B.B. v. L.W.
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REL: 09/26/2014 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS SPECIAL TERM, 2014 _________________________ 2130444 _________________________ B.B. v. L.W. Appeal from Tuscaloosa Circuit Court (DR-12-652.01) THOMAS, Judge. B.B. ("the mother") appeals from a judgment of the Tuscaloosa Circuit Court ("the trial court") awarding custody of Br.B. ("the child") to the child's maternal grandmother, L.W. ("the grandmother"). 2130444 The record indicates that the child was born in Michigan on July 25, 2002. Soon after the child's birth, the grandmother, with the mother's consent, was granted legal guardianship of the child by the Washtenaw County, Michigan, Probate Court ("the Michigan court").1 Shortly thereafter, the grandmother moved with the child to Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The child lived with the grandmother in Alabama until April 2007, at which time the child went to live with the mother in Michigan. The record indicates that the mother continued to allow the child to visit with the grandmother in Alabama. This action stems from one such visit. According to the record, the mother allowed the child and one the mother's other children ("the younger brother") to visit the grandmother in June 2011; the children were scheduled to return to Michigan in August 2011 before the school year began. However, although the grandmother allowed the younger brother to return to Michigan, the grandmother detained the child in Alabama. According to the grandmother, she detained the child in Alabama because, she said, she had observed 1 The record indicates that the father of the child is deceased. 2 2130444 bruises and broken skin on the child's legs and an infection in the child's ears. On July 5, 2012, the mother filed an emergency petition in the trial court seeking a writ of assistance and delivery of the child to her. The mother also filed in the Tuscaloosa Probate Court ("the probate court") a withdrawal of parental guardianship in which she withdrew her consent to the legal guardianship of the grandmother over the child, and, additionally, she filed in the probate court a certificate of appointment of guardian in which she appointed L.B., the child's maternal grandfather ("the grandfather"), as guardian of the child.2 The record also contains a letter from the Michigan court to the grandmother dated July 5, 2006, informing the grandmother that the guardianship granted to her by that court was valid only as long as she was a resident of Michigan and instructing her to establish guardianship in her current state of residency. The record additionally contained a letter from the Michigan court to the mother dated August 29, 2006, informing the mother that the guardianship granted 2 The grandfather, although divorced from the grandmother, also lived in Alabama. The mother later revoked the guardianship that she had granted the grandfather. 3 2130444 to the grandmother by that court had been terminated. The grandmother claimed that she was not aware of either letter until 2012, although the July 5, 2006, letter was mailed to her correct address.3 The grandmother filed an answer to the mother's emergency petition and a counterclaim in the trial court on August 3, 2012, in which she alleged that the mother had physically abused the child and that it was in the child's best interest for custody to be awarded to the grandmother. Subsequently, each party filed a memorandum addressing whether, pursuant to the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act ("the UCCJEA"), codified at § 30 3B 101 et seq., Ala. Code 1975, jurisdiction was proper in Alabama; the mother argued that jurisdiction was proper in Michigan. A hearing was held on April 4, 2013, solely on the issue of jurisdiction. The trial court entered an order on April 11, 2013, in which it stated that "Alabama does appear to the 3 The mother testified that she had been informed by the probate court that the grandmother had been granted legal guardianship over the child in Alabama. The record is devoid of any evidence indicating that the grandmother had been awarded legal guardianship or custody of the child by any court of Alabama. 4 2130444 'home state' of the minor child under the UCCJEA as the minor child resided in the State of Alabama for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of the this child custody proceeding with a person acting as a parent." The trial court also indicated that it had contacted the Michigan court and that that court had indicated that it would exercise jurisdiction only if an Alabama court declined to do so. The mother filed a motion seeking visitation with child on May 30, 2013; the trial court granted supervised visitation by an order dated June 27, 2013. A trial was held over three days on July 29, August 2, and September 24, 2013, evidence ore tenus. at which the trial court heard The trial court entered a final judgment on November 4, 2013. In its judgment, the trial court held that the mother had relinquished custody of the child, and it awarded the grandmother custody of the child. The judgment also awarded the mother supervised visitation and ordered her to pay child support. The mother filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate the judgment on November 26, 2013, in which she continued to assert that the trial court lacked jurisdiction pursuant to the UCCJEA and that, because the 5 2130444 grandmother's counterclaim amounted to allegations of dependency, the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the counterclaim. The grandmother responded on January 7, 2014. After a hearing on January 16, 2014, the trial court entered an amended final judgment on February 4, 2014, in which it added a statement explaining that it had conferred with the Michigan court before jurisdiction to hear this case. determining that it had The mother appealed to this court on February 18, 2014. In her brief on appeal, the mother argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over this case pursuant to the UCCJEA; that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the grandmother's counterclaim that, she argues, asserted that the child was dependent; that the trial court's judgment was not supported by clear and convincing evidence; and that the trial court unnecessarily restricted the mother to supervised visitation. We first address whether the trial court had jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to the UCCJEA. "'"[S]ubject-matter jurisdiction may not be waived; a court's lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time by any party and may even be raised by a court ex mero motu."' 6 2130444 S.B.U. v. D.G.B., 913 So. 2d 452, 455 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005) (quoting C.J.L. v. M.W.B., 868 So. 2d 451, 453 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003)). Questions of law, such as whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction, are reviewed de novo. BT Sec. Corp. v. W.R. Huff Asset Mgmt. Co., 891 So. 2d 310 (Ala. 2004)." K.R. v. Lauderdale Cnty. Dep't of Human Res., 133 So. 3d 396, 403-04 (Ala. Civ. App. 2013). "'[T]he [UCCJEA], codified at Ala. Code 1975, § 30 3B 101 et seq., controls decisions regarding whether a court of this state has jurisdiction to make a child-custody determination or to modify another state's child-custody determination. M.J.P. v. K.H., 923 So. 2d 1114, 1116 17 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005). A "child-custody determination," as defined in the UCCJEA, includes any judgment providing for the legal or physical custody of a child or providing visitation with a child. § 30 3B 102(3). A "child-custody proceeding" is defined in the UCCJEA to include not only divorce actions involving the custody of a child, but also "neglect, ... dependency, ... [and] termination of parental rights" actions in which the issue of child custody is addressed. § 30 3B 102(4).' "R.W.[ v. G.W.], 2 So. 3d [869,] 871 [(Ala. Civ. App. 2008)]." J.D. v. Lauderdale Cnty. Dep't of Human Res., 121 So. 3d 381, 384 (Ala. Civ. App. 2013). 7 2130444 Section 30-3B-201, Ala. Code 1975, sets forth when an Alabama court has jurisdiction to make an initial custody determination: "(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 30-3B-04, a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if: "(1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in this state; "(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under subdivision (1), or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the more appropriate forum under Section 30-3B-207 or 30-3B-208, and: "a. The child and the child's parents, or the child and at least one parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than mere physical presence; and "b. Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child's care, protection, training, and personal relationships; 8 2130444 "(3) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (1) or (2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under Section 30-3B-207 or 30-3B-208; or "(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in subdivision (1), (2), or (3). "(b) Subsection (a) is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for making a child custody determination by a court of this state. "(c) Physical presence of a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination." The UCCJEA defines "home state" in § 30 3B 102(7), Ala. Code 1975, which reads, in its entirety: "The state in which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding. In the case of a child less than six months of age, the term means the state in which the child lived from birth with any of the persons mentioned. A period of temporary absence of the child or any of the mentioned persons is part of the period." An Alabama circuit or juvenile court may not make any custody determination - neither an initial custody determination nor a determination as to modification of custody - regarding a child unless that court has jurisdiction to make an initial 9 2130444 custody determination under the UCCJEA, which jurisdiction typically turns on whether Alabama is the home state of the child. Section 30-3B-102(13), Ala. Code 1975, provides that a "person acting as a parent" is: "A person, other than a parent, who: "a. Has physical custody of the child or has had physical custody for a period of six consecutive months, including any temporary absence, within one year immediately before the commencement of a child custody proceeding; and "b. Has been awarded legal custody by a court or claims a right to legal custody under the law of this state." (Emphasis added.) It is undisputed that the child had returned to Michigan to live with the mother in April 2007. It is further undisputed that the child had come to Alabama in June 2011 with the mother's permission to visit the grandmother with the intention of returning to Michigan in August 2011. The grandmother maintains that the child had been in her physical custody for more than six months before the commencement of the proceedings and that during that time she had acted as a 10 2130444 parent for the child. Therefore, according to the grandmother, Alabama is the child's home state. This court has previously held that a grandparent may satisfy the regarding a requirements person set acting as forth a in parent. § 30-3B-102(13) See Williams, 952 So. 2d 1131 (Ala. Civ. App. 2006). Patrick v. In Patrick, the parents of the children at issue in that case were divorced by the Tallapoosa Circuit Court in 2000. 952 So. 2d at 1133. That court, by awarding the mother custody of the children, exercised jurisdiction over the initial custody determination. Id. The mother subsequently moved to Texas; however, in 2004, the mother voluntarily placed the children with their grandmother, who still lived in Alabama. Id. Shortly thereafter, the grandmother filed a petition for emergency custody in the Tallapoosa Circuit Court. Id. The father, the who also lived in Alabama, responded to grandmother's petition for custody; the father and grandmother entered into an agreement giving the grandmother pendente lite custody and the father visitation. Id. at 1134. The Tallapoosa Circuit Court ultimately awarded the grandmother custody of the children. Id. 11 2130444 In affirming the Tallapoosa Circuit Court's judgment awarding permanent custody of the children to the grandmother, this court closely examined whether that court had maintained jurisdiction pursuant to the UCCJEA. 952 So. 2d at 1138-39. This court held that the Tallapoosa Circuit Court continued to have jurisdiction to modify custody pursuant to § 30-3B-202, Ala. Code 1975, because the grandmother had physical custody when she initiated the custody proceedings and because the grandmother had claimed a legal right to their custody. Id. at 1139. Additionally, the children, the grandmother, and the father all lived in Alabama at the time the custody proceeding was commenced. Id. at 1139-40. However, in Patrick, the children had been placed with the grandmother with the mother's permission. Conversely, in the present case, the mother had allowed the child only to visit the grandmother; the mother did not give the grandmother permission to assume physical custody of the child and even pointed out to the grandmother that any legal claim she had to the child had expired in 2006. It does not appear from our research that either the legislature or the judiciary of this state has specifically addressed 12 what is sufficient to 2130444 "claim[] a right to legal custody under the law of this state." § 30-3B-102(13)b. However, a review of the decisions of other jurisdictions reveals that often a grandparent who is claiming a right to legal custody first came to have physical custody through at least a tacit agreement with the custodial parent. See, e.g., Mark L. v. Jennifer S., 133 Misc. 2d 454, 506 N.Y.S.2d 1020 (Fam. Ct. 1986)(grandparents were granted legal guardianship with the written consent of both parents); In re Custody of Bozarth, 182 Ill. App. 3d 345, 538 N.E.2d 785, 131 Ill. Dec. 410 (1989)(mother abandoned the child and the father had voluntarily permitted the grandmother to have physical custody); and Harper v. Landers, 180 Ga. App. 154, 348 S.E.2d 698 (1986)(grandmother acted as a parent when the mother and children lived with her before the mother's death and grandmother continued to care for the children after the mother's death). The grandmother testified that she was unaware that the legal guardianship had been terminated in 2006, and, she further testified, she believed that she still possessed the authority to determine that the child would remain in Alabama. However, she admitted that, in 2012, the mother had personally 13 2130444 shown her the letter from the Michigan court revoking the guardianship and that she had still refused to return the child to the mother. The grandmother, in reliance on § 30-3B-102(13), asserts that, because the child had been in her physical custody for more than six months at the time the mother filed the petition for a writ of assistance in the trial court, Alabama is the proper jurisdiction in which to determine custody of the child. However, our analysis of the UCCJEA does not simply rest upon the child's residency over the six months preceding the initiation of these proceedings. To be sure, we do not take lightly the allegations that the child had been abused. However, we cannot condone the unilateral decision of a grandparent, or of any party, to deprive a parent of the fundamental right to custody of his or her child with no legal justification. The grandmother did not invoke the temporary emergency jurisdiction of the trial court pursuant to § 30-3B204(a), Ala. Code 1975, nor did she file a petition asserting that the child was dependent when she first discovered the alleged abuse. 14 2130444 We are further unpersuaded by the grandmother's argument that § 30-3B-102(13) does not require that the "'claim to legal custody' to be good or bad," or, in other words, that a person acting as a parent need not have a colorable claim to custody. Citing Smith v. Smith, 922 So. 2d 94, 99 (Ala. 2005), the grandmother asserts that she was standing "in loco parentis." Our supreme court decided in Smith that the trial court had erroneously accorded individuals that, although family members, were essentially acting as babysitters in loco parentis status. Id. at 100. The underlying issues in Smith were various tort claims relating to the accidental death of a child; our supreme court did not address whether someone acting in loco parentis satisfied the requirements of the UCCJEA. Id. at 96-100. We agree with the North Dakota Supreme Court that, "[a]bsent a requirement of mandating a colorable claim [to custody], the underlying policies of the UCCJEA and the [Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act] would be frustrated as nonparents execute 'interstate abductions and other unilateral removals of children [] to obtain custody and visitation awards.' Rogers [v. Platt], [199 Cal. App. 3d 1204,] 1212 13, 245 Cal. Rptr. 532 [(1988)]." 15 Schirado v. 2130444 Foote, 785 N.W.2d 235, 244 (N.D. 2010). Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that the grandmother did not have a legal claim to custody under the laws of this state; therefore, she was precluded from "acting as a parent" as defined by § 30-3B-102(13). Therefore, we must conclude that Alabama is not the child's home state and that the trial court could not have assumed jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to § 30-B-201(a)(1). We likewise determine that the trial court was precluded from assuming jurisdiction pursuant to § 30-3B-201(a)(2). The record indicates that, at the April 4, 2013, hearing on jurisdiction, the trial court acknowledged that a hearing had recently been held in Michigan and that it would contact the Michigan court. In its April 11, 2013, order, the trial court stated that it had had a telephone conference with the Michigan court on April 9, 2013, and that that court had indicated that it would not be exercising jurisdiction over this matter. However, although § 30-3B-201(a)(2)a. provides for jurisdiction in this state when a court of the child's home state declines to exercise jurisdiction, such jurisdiction is based upon the child and a person acting as a 16 2130444 parent having a significant connection with this state. We have already determined that the grandmother was not a person acting as a parent. Section 30-3B-201(a)(3) provides that a court of this state may assume jurisdiction when "[a]ll courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (1) or (2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under Section 30-3B-207 or 30-3B-208"; that subsection does not require that a person acting as a parent live in this state or have significant connection with this state. recognize that the trial court indicated that it We had communicated with the Michigan court, and our reading of the record indicates that Michigan is the only other state that could qualify as the child's home state as defined by the UCCJEA. However, we further note that § 30-3B-110, Ala. Code 1975, provides, in its entirety: "(a) A court of this state may communicate with a court in another state concerning a proceeding arising under this chapter. "(b) The court may allow the parties to participate in the communication. If the parties are not able to participate in the communication, they must be given the opportunity to present facts and 17 2130444 legal arguments before a decision on jurisdiction is made. "(c) Communication between courts on schedules, calendars, court records, and similar matters may occur without informing the parties. A record need not be made of the communication. "(d) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a record must be made of a communication under this section. The parties must be informed promptly of the communication and granted access to the record. "(e) For the purposes of this section, 'record' means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form." (Emphasis added.) The record on appeal does not contain a record of the communications between the trial court and the Michigan court as required by § 30-3B-110. Although the grandmother's counterclaim for custody did not specifically invoke the trial court's emergency jurisdiction, she did, in fact, allege that the child had been physically abused. Section 30-3B-204, Ala. Code 1975, provides in its entirety: "(a) A court of this state has temporary emergency jurisdiction if the child is present in this state and the child has been abandoned or it is necessary in an emergency to protect the child because the child, or a sibling or parent of the child, is subjected to or threatened with mistreatment or abuse. 18 2130444 "(b) If there is no previous child custody determination that is entitled to be enforced under this chapter and a child custody proceeding has not been commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203, a child custody determination made under this section remains in effect until an order is obtained from a court of a state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203. If a child custody proceeding has not been or is not commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203, a child custody determination made under this section becomes a final determination, if it so provides and this state becomes the home state of the child. "(c) If there is a previous child custody determination that is entitled to be enforced under this chapter, or a child custody proceeding has been commenced in a court of a state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203, any order issued by a court of this state under this section must specify in the order a period that the court considers adequate to allow the person seeking an order to obtain an order from the state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203. The order issued in this state remains in effect until an order is obtained from the other state within the period specified or the period expires. "(d) A court of this state which has been asked to make a child custody determination under this section, upon being informed that a child custody proceeding has been commenced in, or a child custody determination has been made by, a court of a state having jurisdiction under Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203, shall immediately communicate with the other court. A court of this state which is exercising jurisdiction pursuant to Sections 30-3B-201 through 30-3B-203, upon being informed that a child custody proceeding has been commenced 19 2130444 in, or a child custody determination has been made by, a court of another state under a statute similar to this section shall immediately communicate with the court of that state to resolve the emergency, protect the safety of the parties and the child, and determine a period for the duration of the temporary order." However, temporary emergency jurisdiction did not authorize the trial court to make an award of permanent custody. As noted in the Official Comment to § 30-3B-204, "a custody determination made under the emergency jurisdiction provisions of this section is a temporary order. The purpose of the order is to protect the child until the state that has jurisdiction under Sections [30-3B-201, 30-3B-202, and 30-3B203] enters an order." Until it is determined that an Alabama court may properly exercise jurisdiction over this matter, no court of this state has jurisdiction to award permanent custody of the child. At this time, we express no opinion regarding the appropriate court to exercise jurisdiction over this matter.4 4 Although we do note that, even if we were able to conclude that the grandmother was a person acting as a parent, courts of this state are instructed by § 30-3B-208(a), Ala. Code 1975, to decline jurisdiction whenever a party has engaged in "unjustifiable conduct," such as situations in which a child has been brought to this state without the permission of the parents. See S.C. v. J.T.C., 47 So. 3d 1253, 1256 n.3 (Ala. Civ. App. 2010). 20 2130444 However, because the trial court failed to comply with § 303B-110, we reverse the judgment of the trial court insofar as it awarded permanent custody of the child to the grandmother, and we remand this cause for the trial court to comply with § 30-3B-110. Insofar as the trial court exercised it temporary emergency jurisdiction, we remand this case to the trial court with the instruction to comply with the procedures set out in § 30 3B 204(b). Out of an abundance of caution, we next address the mother's argument that the grandmother's counterclaim seeking custody was actually a dependency petition, which, the mother contends, prevented the trial court from asserting subjectmatter jurisdiction over the grandmother's counterclaim. The mother is correct that a juvenile court "exercise[s] exclusive original jurisdiction of juvenile court proceedings in which a child is alleged ... to be dependent, or to be in need of supervision." See § 12-15-114(a), Ala. Code 1975. However, the grandmother did not allege that the child was dependent. In response to the mother's petition seeking a writ of assistance that, in effect, requested the trial court to return custody of the child to her, the grandmother filed a counterclaim for custody of the child and stated reasons that 21 2130444 such an award would be in the child's best interests. "'Where the contest is between the parents, or between a parent and a third person, as to who should have the control and care of the minor, the court exercising general civil jurisdiction is the proper and exclusive tribunal to decide the issue.'" Ex parte K.L.P., 868 So. 2d 454, 456 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003)(quoting 47 Am. Jur. 2d Juvenile Courts § 4 (1995)). The mother cites Ex parte L.E.O., 61 So. 3d 1042 (Ala. 2010) for, she asserts, the proposition that a grandparent must bring a claim for custody of a grandchild as a dependency petition in the juvenile court. However, the petitioners in L.E.O. initiated that action by filing a petition in the juvenile court alleging that the child in their care was dependent and seeking custody of that child. 1043. Our supreme court held that the 61 So. 3d at child had been abandoned by everyone legally required to care for the child; therefore, our supreme court concluded, the child must be found to be dependent. Id. at 1050. In Hensley v. Kanizai, 143 So. 3d 186, 188 n.1 (Ala. Civ. App. 2013), this court noted that, although circuit courts have no jurisdiction to consider a dependency petition, the 22 2130444 maternal grandparents in that case could have intervened in the divorce action between the parents and sought custody based on allegations that the parents were unfit to have custody of the children. See Ex parte Terry, 494 So. 2d 628 (Ala. 1986).5 This court went on to note that factual allegations that the grandparents asserted in their motion to intervene, if proven, would be sufficient to establish unfitness and, thus, overcome the parents' prima facie right to custody of the children. As noted in the present case, the grandmother did not file a petition alleging that the child 5 In Ex parte Terry, our supreme court set forth the following standard to be applied in custody disputes between a parent and a nonparent: "'The prima facie right of a natural parent to the custody of his or her child, as against the right of custody in a nonparent, is grounded in the common law concept that the primary parental right of custody is in the best interest and welfare of the child as a matter of law. So strong is this presumption, absent a showing of voluntary forfeiture of that right, that it can be overcome only by a finding, supported by competent evidence, that the parent seeking custody is guilty of such misconduct or neglect to a degree which renders that parent an unfit and improper person to be entrusted with the care and upbringing of the child in question. Hanlon v. Mooney, 407 So. 2d 559 (Ala. 1981).' [Ex parte Mathews,] 428 So. 2d [58,] 59 [(Ala 1983)]." 494 So. 2d at 632. 23 2130444 was dependent; she filed a counterclaim for custody in response to the mother's petition. Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that the grandmother properly filed her counterclaim for custody in the trial court. Because we are reversing the judgment of the trial court insofar as it awarded permanent custody of the child to grandmother and failed to limit its custody award to the scope permitted by § 30-3B-204, we pretermit analysis of mother's remaining arguments at this time. REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS. Thompson, P.J., concurs. Pittman, J., concurs in the result, without writing. Moore, J., dissents, with writing. Donaldson, J., recuses himself. 24 the 2130444 MOORE, Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. On July 5, 2012, B.B. ("the mother") filed an emergency petition in the Tuscaloosa Circuit Court ("the trial court") seeking a writ of assistance and delivery of her child, Br.B. ("the child"), to her. L.W. ("the grandmother") filed an answer to that petition and a counterclaim in which she alleged, among other things, that the she had acted as the custodian and primary caretaker of the child since the birth of the child, that the mother was unfit to care for the child because she had physically abused the child and did not want the child, and that it would be in the best interests of the child that the grandmother be awarded legal and physical custody of the child. Those allegations set out a custody dispute between the mother and the grandmother. At trial, the evidence proved that the grandmother was not the legal custodian of the child because any custodial rights to the child she may have obtained by virtue of a guardianship action in Michigan had expired in 2006 and that the mother had retained legal custody of the child since at least 2007. The evidence further showed that the grandmother 25 2130444 was seeking custody of the child not in vindication of any legal right to custody, but mainly to prevent alleged physical abuse of the child by her legal custodian, the mother. When a party alleges that the custody of a child should be removed from a parent based on physical abuse, that party is alleging that the child is a dependent child. See Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-102(8) (defining a "dependent child" to include "[a] child who ... is need of care or supervision" and "[w]hose parent, legal guardian, legal custodian, or other custodian subjects the child or any other child in the household to abuse, as defined in subdivision (2) of Section 12-15-301[, Ala. Code 1975,] or neglect as defined in subdivision (4) of Section 12-15-301, [Ala. Code 1975,] or allows the child to be so subjected"). Only a juvenile court has jurisdiction to decide the dependency of a child and to award the custody of a dependent child. See Ala. Code 1975, 12-15-114(a) exercise ("A juvenile court shall exclusive original jurisdiction of juvenile court proceedings in which a child is alleged to have committed a delinquent act, to be dependent, or to be in need of supervision."). 26 2130444 Likewise, when a nonparent asserts that a parent or other legal custodian has ceded the care of a child to him or her without legal proceedings, that allegation also amounts to one of dependency. In Ex parte L.E.O., 61 So. 3d 1042, 1047 (Ala. 2010), our supreme court specifically held that a child who is "in need of care or supervision" includes a child who is not in the care of his or her legal custodian or a person with the legal authority to take appropriate action on behalf of the child. In his dissent in Ex parte L.E.O., Justice Murdock noted that the interpretation adopted by the majority in that case would require a nonparent caring for a child to file a dependency action in a juvenile court in order to gain custody of the child: "Under the new rule announced today in the main opinion, .... a grandparent who has been caring for a child for several years because a parent or the parents have placed the child with the grandparent to raise, will now have to file a dependency proceeding in the juvenile court, rather than a custody proceeding in the circuit court, in order to obtain a custody award to be able to enroll the child in school. This is so because under the new approach adopted by this Court today, if the parents themselves are not providing the daily, hands-on care and supervision of the child, then the child is considered 'dependent' (assuming that one of the first-element categories is met). It matters not that the child is being raised in a loving home by fully able and caring relatives or friends or 27 2130444 neighbors with whom a parent has placed the child and perhaps with whom the child has lived, as in this case, for several years; that child will now be deemed 'dependent' and will be subject to the mechanisms of the [Alabama] Juvenile Justice Act[, Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-101 et seq.]. Even more problematic, because dependency cases are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the juvenile court, countless custody awards that have been made to nonparents will now be considered void because the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to make the award." 61 So. 3d at 1056-57 (Murdock, J., dissenting) (footnotes omitted). Our supreme court has not yet directly addressed the validity of a judgment entered by a circuit court purporting to award the custody of a dependent child to a nonparent in circumstances similar to those described by Justice Murdock in Ex parte L.E.O. However, his conclusion is unassailable: when a nonparent alleges that he or she has assumed care of a child due to parental abandonment or neglect, that allegation can only be considered as alleging the dependency of the child based on the main opinion in Ex parte L.E.O. See Ex parte M.H., 133 So. 3d 418, 418-20 (Ala. Civ. App. 2013) (Moore, J., dissenting). Hence, any judgment of a circuit court purporting to adjudicate a custody petition asserting such an 28 2130444 allegation would be void due to lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Based on the foregoing, I am of the opinion that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the counterclaim filed by the grandmother, which was in the nature of a dependency action. I would dismiss the appeal as lying from a void judgment, albeit with instructions to the trial court to vacate its judgment, see, e.g., H.M.J. ex rel. Blumenfeld v. S.L.A., 964 So. 2d 1245 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (vacating circuit-court judgment purporting to terminate parental rights and dismissing appeal as being from a void judgment); therefore, I respectfully dissent. My conclusion obviates the need to discuss the jurisdictional or other arguments made by the mother. 29
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