2018 US Code
Title 10 - Armed Forces
Subtitle A - General Military Law
Part IV - Service, Supply, and Procurement
Chapter 137 - Procurement Generally
Sec. 2324 - Allowable costs under defense contracts
| 10 U.S.C. § 2324 (2018) |
| §2324. Allowable costs under defense contracts |
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(a) Indirect Cost That Violates a FAR Cost Principle.—The head of an agency shall require that a covered contract provide that if the contractor submits to the agency a proposal for settlement of indirect costs incurred by the contractor for any period after such costs have been accrued and if that proposal includes the submission of a cost which is unallowable because the cost violates a cost principle in the Federal Acquisition Regulation or applicable agency supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation, the cost shall be disallowed. (b) Penalty for Violation of Cost Principle.—(1) If the head of the agency determines that a cost submitted by a contractor in its proposal for settlement is expressly unallowable under a cost principle referred to in subsection (a) that defines the allowability of specific selected costs, the head of the agency shall assess a penalty against the contractor in an amount equal to— (A) the amount of the disallowed cost allocated to covered contracts for which a proposal for settlement of indirect costs has been submitted; plus (B) interest (to be computed based on provisions in the Federal Acquisition Regulation) to compensate the United States for the use of any funds which a contractor has been paid in excess of the amount to which the contractor was entitled. (2) If the head of the agency determines that a proposal for settlement of indirect costs submitted by a contractor includes a cost determined to be unallowable in the case of such contractor before the submission of such proposal, the head of the agency shall assess a penalty against the contractor in an amount equal to two times the amount of the disallowed cost allocated to covered contracts for which a proposal for settlement of indirect costs has been submitted. (c) Waiver of Penalty.—The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall provide for a penalty under subsection (b) to be waived in the case of a contractor's proposal for settlement of indirect costs when— (1) the contractor withdraws the proposal before the formal initiation of an audit of the proposal by the Federal Government and resubmits a revised proposal; (2) the amount of unallowable costs subject to the penalty is insignificant; or (3) the contractor demonstrates, to the contracting officer's satisfaction, that— (A) it has established appropriate policies and personnel training and an internal control and review system that provide assurances that unallowable costs subject to penalties are precluded from being included in the contractor's proposal for settlement of indirect costs; and (B) the unallowable costs subject to the penalty were inadvertently incorporated into the proposal. (d) Applicability of Contract Disputes Procedure to Disallowance of Cost and Assessment of Penalty.—An action of the head of an agency under subsection (a) or (b)— (1) shall be considered a final decision for the purposes of section 7103 of title 41; and (2) is appealable in the manner provided in section 7104(a) of title 41. (e) Specific Costs Not Allowable.—(1) The following costs are not allowable under a covered contract: (A) Costs of entertainment, including amusement, diversion, and social activities and any costs directly associated with such costs (such as tickets to shows or sports events, meals, lodging, rentals, transportation, and gratuities). (B) Costs incurred to influence (directly or indirectly) legislative action on any matter pending before Congress, a State legislature, or a legislative body of a political subdivision of a State. (C) Costs incurred in defense of any civil or criminal fraud proceeding or similar proceeding (including filing of any false certification) brought by the United States where the contractor is found liable or has pleaded nolo contendere to a charge of fraud or similar proceeding (including filing of a false certification). (D) Payments of fines and penalties resulting from violations of, or failure to comply with, Federal, State, local, or foreign laws and regulations, except when incurred as a result of compliance with specific terms and conditions of the contract or specific written instructions from the contracting officer authorizing in advance such payments in accordance with applicable provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (E) Costs of membership in any social, dining, or country club or organization. (F) Costs of alcoholic beverages. (G) Contributions or donations, regardless of the recipient. (H) Costs of advertising designed to promote the contractor or its products. (I) Costs of promotional items and memorabilia, including models, gifts, and souvenirs. (J) Costs for travel by commercial aircraft which exceed the amount of the standard commercial fare. (K) Costs incurred in making any payment (commonly known as a "golden parachute payment") which is— (i) in an amount in excess of the normal severance pay paid by the contractor to an employee upon termination of employment; and (ii) is paid to the employee contingent upon, and following, a change in management control over, or ownership of, the contractor or a substantial portion of the contractor's assets. (L) Costs of commercial insurance that protects against the costs of the contractor for correction of the contractor's own defects in materials or workmanship. (M) Costs of severance pay paid by the contractor to foreign nationals employed by the contractor under a service contract performed outside the United States, to the extent that the amount of severance pay paid in any case exceeds the amount paid in the industry involved under the customary or prevailing practice for firms in that industry providing similar services in the United States, as determined under the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (N) Costs of severance pay paid by the contractor to a foreign national employed by the contractor under a service contract performed in a foreign country if the termination of the employment of the foreign national is the result of the closing of, or the curtailment of activities at, a United States military facility in that country at the request of the government of that country. (O) Costs incurred by a contractor in connection with any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding commenced by the United States or a State, to the extent provided in subsection (k). (P) 1 Costs of compensation of any contractor employee for a fiscal year, regardless of the contract funding source, to the extent that such compensation exceeds $625,000 adjusted annually for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Cost Index for total compensation for private industry workers, by occupational and industry group not seasonally adjusted, except that the Secretary of Defense may establish exceptions for positions in the science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medical, and cybersecurity fields and other fields requiring unique areas of expertise upon a determination that such exceptions are needed to ensure that the Department of Defense has continued access to needed skills and capabilities. (P) 1 Costs of compensation of contractor and subcontractor employees for a fiscal year, regardless of the contract funding source, to the extent that such compensation exceeds $487,000 per year, adjusted annually to reflect the change in the Employment Cost Index for all workers, as calculated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, except that the head of an executive agency may establish one or more narrowly targeted exceptions for scientists, engineers, or other specialists upon a determination that such exceptions are needed to ensure that the executive agency has continued access to needed skills and capabilities. (Q) Costs incurred by a contractor in connection with a congressional investigation or inquiry into an issue that is the subject matter of a proceeding resulting in a disposition as described in subsection (k)(2). (2)(A) The Secretary of Defense may provide in a military banking contract that the provisions of paragraphs (1)(M) and (1)(N) shall not apply to costs incurred under the contract by the contractor for payment of mandated foreign national severance pay. The Secretary may include such a provision in a military banking contract only if the Secretary determines, with respect to that contract, that the contractor has taken (or has established plans to take) appropriate actions within the contractor's control to minimize the amount and number of incidents of the payment of severance pay by the contractor to employees under the contract who are foreign nationals. (B) In subparagraph (A): (i) The term "military banking contract" means a contract between the Secretary and a financial institution under which the financial institution operates a military banking facility outside the United States for use by members of the armed forces stationed or deployed outside the United States and other authorized personnel. (ii) The term "mandated foreign national severance pay" means severance pay paid by a contractor to a foreign national employee the payment of which by the contractor is required in order to comply with a law that is generally applicable to a significant number of businesses in the country in which the foreign national receiving the payment performed services under the contract. (C) Subparagraph (A) does not apply to a contract with a financial institution that is owned or controlled by citizens or nationals of a foreign country, as determined by the Secretary of Defense. Such a determination shall be made in accordance with the criteria set out in paragraph (1) of section 4(g) of the Buy American Act (as added by section 7002(2) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988) and the policy guidance referred to in paragraph (2)(A) of that section. (3)(A) Pursuant to the Federal Acquisition Regulation and subject to the availability of appropriations, the head of an agency awarding a covered contract (other than a contract to which paragraph (2) applies) may waive the application of the provisions of paragraphs (1)(M) and (1)(N) to that contract if the head of the agency determines that— (i) the application of such provisions to the contract would adversely affect the continuation of a program, project, or activity that provides significant support services for members of the armed forces stationed or deployed outside the United States; (ii) the contractor has taken (or has established plans to take) appropriate actions within the contractor's control to minimize the amount and number of incidents of the payment of severance pay by the contractor to employees under the contract who are foreign nationals; and (iii) the payment of severance pay is necessary in order to comply with a law that is generally applicable to a significant number of businesses in the country in which the foreign national receiving the payment performed services under the contract or is necessary to comply with a collective bargaining agreement. (B) The head of an agency shall include in the solicitation for a covered contract a statement indicating— (i) that a waiver has been granted under subparagraph (A) for the contract; or (ii) whether the head of the agency will consider granting such a waiver, and, if the agency head will consider granting a waiver, the criteria to be used in granting the waiver. (C) The head of an agency shall make the final determination regarding whether to grant a waiver under subparagraph (A) with respect to a covered contract before award of the contract. (4) The provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation implementing this section may establish appropriate definitions, exclusions, limitations, and qualifications. (f) Required Regulations.—(1) The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall contain provisions on the allowability of contractor costs. Such provisions shall define in detail and in specific terms those costs which are unallowable, in whole or in part, under covered contracts. The regulations shall, at a minimum, clarify the cost principles applicable to contractor costs of the following: (A) Air shows. (B) Membership in civic, community, and professional organizations. (C) Recruitment. (D) Employee morale and welfare. (E) Actions to influence (directly or indirectly) executive branch action on regulatory and contract matters (other than costs incurred in regard to contract proposals pursuant to solicited or unsolicited bids). (F) Community relations. (G) Dining facilities. (H) Professional and consulting services, including legal services. (I) Compensation. (J) Selling and marketing. (K) Travel. (L) Public relations. (M) Hotel and meal expenses. (N) Expense of corporate aircraft. (O) Company-furnished automobiles. (P) Advertising. (Q) Conventions. (2) The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall require that a contracting officer not resolve any questioned costs until he has obtained— (A) adequate documentation with respect to such costs; and (B) the opinion of the contract auditor on the allowability of such costs. (3) The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall provide that, to the maximum extent practicable, the contract auditor be present at any negotiation or meeting with the contractor regarding a determination of the allowability of indirect costs of the contractor. (4) The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall require that all categories of costs designated in the report of the contract auditor as questioned with respect to a proposal for settlement be resolved in such a manner that the amount of the individual questioned costs that are paid will be reflected in the settlement. (g) Applicability of Regulations to Subcontractors.—The regulations referred to in subsections (e) and (f)(1) shall require prime contractors of a covered contract, to the maximum extent practicable, to apply the provisions of such regulations to all subcontractors of the covered contract. (h) Contractor Certification Required.—(1) A proposal for settlement of indirect costs applicable to a covered contract shall include a certification by an official of the contractor that, to the best of the certifying official's knowledge and belief, all indirect costs included in the proposal are allowable. Any such certification shall be in a form prescribed in the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (2) The head of the agency or the Secretary of the military department concerned may, in an exceptional case, waive the requirement for certification under paragraph (1) in the case of any contract if the head of the agency or the Secretary— (A) determines in such case that it would be in the interest of the United States to waive such certification; and (B) states in writing the reasons for that determination and makes such determination available to the public. (i) Penalties for Submission of Cost Known as Not Allowable.—The submission to an agency of a proposal for settlement of costs for any period after such costs have been accrued that includes a cost that is expressly specified by statute or regulation as being unallowable, with the knowledge that such cost is unallowable, shall be subject to the provisions of section 287 of title 18 and section 3729 of title 31. (j) Contractor To Have Burden of Proof.—In a proceeding before the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or any other Federal court in which the reasonableness of indirect costs for which a contractor seeks reimbursement from the Department of Defense is in issue, the burden of proof shall be upon the contractor to establish that those costs are reasonable. (k) Proceeding Costs Not Allowable.—(1) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, costs incurred by a contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor in connection with any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding commenced by the United States, by a State, or by a contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor employee submitting a complaint under section 2409 of this title are not allowable as reimbursable costs under a covered contract, subcontract, or personal services contract if the proceeding (A) relates to a violation of, or failure to comply with, a Federal or State statute or regulation or to any other activity described in subparagraphs (A) through (C) of section 2409(a)(1) of this title, and (B) results in a disposition described in paragraph (2). (2) A disposition referred to in paragraph (1)(B) is any of the following: (A) In the case of a criminal proceeding, a conviction (including a conviction pursuant to a plea of nolo contendere) by reason of the violation or failure referred to in paragraph (1). (B) In the case of a civil or administrative proceeding involving an allegation of fraud or similar misconduct, a determination of contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor liability on the basis of the violation or failure referred to in paragraph (1). (C) In the case of any civil or administrative proceeding, the imposition of a monetary penalty or an order to take corrective action under section 2409 of this title by reason of the violation or failure referred to in paragraph (1). (D) A final decision— (i) to debar or suspend the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor; (ii) to rescind or void the contract, subcontract, or personal services contract; or (iii) to terminate the contract, subcontract, or personal services contract for default; by reason of the violation or failure referred to in paragraph (1). (E) A disposition of the proceeding by consent or compromise if such action could have resulted in a disposition described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D). (3) In the case of a proceeding referred to in paragraph (1) that is commenced by the United States and is resolved by consent or compromise pursuant to an agreement entered into by a contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor and the United States, the costs incurred by the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor in connection with such proceeding that are otherwise not allowable as reimbursable costs under such paragraph may be allowed to the extent specifically provided in such agreement. (4) In the case of a proceeding referred to in paragraph (1) that is commenced by a State, the head of the agency or Secretary of the military department concerned that awarded the covered contract, subcontract, or personal services contract involved in the proceeding may allow the costs incurred by the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor in connection with such proceeding as reimbursable costs if the agency head or Secretary determines, in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation, that the costs were incurred as a result of (A) a specific term or condition of the contract, subcontract, or personal services contract, or (B) specific written instructions of the agency or military department. (5)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (C), costs incurred by a contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor in connection with a criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding commenced by the United States or a State in connection with a covered contract, subcontract, or personal services contract may be allowed as reimbursable costs under the contract, subcontract, or personal services contract if such costs are not disallowable under paragraph (1), but only to the extent provided in subparagraph (B). (B)(i) The amount of the costs allowable under subparagraph (A) in any case may not exceed the amount equal to 80 percent of the amount of the costs incurred, to the extent that such costs are determined to be otherwise allowable and allocable under the Federal Acquisition Regulation. (ii) Regulations issued for the purpose of clause (i) shall provide for appropriate consideration of the complexity of procurement litigation, generally accepted principles governing the award of legal fees in civil actions involving the United States as a party, and such other factors as may be appropriate. (C) In the case of a proceeding referred to in subparagraph (A), contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor costs otherwise allowable as reimbursable costs under this paragraph are not allowable if (i) such proceeding involves the same contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor misconduct alleged as the basis of another criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding, and (ii) the costs of such other proceeding are not allowable under paragraph (1). (6) In this subsection: (A) The term "proceeding" includes an investigation. (B) The term "costs", with respect to a proceeding— (i) means all costs incurred by a contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor, whether before or after the commencement of any such proceeding; and (ii) includes— (I) administrative and clerical expenses; (II) the cost of legal services, including legal services performed by an employee of the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor; (III) the cost of the services of accountants and consultants retained by the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor; and (IV) the pay of directors, officers, and employees of the contractor or subcontractor, or personal services contractor for time devoted by such directors, officers, and employees to such proceeding. (C) The term "penalty" does not include restitution, reimbursement, or compensatory damages. (l) Definitions.—In this section: (1)(A) The term "covered contract" means a contract for an amount in excess of $500,000 that is entered into by the head of an agency, except that such term does not include a fixed-price contract without cost incentives or any firm fixed-price contract for the purchase of commercial items. (B) Effective on October 1 of each year that is divisible by five, the amount set forth in subparagraph (A) shall be adjusted in accordance with section 1908 of title 41. (2) The term "head of the agency" or "agency head" does not include the Secretary of a military department. (3) The term "agency" means the Department of Defense, the Coast Guard, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (4) The term "compensation", for a year, means the total amount of wages, salary, bonuses and deferred compensation for the year, whether paid, earned, or otherwise accruing, as recorded in an employer's cost accounting records for the year. [(5) Repealed. Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VIII, §803(b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1485.] (6) The term "fiscal year" means a fiscal year established by a contractor for accounting purposes. |
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(Added Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, §911(a)(1), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 682; amended Pub. L. 99–190, §101(b) [title VIII, §8112(a)], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185, 1223; Pub. L. 100–26, §7(k)(3), Apr. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 284; Pub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §805(a), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1126; Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(2)(A), (3)(A), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 846; Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title III, §322(a), title VIII, §§826(a), 832(a), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1952, 2022, 2023; Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, §8105(a), Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–36; Pub. L. 100–526, title I, §106(a)(2), Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2625; Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4636; Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title III, §311(a)(1), title VIII, §853(a)(1), (b)(3), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1411, 1518; Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XIII, §1301(10), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1668; Pub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §346(a), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1346; Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title VIII, §818(a), title X, §1052(26), title XIII, §1352(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2457, 2500, 2559; Pub. L. 103–355, title II, §2101(a)–(d), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3306–3308; Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, §4321(a)(5), (b)(9), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 671, 672; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, §808(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1836; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title VIII, §804(a), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2083; Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(19), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3844; Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VIII, §803(a), (b), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1485; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VIII, §827(g), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1836; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title VIII, §811(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 806; Pub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VII, §702(a)(2), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1189; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title VIII, §857, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3460; Pub. L. 114–261, §1(b)(1), Dec. 14, 2016, 130 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title VIII, §811(e), Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1460; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(c)(9), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1866.) |
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Amendment of Subsection (l)(1)(A)
Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(c)(9), (h), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1866, 1874, provided that, effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, subsection (l)(1)(A) of this section is amended by striking "commercial items" and inserting "commercial products or commercial services". See 2018 Amendment note below. HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTESSubsection (e)(1)(L) is based on section 2399 of this title as enacted by Pub. L. 97–295, §1(29)(A), Oct. 12, 1982, 96 Stat. 1293. Section 1(f)(2) of the bill would transfer the provisions of existing 10 U.S.C. 2399 to a new subparagraph (L) of 10 U.S.C. 2324(e)(1). The existing section 2399 prohibits the use of appropriated funds to reimburse a defense contractor for insurance against the contractor's costs of correcting defects in the contractor's materials or workmanship. The transfer would add the provision to the list of contractor costs which are not allowable as expenses which may be paid by the Department of Defense under a contract. This allowable cost limitation applies only to contracts for more than $100,000 other than fixed price contracts without cost incentives (see 10 U.S.C. 2324(k)). The committee determined that it is appropriate to treat the subject matter of section 2399 in the same manner as other provisions relating to allowable costs of defense contractors and notes that section 2324, providing a more comprehensive treatment of allowable costs, was enacted after section 2399. The committee recognizes that contracts for amounts less than $100,000 and fixed price contracts without cost incentives are covered by the existing section 2399 and would not be covered by the provision as transferred. The committee determined that in practice the existing section 2399 would not have significant applicability to such contracts and that the transfer is appropriate as part of this bill. Subsection (j) is based on Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, §933, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 700. REFERENCES IN TEXTSection 4 of the Buy American Act (as added by section 7002(2) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988), referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(C), was section 4 of act Mar. 3, 1933, ch. 212, title III, as added Pub. L. 100–418, title VII, §7002(2), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1545. Section 4, which was classified to section 10b–1 of former Title 41, Public Contracts, was omitted from the Code in view of section 7004 of Pub. L. 100–418 which provided that the amendment by Pub. L. 100–418 which enacted section 4 ceased to be effective on Apr. 30, 1996. Section 4 was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 111–350, §7(b), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3855, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts. CODIFICATIONAnother section 2324 of this title was contained in chapter 138 and was renumbered section 2344 of this title. AMENDMENTS2018—Subsec. (l)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–232 substituted "commercial products or commercial services" for "commercial items". 2017—Subsec. (l)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–91 substituted "in accordance with section 1908 of title 41." for "to the equivalent amount in constant fiscal year 1994 dollars. An amount, as so adjusted, that is not evenly divisible by $50,000 shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $50,000. In the case of an amount that is evenly divisible by $25,000 but is not evenly divisible by $50,000, the amount shall be rounded to the next higher multiple of $50,000." 2016—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–261, §1(b)(1)(A), (B), inserted "or subcontractor, or personal services contractor" after "contractor" and ", subcontract, or personal services contract" after "contract" wherever appearing. Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 114–261, §1(b)(1)(C), in subpar. (A), inserted "or to any other activity described in subparagraphs (A) through (C) of section 2409(a)(1) of this title" after "statute or regulation". 2014—Subsec. (e)(1)(Q). Pub. L. 113–291 added subpar. (Q). 2013—Subsec. (e)(1)(P). Pub. L. 113–66 and Pub. L. 113–67 amended subpar. (P) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (P) read as follows: "Costs of compensation of any contractor employee for a fiscal year, regardless of the contract funding source, to the extent that such compensation exceeds the benchmark compensation amount determined applicable for the fiscal year by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy under section 1127 of title 41, except that the Secretary of Defense may establish one or more narrowly targeted exceptions for scientists and engineers upon a determination that such exceptions are needed to ensure that the Department of Defense has continued access to needed skills and capabilities." See Effective Date of 2013 Amendment notes below. Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 112–239, §827(g)(1), substituted "commenced by the United States, by a State, or by a contractor employee submitting a complaint under section 2409 of this title" for "commenced by the United States or a State". Subsec. (k)(2)(C). Pub. L. 112–239, §827(g)(2), substituted "the imposition of a monetary penalty or an order to take corrective action under section 2409 of this title" for "the imposition of a monetary penalty". 2011—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(19)(A), substituted "section 7103 of title 41" for "section 6 of the Contract Disputes Act of 1978 (41 U.S.C. 605)". Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(19)(B), substituted "section 7104(a) of title 41" for "section 7 of such Act (41 U.S.C. 606)". Subsec. (e)(1)(P). Pub. L. 112–81, §803(a), substituted "any contractor employee" for "senior executives of contractors" and inserted", except that the Secretary of Defense may establish one or more narrowly targeted exceptions for scientists and engineers upon a determination that such exceptions are needed to ensure that the Department of Defense has continued access to needed skills and capabilities" before period at end. Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(19)(C), substituted "section 1127 of title 41" for "section 39 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 435)". Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 111–350, §5(b)(19)(D), substituted "(as added by section 7002(2) of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988)" for "(41 U.S.C. 10b–1)". Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 112–81, §803(b), struck out par. (5) which read as follows: "The term 'senior executives', with respect to a contractor, means the five most highly compensated employees in management positions at each home office and each segment of the contractor." 1998—Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 105–261 amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "The term 'senior executive', with respect to a contractor, means— "(A) the chief executive officer of the contractor or any individual acting in a similar capacity for the contractor; "(B) the four most highly compensated employees in management positions of the contractor other than the chief executive officer; and "(C) in the case of a contractor that has components which report directly to the contractor's headquarters, the five most highly compensated employees in management positions at each such component." 1997—Subsec. (e)(1)(P). Pub. L. 105–85, §808(a)(1), added subpar. (P). Subsec. (l)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–85, §808(a)(2), added pars. (4) to (6). 1996—Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(b)(9)(A), struck out "awarding the contract" after "Secretary of Defense" and substituted "the Buy American Act (41 U.S.C. 10b–1)" for "title III of the Act of March 3, 1933 (41 U.S.C. 10b–1) (commonly referred to as the Buy American Act)". Subsec. (f)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(a)(5), made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(ii). See 1994 Amendment notes below. Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(b)(9)(B), inserted "the head of the agency or" after "in the case of any contract if". 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a), inserted heading and substituted "head of an agency" for "Secretary of Defense", "agency" for "Department of Defense", and "applicable agency supplement" for "the Department of Defense Supplement". Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(2)(A), inserted heading. Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(2)(C), substituted "head of the agency" for "Secretary" in two places in introductory provisions. Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(2)(B), substituted "provisions in the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations issued by the Secretary". Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(2)(C), substituted "head of the agency" for "Secretary" in two places. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(3), inserted heading and substituted "The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall provide" for "The Secretary shall prescribe regulations providing". Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(4), inserted heading and substituted "the head of an agency" for "the Secretary" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(A), inserted heading. Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(b), substituted ", a State legislature, or a legislative body of a political subdivision of a State" for "or a State legislature". Subsec. (e)(1)(D). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(B), substituted "provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations of the Secretary of Defense". Subsec. (e)(1)(M). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(C), substituted "the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense". Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(D), substituted "the Secretary of Defense may provide" for "the Secretary may provide". Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(E), substituted "Secretary of Defense" for "head of the agency". Subsec. (e)(3)(A). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(F), substituted "the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations prescribed by the Secretary". Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(5)(G), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe regulations to implement this section. Such regulations may establish appropriate definitions, exclusions, limitations, and qualifications." Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(A), inserted heading and substituted "(1) The Federal Acquisition Regulation shall contain provisions on the allowability of contractor costs. Such provisions" for "(1) The Secretary shall prescribe proposed regulations to amend those provisions of the Department of Defense Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation dealing with the allowability of contractor costs. The amendments" and "The regulations" for "These regulations". Subsec. (f)(1)(Q). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(c), added subpar. (Q). Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(ii), as amended by Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(a)(5), substituted "Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations". Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(i), struck out "defense" before "contract auditor". Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(ii), as amended by Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(a)(5), substituted "Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations". Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(i), struck out "defense" before "contract auditor". Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(ii), as amended by Pub. L. 104–106, §4321(a)(5), substituted "Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "regulations". Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(6)(B)(i), struck out "defense" before "contract auditor". Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(7), amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "The regulations of the Secretary required to be prescribed under subsections (e) and (f)(1) shall require, to the maximum extent practicable, that such regulations apply to all subcontractors of a covered contract." Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(8), inserted heading and substituted "in the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "by the Secretary" in par. (1) and "head of the agency" for "Secretary of Defense" in introductory provisions of par. (2). Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(9), inserted heading and substituted "The submission to an agency" for "The submission to the Department of Defense". Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(10), inserted heading and substituted "United States Court of Federal Claims" for "United States Claims Court". Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(11)(A), inserted heading. Subsec. (k)(2)(D). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(11)(B), struck out "by the Department of Defense" after "decision" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (k)(4). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(a)(11)(C), inserted "or Secretary of the military department concerned" after "head of the agency", "or Secretary" after "agency head", and "or military department" before period at end and substituted "in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "under regulations prescribed by such agency head". Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(d), added subsec. (l) and struck out former subsec. (l) which related to periodic evaluation by Comptroller General of implementation of this section by Secretary of Defense. Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 103–355, §2101(d), struck out subsec. (m) which read as follows: "In this section, the term 'covered contract' means a contract for an amount more than $100,000 entered into by the Department of Defense other than a fixed-price contract without cost incentives." 1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–484, §818(a)(1)(A), redesignated subsec. (a)(1) as entire subsection. Former subsec. (a)(2) redesignated subsec. (b)(1). Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 102–484, §818(a)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (a)(2) as subsec. (b)(1), in introductory provisions struck out "by clear and convincing evidence" after "Secretary determines" and substituted "expressly unallowable under a cost principle referred to in subsection (a) that defines the allowability of specific selected costs" for "unallowable under paragraph (1)", and in subpar. (A), substituted "cost allocated to covered contracts for which a proposal for settlement of indirect costs has been submitted" for "costs". Former subsec. (b) redesignated subsec. (b)(2). Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 102–484, §818(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (b) as subsec. (b)(2), struck out ", in addition to the penalty assessed under subsection (a)," after "against the contractor", and substituted "the amount of the disallowed cost allocated to covered contracts for which a proposal for settlement of indirect costs has been submitted" for "the amount of such cost". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–484, §818(a)(5), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–484, §818(a)(3), (4), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d) which read as follows: "If any penalty is assessed under subsection (a) or (b) with respect to a proposal for settlement of indirect costs, the Secretary may assess an additional penalty of not more than $10,000 per proposal." Subsec. (e)(3), (4). Pub. L. 102–484, §1352(b), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4). Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 102–484, §1052(26)(A), struck out par. (5) which read as follows: "The regulations shall provide that costs to promote the export of products of the United States defense industry, including costs of exhibiting or demonstrating products, shall be allowable to the extent that such costs— "(A) are allocable, reasonable, and not otherwise unallowable; "(B) with respect to the activities of the business segment to which such costs are being allocated, are determined by the Secretary of Defense to be likely to result in future cost advantages to the United States; and "(C) with respect to a business segment which allocates to Department of Defense contracts $2,500,000 or more of such costs in any fiscal year of such business segment, are not in excess of the amount equal to 110 percent of such costs incurred by such business segment in the previous fiscal year." Subsec. (l)(2). Pub. L. 102–484, §1052(26)(B)(i), substituted "paragraph (3)" for "subsection (e)(2)(C)". Subsec. (l)(3). Pub. L. 102–484, §1052(26)(B)(ii), added par. (3). 1991—Subsec. (e)(2), (3). Pub. L. 102–190 added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3). 1990—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 101–510 struck out "(A)" before "The Secretary" and struck out subpars. (B) and (C) which read as follows: "(B) The Secretary shall submit to the committees named in subparagraph (C) any proposed regulations that would make substantive changes to regulations prescribed under the second sentence of subparagraph (A) before the publication of such proposed regulations in accordance with section 22 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 418b). "(C) The committees named in this subparagraph are— "(i) the Committees on Armed Services and on Government Operations of the House of Representatives; and "(ii) the Committees on Armed Services and on Governmental Affairs of the Senate." 1989—Subsec. (e)(1)(N), (O). Pub. L. 101–189, §311(a)(1), added subpar. (N) and redesignated former subpar. (N) as (O). Subsec. (k)(5)(B)(i). Pub. L. 101–189, §853(b)(3), substituted "the Federal Acquisition Regulation" for "the single Government-wide procurement regulation issued pursuant to section 4(4)(A) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403(4)(A))". Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 101–189, §853(a)(1)(A), designated par. (2) of subsec. (l), set out first, as subsec. (k)(6) and substituted "In this subsection:" for "In subsection (k):" in introductory provisions. Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 101–189, §853(a)(1)(A), (C), restored the text of subsec. (k) as in effect prior to being struck out by Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b)(2) (see 1988 Amendment note below), designated such text as subsec. (l), and struck out former subsec. (l)(1), set out first, which defined "covered contract". Former subsec. (l)(2), set out first, was redesignated subsec. (k)(6). Former subsec. (l), set out second, was redesignated (m). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 101–189, §853(a)(1)(B), redesignated subsec. (l), set out second, as (m). 1988—Subsec. (e)(1)(L). Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(2)(A), added subpar. (L). Subsec. (e)(1)(M). Pub. L. 100–456, §322(a), added subpar. (M). Subsec. (e)(1)(N). Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b)(1)(A), which directed amendment of subsec. (e) by striking out subpar. (N) and inserting in lieu thereof a new subpar. (N), was executed to subsec. (e)(1)(N) of this section as the probable intent of Congress. Former subpar. (N) read as follows: "Except as provided in paragraph (2), costs incurred in connection with any civil, criminal, or administrative action brought by the United States that results in a determination that a contractor has violated or failed to comply with any Federal law or regulation if the action results in any of the following: "(i) In the case of a criminal action, a conviction (including a conviction pursuant to a plea of nolo contendere). "(ii) In the case of a civil or administrative action, (I) a determination by the Secretary of Defense that the violation or failure to comply was knowing or willful, and (II) the imposition of a monetary penalty. "(iii) A final decision by an appropriate official of the Department of Defense to debar or suspend the contractor or to rescind, void, or terminate a contract awarded to such contractor if such decision is based on a determination by the Secretary of Defense that the violation or failure to comply was knowing or willful." Pub. L. 100–456, §832(a)(1), added subpar. (N). Subsec. (e)(2), (3). Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b)(1)(B), (C), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "If a civil, criminal, or administrative action referred to in paragraph (1)(N) is resolved by consent or compromise pursuant to an agreement entered into by a contractor and the United States, the contractor's costs that are otherwise not allowable under paragraph (1)(N) may be allowed to the extent provided in such agreement." Pub. L. 100–456, §832(a)(2), (3), added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3). Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 100–463, §8105(a), and Pub. L. 100–456, §826(a), amended section identically, temporarily adding par. (5). Pub. L. 100–526 provided that Pub. L. 100–463, §8105, and amendment made by that section shall cease to be effective. See Effective and Termination Dates of 1988 Amendment note below. Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(3)(A)(ii), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k). Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b)(2), added subsec. (k), and struck out former subsec. (k), the text of which was restored and redesignated subsec. (l) by Pub. L. 101–189, §853(a)(1)(C). See 1989 Amendment note above. Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(3)(A)(i), redesignated subsec. (j) as (k). Former subsec. (k) redesignated (l). Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–700, §8(b)(2), added subsec. (l) defining terms "covered contract", "proceeding", "costs", and "penalty". Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(3)(A)(i), redesignated subsec. (k) as (l). 1987—Subsec. (e)(1)(K). Pub. L. 100–180 added subpar. (K). Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–26 inserted "the term" after "In this section,". 1985—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 99–190, §101(b) [§8112(a)(1)], designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) and (C). Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 99–190, §101(b) [§8112(a)(2)], inserted ", in an exceptional case," in provisions preceding subpar. (A). Subsecs. (j), (k). Pub. L. 99–190, §101(b) [§8112(a)(3)], added subsec. (j) and redesignated former subsec. (j) as (k). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2018 AMENDMENTAmendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, see section 836(h) of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as an Effective Date of 2018 Amendment; Savings Provision note under section 453b of Title 6, Domestic Security. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2013 AMENDMENTPub. L. 113–67, div. A, title VII, §702(c), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 1189, provided that: "This section [amending this section and section 4304 of Title 41, Public Contracts, repealing section 1127 of Title 41, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4304 of Title 41] and the amendments made by this section shall apply only with respect to costs of compensation incurred under contracts entered into on or after the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013]." Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title VIII, §811(d), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 806, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 4304 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and repealing section 1127 of Title 41] shall apply with respect to costs of compensation incurred under contracts entered into on or after the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 26, 2013]." Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VIII, §827(i), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1836, provided that: "(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 2409 of this title] shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], and shall apply to— "(A) all contracts awarded on or after such date; "(B) all task orders entered on or after such date pursuant to contracts awarded before, on, or after such date; and "(C) all contracts awarded before such date that are modified to include a contract clause providing for the applicability of such amendments. "(2) Revision of supplements to the far.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Department of Defense Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulation shall each be revised to implement the requirements arising under the amendments made by this section. "(3) Inclusion of contract clause in contracts awarded before effective date.—At the time of any major modification to a contract that was awarded before the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the head of the contracting agency shall make best efforts to include in the contract a contract clause providing for the applicability of the amendments made by this section to the contract." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2011 AMENDMENTPub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VIII, §803(c), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1485, as amended by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title VIII, §823(a), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2276, provided that: "The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to costs of compensation incurred after January 1, 2012, under contracts entered into on or after December 31, 2011." [Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title VIII, §823(b), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2277, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending section 803(c) of Pub. L. 112–81, set out above] shall take effect as of December 31, 2011, and shall apply as if included in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 [Pub. L. 112–81] as enacted."] EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENTPub. L. 105–261, div. A, title VIII, §804(d), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2083, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 256 and 435 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and provisions set out as a note under section 435 of Title 41] shall apply with respect to costs of compensation of senior executives incurred after January 1, 1999, under covered contracts (as defined in section 2324(l) of title 10, United States Code, and section 306(l) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 ([former] 41 U.S.C.256(l))[)] [now 41 U.S.C. 4301(2), 4302] entered into before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 1998]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENTPub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, §808(e), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1838, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall— "(1) take effect on the date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1997]; and "(2) apply with respect to costs of compensation incurred after January 1, 1998, under covered contracts entered into before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act." Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, §4321(a), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 671, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Oct. 13, 1994, and as if included in Pub. L. 103–355 as enacted. For effective date and applicability of amendment by section 4321(b)(9) of Pub. L. 104–106, see section 4401 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a note under section 2302 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1994 AMENDMENTFor effective date and applicability of amendment by Pub. L. 103–355, see section 10001 of Pub. L. 103–355, set out as a note under section 2302 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENTSAmendment by Pub. L. 102–572 effective Oct. 29, 1992, see section 911 of Pub. L. 102–572, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title VIII, §818(b), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2458, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 23, 1992] and shall apply, as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, with respect to proposals for settlement of indirect costs for which the Federal Government has not formally initiated an audit before that date." Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIII, §1352(c), Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2559, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] apply to covered contracts (as defined in section 2324 of title 10, United States Code) that are in effect or are entered into on or after October 1, 1991, for costs incurred on or after October 1, 1991." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENTPub. L. 102–190, div. A, title III, §346(b), Dec. 5, 1991, 105 Stat. 1347, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not apply with respect to a foreign national whose employment under a military banking contract (defined in section 2324(e)(2)(B) of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a)) was terminated before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 5, 1991]." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1989 AMENDMENTPub. L. 101–189, div. A, title III, §311(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1411, provided that: "Subparagraph (N) of such subsection [10 U.S.C. 2324(e)(1)(N)], as added by paragraph (1), shall not apply with respect to the termination of the employment of a foreign national employed under any covered contract (as defined in subsection (l) of such section [10 U.S.C. 2324(l)]) if such termination is the result of the closing of, or the curtailment of activities at, a United States military facility in a foreign country pursuant to an agreement entered into with the government of that country before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1989]." Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title III, §853(a)(3), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1518, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section and provisions set out as a note below] shall take effect as of November 19, 1988." EFFECTIVE AND TERMINATION DATES OF 1988 AMENDMENTSPub. L. 100–700, §8(e), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4638, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) [enacting section 256 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and amending this section] shall take effect with respect to contracts awarded after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 1988]." Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, §8105(d), Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–37, provided that subsec. (f)(5) of this section, as enacted by section 8105(a) of Pub. L. 100–463, would cease to be effective three years after Oct. 1, 1988. Section 106(a)(2) of Pub. L. 100–526 provided that section 8105 of Pub. L. 100–463 "and the amendment made by that section shall cease to be effective". Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title III, §322(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1953, provided that: "Subparagraph (M) of section 2324(e)(1) of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), shall apply with respect to any contract entered into after the end of the 180-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 29, 1988]." Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §826(d), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2023, as amended by Pub. L. 100–526, title I, §106(a)(1)(B), Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2625, provided that: "Section 2324(f)(5) of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), shall cease to be effective on September 30, 1991." EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1987 AMENDMENTPub. L. 100–180, div. A, title VIII, §805(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1126, provided that: "Subparagraph (K) of section 2324(e)(1) of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), shall apply to any contract entered into after the end of the 120-day period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 1987]." EFFECTIVE DATEPub. L. 99–145, title IX, §911(c), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 685, provided that: "Section 2324 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a), shall apply only to contracts for which solicitations are issued on or after the date on which such regulations are prescribed." REGULATIONSPub. L. 103–355, title II, §2101(e), Oct. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 3309, provided that: "The regulations of the Secretary of Defense implementing section 2324 of title 10, United States Code, shall remain in effect until the Federal Acquisition Regulation is revised to implement the amendments made by this section [amending this section]." Pub. L. 100–700, §8(d), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4638, provided that: "The regulations necessary for the implementation of section 306(e) of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 [now 41 U.S.C. 4304] (as added by subsection (a)) and section 2324(k)(5) of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (b))— "(1) shall be prescribed not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 19, 1988]; and "(2) shall apply to contracts entered into more than 30 days after the date on which such regulations are issued." Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, §8105(b), (c), Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–37, provided for the promulgation of regulations and the preparation of a report in connection with the operation of subsec. (f)(5), as enacted by section 8105(a) of Pub. L. 100–463. Section 106(a)(2) of Pub. L. 100–526 provided that section 8105 of Pub. L. 100–463 "and the amendment made by that section shall cease to be effective". Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §826(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2022, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe final regulations under paragraph (5) of section 2324(f) of title 10, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)), not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 29, 1988]. Such regulations shall apply with respect to costs referred to in such paragraph that are incurred by a Department of Defense contractor (or a subcontractor of such a contractor) on or after the first day of the contractor's (or subcontractor's) first fiscal year that begins on or after the date on which such final regulations are prescribed." Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §832(b), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2024, related to regulations for the implementation of subsec. (e)(1)(N) of this section, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–700, §8(c), Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4638. Pub. L. 99–190, 101(b) [title VIII, §8112(b), (c)], Dec. 19, 1985, 99 Stat. 1185, 1223, required the regulations required under section 911(b) of Pub. L. 99–145, set out below, to be submitted to Congress before the publication of such regulations in accordance with former 41 U.S.C. 418b (now 41 U.S.C. 1707) and directed the Comptroller General, within 180 days of publication of the regulations, to submit to Congress a report on the Comptroller General's initial evaluation under subsection (j)(1) of this section. Pub. L. 99–145, title IX, §911(b), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 685, provided that: "(1) Not later than 150 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1985], the Secretary of Defense shall prescribe the regulations required by subsections (e) and (f) of section 2324 of title 10, United States Code, as added by subsection (a). Such regulations shall be published in accordance with section 22 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act ([former] 41 U.S.C. 418b) [now 41 U.S.C. 1707]. "(2) The Secretary shall review such regulations at least once every five years. The results of each such review shall be made public." CONSTRUCTIONPub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VIII, §827(h), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1836, provided that: "Nothing in this section, or the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 2409 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section], shall be construed to provide any rights to disclose classified information not otherwise provided by law." TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONSFor transfer of authorities, functions, personnel, and assets of the Coast Guard, including the authorities and functions of the Secretary of Transportation relating thereto, to the Department of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 468(b), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. INCLUSION OF CONTRACT CLAUSE IN CONTRACTS AWARDED BEFORE EFFECTIVE DATEPub. L. 114–261, §1(c), Dec. 14, 2016, 130 Stat. 1363, provided that: "At the time of any major modification to a contract that was awarded before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 14, 2016], the head of the contracting agency shall make best efforts to include in the contract a contract clause providing for the applicability of the amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 2409 of this title, and sections 4304, 4310, and 4712 of Title 41, Public Contracts] and section 827 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (Public Law 112–239; 126 Stat. 1833) [amending this section and section 2409 of this title]." REPORT AND REGULATIONS ON EXCESSIVE PASS-THROUGH CHARGESPub. L. 109–364, div. A, title VIII, §852, Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2340, as amended by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, §1071(b)(3)(B), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3506; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(f)(5), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1871, provided that: "(a) Comptroller General Report on Excessive Pass-Through Charges.— "(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 2006], the Comptroller General shall issue a report on pass-through charges on contracts or subcontracts (or task or delivery orders) that are entered into for or on behalf of the Department of Defense. "(2) Matters covered.—The report issued under this subsection— "(A) shall assess the extent to which the Department of Defense has paid excessive pass-through charges to contractors who provided little or no value to the performance of the contract; "(B) shall assess the extent to which the Department has been particularly vulnerable to excessive pass-through charges on any specific category of contracts or by any specific category of contractors (including any category of small business); and "(C) shall determine the extent to which any prohibition on excessive pass-through charges would be inconsistent with existing commercial practices for any specific category of contracts or have an unjustified adverse effect on any specific category of contractors (including any category of small business). "(b) Regulations Required.— "(1) In general.—Not later than May 1, 2007, the Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations to ensure that pass-through charges on contracts or subcontracts (or task or delivery orders) that are entered into for or on behalf of the Department of Defense are not excessive in relation to the cost of work performed by the relevant contractor or subcontractor. "(2) Scope of regulations.—The regulations prescribed under this subsection— "(A) shall not apply to any firm, fixed-price contract or subcontract (or task or delivery order) that is— "(i) awarded on the basis of adequate price competition; or "(ii) for the acquisition of a commercial item, as defined in section 103 of title 41, United States Code; and "(B) may include such additional exceptions as the Secretary determines to be necessary in the interest of the national defense. "(3) Definition.—In this section, the term 'excessive pass-through charge', with respect to a contractor or subcontractor that adds no, or negligible, value to a contract or subcontract, means a charge to the Government by the contractor or subcontractor that is for overhead or profit on work performed by a lower-tier contractor or subcontractor (other than charges for the direct costs of managing lower-tier contracts and subcontracts and overhead and profit based on such direct costs). "(4) Report.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 17, 2006], the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report on the steps taken to implement the requirements of this subsection, including— "(A) any standards for determining when no, or negligible, value has been added to a contract by a contractor or subcontractor; "(B) any procedures established for preventing excessive pass-through charges; and "(C) any exceptions determined by the Secretary to be necessary in the interest of the national defense. "(5) Effective date.—The regulations prescribed under this subsection shall apply to contracts awarded for or on behalf of the Department of Defense on or after May 1, 2007." [Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §836(f)(5), (h), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1871, 1874, provided that, effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, section 852(b)(2)(A)(ii) of Pub. L. 109–364, set out above, is amended by striking "a commercial item, as defined in section 103 of title 41" and inserting "a commercial product or a commercial service, as defined in sections 103 and 103a, respectively, of title 41".] PAYMENT OF RESTRUCTURING COSTS UNDER DEFENSE CONTRACTSPub. L. 103–337, div. A, title VIII, §818, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2821, as amended by Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title VIII, §804(d), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1834, which related to regulations concerning allowability of restructuring costs associated with business combinations under defense contracts, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §812(b)(20), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1848. REIMBURSEMENT OF INDIRECT COSTS OF INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNDER DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTSPub. L. 103–160, div. A, title VIII, §841, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1719, as amended by Pub. L. 105–244, title I, §102(a)(2)(C), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1617, provided that: "(a) Prohibition.—The Secretary of Defense may not by regulation place a limitation on the amount that the Department of Defense may reimburse an institution of higher education for allowable indirect costs incurred by the institution for work performed for the Department of Defense under a Department of Defense contract unless that same limitation is applied uniformly to all other organizations performing similar work for the Department of Defense under Department of Defense contracts. "(b) Waiver.—The Secretary of Defense may waive the application of the prohibition in subsection (a) in the case of a particular institution of higher education if the governing body of the institution requests the waiver in order to simplify the overall management by that institution of cost reimbursements by the Department of Defense for contracts awarded by the Department to the institution. "(c) Definitions.—In this section: "(1) The term 'allowable indirect costs' means costs that are generally considered allowable as indirect costs under regulations that establish the cost reimbursement principles applicable to an institution of higher education for purposes of Department of Defense contracts. "(2) The term 'institution of higher education' has the meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1001]." Pub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §826(c), Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2022, as amended by Pub. L. 100–526, title I, §106(a)(1)(A), Oct. 24, 1988, 102 Stat. 2625, directed Comptroller General of United States and Inspector General of Department of Defense, not later than 2 years after Sept. 29, 1988, to submit to Congress a report including an assessment of whether the regulations required by subsec. (f)(5) of this section provide the appropriate incentives to stimulate exports by the United States defense industry and provide cost savings to the United States and whether such regulations provide appropriate criteria to ensure that costs allowed are reasonably likely to provide future cost savings to the United States. AIR TRAVEL EXPENSES OF DEFENSE CONTRACTOR PERSONNELPub. L. 100–456, div. A, title VIII, §833, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2024, as amended by Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title VIII, §853(a)(2), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1518, directed the Administrator of General Services to enter into negotiations with commercial air carriers for agreements that would permit personnel of contractors who were traveling solely in the performance of covered contracts to be transported by such carriers at the same discount rates as such carriers charged for travel by Federal Government employees traveling at Government expense, directed the Secretary of Defense, not later than 120 days after the first such agreement would go into effect, to prescribe regulations that would provide that costs in excess of the rates established under the agreement were not allowable if the rate had been available and travel could have reasonably been performed under the conditions required by the air carrier to qualify for such rate, and provided that section 833 of Pub. L. 100–456 would cease to be effective three years after Sept. 29, 1988. BURDEN OF PROOF IN GOVERNMENT CONTRACT DISPUTE RESOLUTIONPub. L. 99–145, title IX, §933, Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 700, which provided that in proceeding before the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, United States Claims Court, or any other Federal court in which reasonableness of indirect costs for which a contractor seeks reimbursement from Department of Defense is in issue, the burden of proof is upon the contractor to establish that such costs are reasonable, was repealed and restated in subsec. (j) of this section by Pub. L. 100–370, §1(f)(3)(A)(ii), (B), July 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 846. |
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1 So in original. Two subpars. (P) have been enacted. |
| United States Code, 2018 Edition, Title 10 - ARMED FORCES |
| Bills and Statutes |
| United States Code |
| Y 1.2/5: |
| Title 10 - ARMED FORCES Subtitle A - General Military Law PART IV - SERVICE, SUPPLY, AND PROCUREMENT CHAPTER 137 - PROCUREMENT GENERALLY Sec. 2324 - Allowable costs under defense contracts |
| section 2324 |
| 2018 |
| January 14, 2019 |
| Yes |
| standard |
| 96 Stat. 1293 99 Stat. 682, 1185, 685, 700 101 Stat. 284, 1126 102 Stat. 846, 1952, 2270-36, 2625, 4636, 1545, 1953, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2270-37, 4638 103 Stat. 1411, 1518 104 Stat. 1668 105 Stat. 1346, 1347 106 Stat. 2457, 2458, 2559 107 Stat. 1719 108 Stat. 3306-3308, 2821, 3309 110 Stat. 671 111 Stat. 1836, 1834, 1838 112 Stat. 2083, 1617 120 Stat. 2340 124 Stat. 3844, 3855 125 Stat. 1485 126 Stat. 1836, 1833 127 Stat. 806, 1189 128 Stat. 3460, 3506 130 Stat. 1362, 1363, 2276, 2277 131 Stat. 1460 132 Stat. 1866, 1848, 1871 |
| Public Law 97-295, Public Law 99-145, Public Law 99-190, Public Law 100-26, Public Law 100-180, Public Law 100-370, Public Law 100-418, Public Law 100-456, Public Law 100-463, Public Law 100-526, Public Law 100-700, Public Law 101-189, Public Law 101-510, Public Law 102-190, Public Law 102-484, Public Law 102-572, Public Law 103-160, Public Law 103-337, Public Law 103-355, Public Law 104-106, Public Law 105-85, Public Law 105-244, Public Law 105-261, Public Law 109-364, Public Law 111-350, Public Law 112-81, Public Law 112-239, Public Law 113-66, Public Law 113-67, Public Law 113-291, Public Law 114-261, Public Law 114-328, Public Law 115-91, Public Law 115-232 |
