Lewis, 426 A.2d 1138 (Pa. 1981) (holding that even when an attorney made belated restitution for funds taken from clients, because [s]uch actions cannot standards of be the said to be profession, consistent with a with high lawyer's ethical fiduciary responsibility to his client, with a character that is beyond reproach, or with truth, candor and honesty, the attorney could 7 When asked if he had taken steps to formalize his agreement with his son to pay back child support, Hamm replied, No. No. I simply acknowledged the debt regardless whether it is a legal debt or not and whether it s an enforceable debt or not. In its findings, the Committee noted that Hamm has since taken it upon himself to attempt to comply with his child support obligations, but expressed concern that he made no admission of a legal obligation to pay. Whether an action to enforce Hamm s obligation to his son is in fact time-barred is unclear. In Huff v. Huff, the Texas Supreme Court held that a ten-year statute of limitations under Tex. Rev. Civ. Stat. Ann. art. 5532, since repealed by Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 9(1), eff. Sept. 1, 1985, applied to violations of child support orders. 648 S.W.2d 286, 287 88 (Tex. 1983) (allowing a claim based on a 1973 divorce decree). Because Hamm s son turned eighteen in 1987, the tenyear statute of limitations expired in 1997. In 2002, however, the Texas Supreme Court held that an administrative writ, created by constitutional amendment in 1997, could be used to enforce a divorce decree issued in 1974, for which no order was obtained, because the administrative writ is a new and improved enforcement mechanism. In re A.D., 73 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2002). We need not resolve this question of Texas law, but share the Committee s concern over Hamm s failure to formally investigate his legal obligations to his son. 18 not continue parental to practice obligation for law). nearly Hamm s thirty failure years to makes meet his it more difficult for him to make the required extraordinary showing that he has conducted himself as a man ordinarily would, should, or does. Walker, 112 Ariz. at 138, 539 P.2d at 895. ¶32 We also agree with the Committee that Hamm did not display honesty and candor in discussing his failure to pay child support with the Committee. Hamm testified both that his son told him personally that he had been adopted and that his son adamantly refused to accept interest payments on the unpaid child support. ¶33 Hamm s son testified, however, that he had never been adopted, that prior to his contact with Hamm he had changed his name himself, and that he had not told Hamm he had been adopted. Hamm s son payments. also did not report adamantly refusing interest In response to a question from the Committee about interest payments, he said: Discussions about interest? Seems like whenever we were talking about it, you know, he said it was a large amount, and it seems like the subject of interest did come up. I can t remember exactly, you know, what we said about it. But, you know, I didn t push the issue or anything, say, well, you know, you re going to pay me interest for this or what, or is there any interest. It wasn t really an issue or important to me. ¶34 We discern no reason that Hamm s son would have been other than forthright about these matters, while Hamm had every 19 reason to present himself in the best possible light.8 Like the Committee, we find the testimony of his son to be more credible. C. ¶35 We further conclude that Hamm did not adequately explain his failure to disclose an incident involving him and his current wife, Donna, when he submitted his application to the Committee. ¶36 In 1996, Hamm and Donna engaged altercation outside a convenience store. in a physical Donna yelled the word kidnap out of the window of the vehicle Hamm was driving, causing him to pull over and leave the vehicle. During their tussle, Donna tore Hamm s shirt. Both called the police, who arrested neither Hamm nor Donna. The incident and what Donna describes as her embellishments caused such great concern to the Hamms, particularly because Hamm was on parole, that Donna submitted to a polygraph administered by a private company to demonstrate that Hamm had not kidnapped her. The two also underwent marital counseling. ¶37 Nonetheless, when filling out his Character and Fitness 8 Rather than acknowledge any inconsistencies between his testimony and that of his son, Hamm lashed out at the Committee s refusal to agree with Hamm s argument, which the Committee could accept only if it accepted Hamm s testimony on this issue as credible. Hamm accused the Committee of totally ignor[ing] the content of [Hamm s Petition] to which it supposedly was responding. 20 Report, Hamm failed to disclose the incident to the Committee. Question 25 on the report asks specifically whether the applicant, among other things, has been questioned concerning any felony or misdemeanor.9 Hamm told the Committee that, in reading the application, he missed the word questioned in the list of encounters with law enforcement that Question 25 directs an applicant to report. ¶38 Hamm s explanation strains credulity. In Walker, this Court inferred that the son of an Army officer would understand the requirement to register for the draft. 112 Ariz. at 138, 539 P.2d at 895. Likewise, we infer from Hamm s knowledge of the law and his efforts in 1996 to document a defense for the domestic incident that he fully understood its importance and must have known that the incident would be of interest to the Committee. His failure to include it in his initial application further affects his ability to make the needed extraordinary showing of good moral character. 9 Question 25 asks: Have you either as an adult or a juvenile, ever been served with a criminal summons, questioned, arrested, taken into custody, indicted, charged with, tried for, pleaded guilty to or been convicted of, or ever been the subject of an investigation concerning the violation of, any felony or misdemeanor? (In answering this question, include all incidents, no matter how trivial or minor the infraction or whether guilty or not, whether expunged or not, whether you believe or 21 D. ¶39 Hamm s actions during these proceedings questions about his fitness to practice law. also raise The introduction to Hamm s petition before this Court begins: The consequences of this case for Petitioner take it out of the ordinary realm of civil cases. If the Committee s recommendation is followed, it will prevent him from earning a living through practicing law. This deprivation has consequences of the greatest import for Petitioner, who has invested years of study and a great deal of financial resources in preparing to be a lawyer . . . . This language repeats nearly verbatim the language of the United States Supreme Court in Konigsberg v. State Bar, 353 U.S. 252 (1957), in which the Court wrote: While this is not a criminal case, its consequences for Konigsberg take it out of the ordinary run of civil cases. The Committee's action prevents him from earning a living by practicing law. This deprivation has grave consequences for a man who has spent years of study and a great deal of money in preparing to be a lawyer. Id. at 257 58. If an attorney submits work to a court that is not his own, his actions may violate the rules of professional conduct. Lane, Iowa Supreme Court Bd. of Prof l Ethics & Conduct v. 642 N.W.2d constitute[s], court. An among 296, other attorney may 299 (Iowa things, not a 2002) ( [P]lagiarism misrepresentation engage in conduct to the involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation. ); see also Rule ________________________ were advised that instance.) you need 22 not disclose any such 42, ER 8.4(c) engag[ing] in (defining conduct misrepresentation ). professional involving misconduct dishonesty, as fraud, including deceit or We are concerned about Hamm s decision to quote from the Supreme Court s opinion without attribution and are equally troubled by his failure to acknowledge his error. When the Committee s response pointed to Hamm s failure to attribute this language to Konigsberg, he avoided the serious questions raised and refused to confront or apologize for his improper actions, asserting instead: From Petitioner s perspective, any eloquence that might be found in the Petition does not derive from any prior case decided in any jurisdiction, but rather from the gradual development of his own potential through study, reflection, and devotion to the duty created by his commission regard his of actions responsibility. murder. as Hamm improper apparently or simply either does not refuses to take In either case, his actions here do not assist him in making the requisite showing of good moral character.10 10 In addition to the matters discussed above, only four years have passed since James Hamm was absolutely discharged. The fact that Hamm has been free of supervision for this relatively short time weighs against his admission to the practice of law. Greenberg, 126 Ariz. at 293, 614 P.2d at 835 (noting that [r]ehabilitation is seldom accomplished in an instantaneous fashion and holding that Greenberg had not convinced [the Court] that he as yet evidences the requisite good moral character )(emphasis added); see also In re Dortch, 860 A.2d 346, 348 (D.C. 2004) (finding it would be erosive of public confidence in the legal profession and the administration of justice were we to admit an applicant who is still on parole for 23 E. ¶40 When Hamm committed first-degree murder in 1974, demonstrated his extreme lack of good moral character. he Although this Court has not adopted a per se rule excluding an applicant whose past includes such serious criminal misconduct, we agree with those jurisdictions that have held that an applicant with such a background must make an extraordinary showing of rehabilitation and present good moral character to be admitted to the practice of law. Perhaps such a showing is, in practical terms, a near impossibility. today, however, Committee and responsibility because this for Hamm s Court, his We need not decide that question lack his serious of candor failure criminal to before accept misconduct, and the full his failure to accept or fulfill, on a timely basis, his parental obligation of support for his son, all show that Hamm has not met the stringent standard that applies to an applicant in his position who seeks to show his present good moral character. IV. ¶41 because merits Hamm asserts that he was denied due process of law two of members his of the application. Committee Both may members, have prejudged however, left the the Committee proceedings when their potential bias came to light, ________________________ crimes as serious as those committed by Dortch ). Because Hamm otherwise failed to establish good moral character, however, we 24 and neither played any role in the Committee s findings and recommendation. ¶42 Hamm, like all applicants for membership in the Bar, is entitled to receive due process of law. The fundamental requirement of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333 (1976) (quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552 (1965)). Also, due process requires that a party be given a fair trial in a fair tribunal. United States v. Superior Court, 144 Ariz. 265, 280, 697 P.2d 658, 673 (1985) (quoting In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955)). Both the Committee and this Court have provided Hamm ample opportunity to be heard through hearings and written arguments. Court, and not the Hamm s application. Committee, made the Moreover, this ultimate decision on Hamm received a full opportunity to be heard before a fair tribunal. ________________________ reached our decision without considering this factor. 25 V. ¶43 proving Because James Hamm has failed to meet his burden of that he is of good moral character, we deny his application for admission to the State Bar of Arizona. __________________________________ Ruth V. McGregor, Chief Justice CONCURRING: _________________________________ Michael D. Ryan, Justice _________________________________ Andrew D. Hurwitz, Justice _________________________________ W. Scott Bales, Justice _________________________________ Jefferson L. Lankford, Judge* * The Honorable Rebecca White Berch recused herself; pursuant to Article VI, Section 3 of the Arizona Constitution, the Honorable Jefferson L. Lankford, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Division One was designated to sit in her stead. 26
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