STATE v ROBERT ALLEN HENDERSON
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SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA En Banc STATE OF ARIZONA, ) ) Appellee, ) ) v. ) ) ROBERT ALLEN HENDERSON, ) ) Appellant. ) ) ) ) __________________________________) Arizona Supreme Court No. CR-04-0442-PR Court of Appeals Division One No. 1 CA-CR 03-0920 Maricopa County Superior Court No. CR-2003-009923-001 DT O P I N I O N Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County The Honorable Karen L. O Connor, Judge No. CR-2003-009923-001 DT CONVICTION AFFIRMED ________________________________________________________________ Opinion of the Court of Appeals, Division One 209 Ariz. 300, 100 P.3d 911 (App. 2005) AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART ________________________________________________________________ TERRY GODDARD, ATTORNEY GENERAL By Randall M. Howe, Chief Counsel Criminal Appeals Section Nicholas D. Acedo, Assistant Attorney General Attorneys for the State of Arizona Phoenix JAMES J. HAAS, MARICOPA COUNTY PUBLIC DEFENDER Phoenix By Edward F. McGee, Deputy Public Defender Attorneys for Robert Allen Henderson ________________________________________________________________ M c G R E G O R, Chief Justice ¶1 We granted review to consider whether a reviewing court should consider a claim based upon Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), under a harmless error or a fundamental error standard when the defendant failed to raise the issue at trial. We hold that such claims should be reviewed for fundamental error. I. ¶2 Robert mother, Marian Henderson Allen Pyle, assaulted Henderson at Pyle. her lived house. The arrived and Pyle left his During assault forced Henderson from her bedroom. daughter with 73-year-old an continued argument, until Pyle The next morning, Pyle s her bedroom. When Pyle s daughter left the house, Henderson attacked Pyle again. The attack continued until sheriff s deputies arrived and arrested Henderson. The deputies observed that Pyle had abrasions on her face and nose, a chipped tooth, and cuts and abrasions on her hands. ¶3 Ariz. Pyle also complained of back injuries. Henderson Rev. Stat. was indicted (A.R.S.) § on one 13-1304 count (2001), of kidnapping, one count of assault, A.R.S. § 13-1203 (2001), and one count of threatening or intimidating, A.R.S. § 13-1202 (2001). The jury convicted Henderson of assault and threatening or intimidating. The jury did not convict him of kidnapping, but did find him guilty of 2 the lesser included offense of unlawful imprisonment, A.R.S. § 13-1303 (2001). ¶4 judge Pursuant imposed a to A.R.S. § 13-702.01.A super-aggravated imprisonment conviction. sentence (2001), for the the court to mandates increase that any unlawful Unlawful imprisonment is a class 6 felony that carries a presumptive term of one year. 13-701.C.5 (2001). trial A.R.S. § Section 13-702.A (2001) permits a sentencing or reduce increase the or presumptive decrease be sentence based on and the aggravating and mitigating circumstances contained within that same section. Id. The maximum term that a judge can impose under section 13-702.A for a class 6 felony is 1.5 years. Id. Section 13-702.01.A, however, provides that a judge can increase the sentence for a class 6 felony to two years, providing that the court finds [] at least two substantial aggravating factors listed in § 13-702, subsection C. ¶5 The trial court found three aggravating circumstances that fit within the list of statutory aggravators codified in A.R.S. § 13-702.C: infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury, § 13-702.C.1; physical and emotional harm caused to the victim, § 13-702.C.9; and that the victim was 3 over the age of sixty-five, § 13-702.C.13.1 Henderson did not object either to the fact that the court, not a jury, found the aggravators or to the court s decision to impose a super- aggravated sentence. ¶6 erred On by not incarceration Amendment appeal, giving and privilege Henderson him also alleged proper raised against that credit claims the for his related self-incrimination. to trial judge presentence his He Fifth did not raise any Sixth Amendment claims. ¶7 After Henderson submitted the case to the court of appeals, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Blakely v. Washington, holding that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must 1 The court did not make explicit references to A.R.S. § 13702.C when sentencing Henderson. Rather, the court made the following statement: Mr. Henderson, I was here at your trial. I heard the testimony. I observed the witnesses testify, and in aggravation I find that the violent nature of the facts of this case are aggravating. The trauma that you ve caused Ms. Pyle and the injuries that you ve caused her are aggravating. I find, in aggravation, Ms. Pyle s age. I further find in aggravation that you have no remorse whatsoever for any of these offenses. I find in aggravation your statements that you made to me today. I don t have to consider the allegations that would have been presented on acts that are unrelated to the crimes that you committed on March 15, 2003 to find that this crime here, all by itself, warrants a super aggravated sentence, and the most I can give you under this crime is two years, and so that s what I m going to do. 4 be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Blakely, 542 U.S. at ___, 124 S. Ct. at 2536 (quoting Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000)). Sua sponte, the court of appeals ordered the parties to file supplemental briefs on the issues of whether Blakely applied to Henderson s sentencing and, if so, whether the court should consider any Blakely error under a harmless error analysis. ¶8 The court concluded that Blakely did apply to Henderson s direct appeal, which was pending at the time Blakely was decided. P.3d 911, 914 State v. Henderson, 209 Ariz. 300, 303 ¶ 9, 100 (App. 2004). The court also concluded that Blakely error constitutes trial error, rather than structural error. Id. at 311 ¶ 34, 100 P.3d at 922. The court correctly noted the distinction between the two types of trial error, stating that trial error to which an objection is made at trial is subject to a harmless error analysis while trial error to which no objection is made at trial is subject to a review for fundamental error. Id. at 304 ¶ 13, 100 P.3d at 915. The court then applied the harmless error standard from State v. Ring, 204 Ariz. 534, 65 P.3d 915 (2003) (Ring III), holding that judicial fact-finding . . . may constitute harmless error if we can conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that no reasonable jury would fail to find the aggravating circumstance. Henderson, 209 Ariz. at 311 ¶ 35, 100 P.3d at 922 (citations omitted). 5 ¶9 the The State contends that the court erroneously applied harmless because error Henderson Specifically, the standard had not State to Henderson s preserved argues his that, Blakely objection under at the claim, trial. correct fundamental error standard, Henderson must establish not only that fundamental error occurred but also that the error caused prejudice. See State v. Hunter, 142 Ariz. 88, 90, 688 P.2d 980, 982 (1984). ¶10 appeals We granted review to determine whether the court of erred in applying Henderson s Blakely claim. a harmless error standard to We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to Article 6, Section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution and Rule 31.19 of the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure.2 II. ¶11 The parties no longer dispute considered at earlier stages of this proceeding. several issues First, neither party disputes that the holding of Blakely applies to this case. In addition, as the State candidly conceded at oral argument, Blakely error clearly occurred. 2 A judge, not a jury, found Henderson initially contended that this appeal is moot because he has been released from prison. The State conceded that the case is moot, but nonetheless urged us to take review. As a general rule, this Court will not examine moot questions unless they present issues of great public importance or they are likely to recur. See David G. v. Pollard ex rel. County of Pima, 207 Ariz. 308, 309 ¶ 6, 86 P.3d 364, 365 (2004). This case meets both criteria. 6 facts that made Henderson eligible for an aggravated sentence and, in doing so, Blakely requires. no trial applied a lesser standard of proof than Moreover, Henderson acknowledges that he made objection that could be construed as raising any Blakely issue. ¶12 Finally, Henderson does not challenge the court of appeals conclusion that Blakely error constitutes trial, not structural, error, a conclusion with which we agree. As we held in Ring III, there are relatively few instances in which we should regard error as structural. P.3d at 933. those which 204 Ariz. at 552 ¶ 46, 65 Structural errors, as opposed to trial errors, are deprive defendants of basic protections without which a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for guilt or innocence. Id. at ¶ 45 (quoting Neder v. United States, omitted). 527 U.S. 1, 8-9 (1999) (internal quotations Additionally, errors are considered structural rather than trial errors when they affect the entire conduct of the trial from beginning to end, and thus taint the framework within which the trial proceeds. State v. Anderson, 197 Ariz. 314, (2000) 323 ¶ 22, 4 P.3d 369, 378 (quoting Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 307-08, 309-10 (1991)). Arizona v. We previously have held that we will analyze Apprendi error as trial error, 7 rather than as structural error.3 See State v. Sepahi, 206 Ariz. 321, 324 n.3, ¶ 19, 78 P.3d 732, 735 n.3 (2003); see also Ring III, 204 Ariz. at 555 ¶ 53, 65 P.3d at 936. In Ring III, we held that, in the capital context, Arizona s failure to submit [aggravating factors] to the jury does not constitute structural error. Id. at 552 ¶ 44, 65 P.3d at 933. We have been asked to revisit this question on several occasions and have declined to do so. See, e.g., State v. Murdaugh, 209 Ariz. 19, 30 ¶ 50, 97 P.3d 844, 855 (2004); State v. Montaño, 206 Ariz. 296, 297 ¶ 3, 77 P.3d 1246, 1247 (2003); State v. Sansing, 206 Ariz. 232, 235 ¶ 5, 77 P.3d 30, 33 (2003). 3 Every federal circuit court of appeals has also held that Apprendi error may be reviewed as trial error. E.g., United States v. Perez-Ruiz, 353 F.3d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 2003) ( An Apprendi error is not a defect affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds, but, rather, simply an error in the trial process itself. ) (quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 310 (1991)); United States v. Friedman, 300 F.3d 111, 127-28 (2d Cir. 2002) (subjecting an alleged Apprendi error to harmless error review); United States v. Henry, 282 F.3d 242, 252 (3d Cir. 2002) (same); United States v. Strickland, 245 F.3d 368, 379-80 (4th Cir. 2001) (evaluating Apprendi claim under plain error doctrine); United States v. Matthews, 312 F.3d 652, 665 (5th Cir. 2002) (holding that Apprendi error is susceptible to harmless error review); United States v. Stewart, 306 F.3d 295, 322-23 (6th Cir. 2002) (same); United States v. Trennell, 290 F.3d 881, 890 (7th Cir. 2002) (holding Apprendi error harmless); United States v. Frazier, 280 F.3d 835, 855-56 (8th Cir. 2002) (evaluating Apprendi claim under plain error doctrine); United States v. Velasco-Heredia, 319 F.3d 1080, 1085-86 (9th Cir. 2003) (applying harmless error analysis); United States v. Lott, 310 F.3d 1231, 1240 (10th Cir. 2002) (applying plain error analysis to Apprendi claim); United States v. Suarez, 313 F.3d 1287, 1293 (11th Cir. 2002) (holding Apprendi error harmless); United States v. Lafayette, 337 F.3d 1043, 1052 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (same). 8 ¶13 Ring III however, violation caused by considered only the Sixth Amendment submitting factual questions legally essential to expose a defendant to a maximum sentence to the wrong factfinder. The aggravating facts used to enhance Henderson s sentence were found by a judge instead of by a jury. As we held in Ring III, that procedure violated Henderson s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. See 204 Ariz. at 545 ¶ 12, 65 P.3d at 926; see also Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. In addition, however, the trial judge here applied a preponderance standard to find the aggravators, rather than the constitutionally required standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. This procedure violated the Fifth Amendment. See, e.g., In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970) (holding that Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment puts the burden on the prosecution to prove all elements of all charges beyond a reasonable doubt). ¶14 Before the court of appeals, Henderson relied primarily upon Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275 (1993), in arguing that the failure to apply the proper standard of proof to the determination of aggravating factors legally essential to his punishment constitutes structural error requiring automatic reversal. that In Sullivan, the United States Supreme Court held submitting deficient a case reasonable to doubt a jury under instruction a constitutionally vitiate[d] all the jury s findings because the jury had returned no verdict of 9 guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. actual jury verdict exists in Id. at 281. such cases Because no upon which the harmless-error scrutiny can operate, the Court concluded, the error unquestionably qualifies as structural error. Id. at 282. ¶15 The defendant in Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1 (1999), sought to expand the Sullivan holding to a situation in which the judge failed to submit one element of the charged offense to the jury. element to the Neder argued that the failure to submit an jury prevent[ed] the jury from rendering a complete verdict on every element of the offense and that the error therefore could not be reviewed for harmless error under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(a). Id. at 11. Recognizing that part of the analysis in Sullivan appeared to support Neder s argument, the Court concluded that this strand of the reasoning in Sullivan . . . cannot be squared with our harmless-error cases. held that the Id. absence of Citing numerous cases, the Court a complete verdict does not necessarily preclude application of the harmless-error analysis. See id. at 11-12 (citing cases). Thus, because an instruction that omits an element of the offense does not necessarily render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle for determining guilt or innocence, id. at 9, the Court applied a harmless error analysis. 10 ¶16 Recently, in Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12 (2003), the Court reiterated the critical distinction between the errors considered in Neder and in Sullivan: The error in Sullivan invalidated all of the jury s findings, while the error in Neder impacted only the finding of a single element. When, as occurred in Neder, a jury is Id. at 16. precluded from determining only one element of an offense, . . . harmless-error review is feasible. ¶17 Id.4 As the court of appeals correctly noted, the Blakely error in this case much more closely resembles the error in Neder than that found in Sullivan. ¶ 29, 100 P.3d at 920. Henderson, 209 Ariz. at 309 Because a factual finding that is legally essential to expose a defendant to a maximum sentence operates as the functional equivalent of an element, Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 494 n.19, a judge s failure to ask a jury to find aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt is equivalent to the failure offense. to require a jury to find every element of an Like the errors in Neder and Mitchell, Blakely error 4 Justice Stevens dissent to United States v. Booker similarly recognizes that not all judicial factfinding related to sentencing violates constitutional guarantees: [J]udicial factfinding to support an offense level or an enhancement is only unconstitutional when that finding raises the sentence beyond the sentence that could have lawfully been imposed by reference to facts found by the jury or admitted by the defendant. 125 S. Ct. 738, 775 (2005) (Stevens, J., dissenting in part) (emphasis omitted). 11 does not infect the entire trial process. Therefore, it does not constitute structural error and may be reviewed using a trial error reviewing analysis. court The should question consider remaining Blakely claims is whether such as a that involved here under a fundamental error or a harmless error standard. A. ¶18 Reviewing courts consider alleged trial error under the harmless error standard when a defendant objects at trial and thereby preserves an issue for appeal. See State v. Totress, 107 Ariz. 18, 20, 480 P.2d 668, 670 (1971) (holding that without claim of error at trial, claim is waived); see also State v. Hardwick, 183 Ariz. 649, 653, 905 P.2d 1384, 1388 (App. 1995) (holding that because trial court incorrectly allowed inadmissible evidence over objection, review was for harmless error). prove Harmless error review places the burden on the state to beyond a reasonable doubt that the error contribute to or affect the verdict or sentence. did not See State v. Bible, 175 Ariz. 549, 588, 858 P.2d, 1152, 1191 (1993). ¶19 Fundamental error review, in contrast, applies when a defendant fails to object to alleged trial error. Id. at 572, 858 P.2d at 1175 (holding that only fundamental error may be raised for the first time on appeal). fundamental error is limited. The scope of review for A defendant who fails to object 12 at trial forfeits the right to obtain appellate relief except in those rare cases that involve error going to the foundation of the case, error that takes from the defendant a right essential to his defense, and error of such magnitude that the defendant could not possibly have received a fair trial. Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982; see also State v. Gendron, 168 Ariz. 153, 155, 812 P.2d 626, 628 (1991) (holding that fundamental error is that which is clear, egregious and curable only via a new trial ). In addition, we place the burden of persuasion in fundamental error review on the defendant. impose this additional limitation upon obtaining relief We for fundamental error to discourage a defendant from tak[ing] his chances on a favorable verdict, reserving the hole card of a later appeal on [a] matter that was curable at trial, and then seek[ing] appellate reversal. State v. Valdez, 160 Ariz. 9, 13-14, 770 P.2d 313, 317-18 (1989). ¶20 To prevail under this standard of review, a defendant must establish both that fundamental error exists and that the error in his case caused him prejudice. See Gendron, 168 Ariz. at 155, 812 P.2d at 628; see also Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982 (holding that defendant must prove fundamental error exists, and is of such magnitude that he could not have received a fair trial); State v. King, 158 Ariz. 419, 424, 763 P.2d 239, 244 (1988) (holding that after determining that error occurred, 13 a court must evaluate the prejudicial nature of the error). Our requirements for establishing a right to relief for fundamental error are not unique. Other jurisdictions that apply fundamental error review also have held that a defendant must establish prejudice to qualify for relief under that standard of review. See, e.g., Reed v. State, 837 So. 2d 366, 370 (Fla. 2002) (holding that for error to be fundamental it must follow that the error prejudiced the defendant); Corcoran v. State, 739 N.E.2d 649, 655 (Ind. 2000) (holding that for fundamental error to exist, court must find that [the error] so prejudiced the defendant s rights as to make a fair trial impossible. ); In re Harris, 671 A.2d 1278, 1279 (Vt. 1995) (holding that petitioner must establish fundamental error and that such error prejudiced him to prevail). ¶21 We note consistently described fundamental error. 244 that (holding prior the appellate showing decisions necessary to have not establish Compare King, 158 Ariz. at 424, 763 P.2d at that error is fundamental if it may have contributed to the verdict), with State v. Thomas, 130 Ariz. 432, 436, 636 P.2d 1214, 1218 (1981) (holding that error is not fundamental verdict). if it did not significantly to the Our decision in Ring III also may have contributed to the confusion on this issue. counsel contribute agreed that we In that decision, this Court and should 14 address a number of issues, including whether we should review Ring II error as structural or harmless error. Ring III, 204 Ariz. at 544 ¶ 6, 552 ¶ 44, 65 P.3d at 925, 933. The parties did not brief, and this Court did not consider, whether we should apply the fundamental standard rather than the harmless error standard. error We granted review in this case in part to dispel any confusion created by prior decisions. To the extent that any prior decisions are inconsistent with today s holding, we disapprove of them. ¶22 We review the Blakely error that occurred here under a fundamental error standard because Henderson did not object at trial. Hence, Henderson, not the State, bears the burden of establishing both that fundamental error occurred and that the error caused him prejudice. III. A. ¶23 To obtain relief under the fundamental error standard of review, Henderson must first prove error. As previously noted, the State concedes that Apprendi/Blakely error occurred. ¶24 Because the parties concede that error occurred, we next consider whether this error was fundamental. To establish fundamental error, Henderson must show that the error complained of goes to the foundation of his case, takes away a right that is essential to his defense, and is of such magnitude that he 15 could not have received a fair trial. Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982. ¶25 In this case, as previously noted, error exists on two levels. First, the aggravating facts used to enhance Henderson s sentence were found by a judge instead of a jury, violating Henderson s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490. applied a required preponderance standard of In addition, the trial judge standard, beyond a not reasonable Henderson s Fifth Amendment rights. 364. We error. the constitutionally doubt, violating See Winship, 397 U.S. at have found similar error to constitute fundamental See, e.g., Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982 (1984) (holding that improper burden shifting to a defendant constitutes fundamental error); State v. Johnson, 173 Ariz. 274, 276, 842 P.2d 1287, 1289 (1992) (same). Indeed, it is difficult to conceive that use of a procedure that denied rights guaranteed both by the Fifth and by the Sixth Amendments to the United States error. Constitution Because the could be sentencing other procedure than fundamental followed denied Henderson the right to have certain facts decided by a jury beyond utilized a reasonable went to doubt, the we foundation conclude of that Henderson s therefore hold that fundamental error occurred. 16 the procedure case. We B. ¶26 Having shown that fundamental error occurred, Henderson must demonstrate that the error caused him prejudice. Fundamental error review involves a fact-intensive inquiry, and the showing required to establish prejudice therefore differs from case to case. Bible, 175 Ariz. at 572, 858 P.2d at 1175; see also State v. Allen, 157 Ariz. 165, 171-72, 755 P.2d 1153, 1159-60 (1988). The showing a defendant must make varies, depending upon the type of error that occurred and the facts of a particular case. See State v. Dann, 205 Ariz. 557, 572 ¶ 57, 74 P.3d 231, 246 (2003) (holding that defendant claiming error in being excluded from pretrial conferences must establish a right to attend those conferences and show his trial was prejudiced through his absence); Bible, 175 Ariz. at 572, 858 P.2d at 1175 (holding that in a case in which voir dire error is claimed, defendant must show how court should have conducted voir dire and how absence of such procedure prejudiced him); Hunter, 142 Ariz. at 90, 688 P.2d at 982 (holding that defendant must demonstrate how faulty jury instruction prejudiced him). ¶27 Because the nature of the error involved here deprived Henderson of the opportunity to require that a jury find facts sufficient to expose him to an aggravated sentence, Henderson must show that a reasonable jury, 17 applying the appropriate standard of proof, could have reached a different result than did the trial judge. ¶28 Whether a defendant can make that showing depends upon the facts of his particular case. In some cases, no Blakely error will have occurred because the factual finding or findings necessary to expose a defendant to an aggravated sentence will fall outside the Apprendi/Blakely analysis, will be implicit in the jury verdict, or will have been admitted by the defendant. In other cases, no Blakely error will occur because a jury, applying the beyond a reasonable doubt standard, will find those facts legally essential sentencing range. to expose a defendant to a defined The Sixth Amendment then allows a judge to find additional facts by a preponderance of the evidence, as long as the sentence imposed does not fall outside the statutorily prescribed sentencing range. State v. Martinez, ___ Ariz. ___ ¶¶ 26-27, ___ P.3d ___ (2005). In this case, some of the statutory punishment were fundamental aggravators found error to by legally the trial determine essential to Henderson s court. We review whether a reasonable for jury, applying the correct standard of proof, could have failed to find the existence of each aggravator. If we find that a reasonable jury applying the correct standard of proof could have reached a different conclusion than did the trial judge as to any or all aggravators, we must then consider whether at 18 least two aggravators not subject to such a conclusion remain to sustain the defendant s super-aggravated sentence. See A.R.S. § 13-702.01 (requiring finding of two substantial aggravators for super-aggravated sentence). If not, the defendant has made an adequate showing of prejudice. ¶29 We consider the C.1 and C.9 aggravators together, as did the court of appeals. P.3d at 922. Henderson, 209 Ariz. at 311 ¶ 37, 100 Section C.1 requires infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical injury, and C.9 assumes physical and emotional harm caused to the victim. ¶30 The fact that the jury found Henderson not guilty of kidnapping under A.R.S. § 13-1304 strongly supports his argument that a jury could have reached a different conclusion as to these aggravators than did the judge. The difference between the kidnapping charge and unlawful imprisonment, A.R.S. § 13- 1303, the lesser charge of which the jury convicted Henderson, is that the jury could have convicted Henderson of kidnapping only if it found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Henderson intended to inflict serious injury upon his victim. § 13-1304.A.3. See A.R.S. Unlawful imprisonment, in contrast, does not include violence as an element. By convicting Henderson of unlawful imprisonment rather than kidnapping, the jury arguably distinguished between the crimes on the basis of violence, the only element the two crimes do not share. 19 ¶31 In aggravating Henderson s sentence for unlawful imprisonment, however, the trial judge found that the crime was of a violent nature and that the victim suffered trauma and injuries. Blakely involved a similar circumstance. defendant pled guilty to second-degree kidnapping. ___, 124 S. Ct. at 2534. There, the 542 U.S. at The trial judge then found that the defendant had acted with deliberate cruelty and aggravated his sentence. noted Id. at ___, 124 S. Ct. at 2535-36. that the aggravating factor of The Supreme Court deliberate cruelty was essentially the same as the element that separated second-degree kidnapping from first-degree kidnapping, defendant pled guilty to avoid. the charge that the Id. at ___, 124 S. Ct. at 2539. Thus, Blakely was exposed to the sentence for which he would have been eligible had the jury actually convicted him of the greater crime. ¶32 Id. A similar situation occurred here. By finding the presence of the C.1 and C.9 aggravators, the trial judge made a finding at least arguably contrary to the facts found by the jury. Given the jury s failure to convict Henderson of kidnapping, we conclude that a reasonable jury, applying the correct burden of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt, could have found differently than did the trial judge as to the C.1 and C.9 aggravators. 20 ¶33 The trial judge also found the existence of a third aggravating factor listed in section 13-702, that Henderson s victim was over the age of sixty-five. A.R.S. § 13-702.C.13. This fact was not disputed; no reasonable jury could have failed to find the existence of this aggravator beyond a reasonable doubt. ¶34 Section 13-702.01, however, requires that a trial judge find the existence of at least two substantial aggravators under section 13-702.C. Because the victim s age, by itself, could not expose Henderson to the super-aggravated sentence of section 13-702.01, Henderson has demonstrated that the fundamental error in his case caused him prejudice. ¶35 case Normally, in such a situation, we would remand this to the superior court for re-sentencing. Because Henderson has been released from prison and has finished his term of community supervision, however, remand is no longer appropriate. IV. ¶36 For the foregoing reasons, the opinion of the court of appeals is vacated in part and affirmed in part. 21 The superior court conviction is affirmed. _______________________________ Ruth V. McGregor, Chief Justice CONCURRING: __________________________________ Rebecca White Berch, Vice Chief Justice ________________________________________ Michael D. Ryan, Justice ________________________________________ Andrew D. Hurwitz, Justice ________________________________________ Charles E. Jones, Justice (Retired) H U R W I T Z, Justice, concurring ¶37 Were we writing on a clean slate, I would conclude that all Apprendi error is structural, for the reasons explained by Justices Jones and Feldman in their separate opinions in Ring III and its progeny. 565-67 ¶¶ 105-114, See, e.g., State v. Ring, 204 Ariz. 534, 65 P.3d 915, 946-48 (2003) ( Ring III ) (Feldman, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part); State v. Sansing, 206 Ariz. 232, 241-42 ¶¶ 40-46, 77 P.3d 30, 39-40 (2003) (Jones, C.J., dissenting); State v. Armstrong, 208 Ariz. 360, 366-68 ¶¶ 25-37, 93 P.3d 1076, 1082-84 (2004) (Jones, C.J., 22 concurring in part, dissenting in part). But resolved that issue to the contrary in Ring III.5 this Court Moreover, the Supreme Court of the United States, although in a different factual context, arguably has reached the same conclusion, stating that [w]here the jury was precluded from determining only one element of an offense . . . harmless-error review is feasible. Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 16 (2003). Therefore, albeit not without reservations, I join that portion of the Court s opinion concluding that Blakely error is not structural. ¶38 I join unreservedly. the balance of the Court s opinion It is perhaps worth noting, however, that the fundamental error test for prejudice we adopt today whether any reasonable jury could have disagreed about the presence of an aggravating factor, see supra ¶ 27 is for practical purposes no different than the harmless error test adopted in Ring III. See Armstrong, 208 Ariz. at 362 ¶ 6, 93 P.3d at 1078 ( [J]udicial fact-finding . . . may constitute harmless error if 5 As the Court correctly notes, see supra ¶ 13, there is a difference between Ring error and Blakely error. Ring error involves a deprivation only of Sixth Amendment rights; Blakely error violates both the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. See id. Nonetheless, given the holding in Ring III that the denial of a defendant s right to a jury finding of aggravating factors can be harmless in a case in which a defendant is sentenced to death, it would beggar reason to arrive at a different conclusion when the consequence of the judge s factual finding is merely an additional term of years. 23 we can conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that no reasonable jury would fail to find the aggravating circumstance. ) (citing Ring III, 204 Ariz. at 555, 565 ¶¶ 53, 103, 65 P.3d at 936, 946). ¶39 The major conceptual difference is that under fundamental error analysis, the defendant bears the burden of proving burden prejudice, is on the while under State.6 In harmless error practice, analysis, however, the because a reviewing appellate court will virtually never be in equipoise about the issue, the burden of proof is of little consequence. In both instances, the reviewing court s analysis will be substantively identical it must determine whether a reasonable jury could have concluded differently than the sentencing judge as to the relevant aggravating factor. As the Court convincingly demonstrates, a reasonable jury could have reached 6 An appellate court may find fundamental error even if the issue is not raised on appeal by a defendant. See United States v. Atkinson, 297 U.S. 157, 160 (1936) ( In exceptional circumstances, especially in criminal cases, appellate courts, in the public interest, may, of their own motion, notice errors to which no exception has been taken, if the errors are obvious, or if they otherwise seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. ); State v. Curry, 187 Ariz. 623, 626-27, 931 P.2d 1133, 1136-37 (App. 1996) (citing Atkinson); State v. Taylor, 187 Ariz. 567, 571-72, 931 P.2d 1077, 1081-82 (App. 1996) (same). In such cases, it is somewhat misleading to speak of burden of proof. In cases where there is any doubt as to whether an error not addressed in the defendant s brief is prejudicial, an appellate court raising the issue sua sponte should ask for supplemental briefing, thus allowing the defendant to discharge the burden the Court today identifies. 24 a different conclusion than the sentencing judge in the case before us, and Henderson has therefore demonstrated prejudice required to establish fundamental error. Andrew D. Hurwitz, Justice 25 the
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