2013 US Code
Title 49 - Transportation
Subtitle VII - AVIATION PROGRAMS (§§ 40101 - 50105)
Part A - AIR COMMERCE AND SAFETY (§§ 40101 - 46507)
Subpart i - general (§§ 40101 - 40130)
Chapter 401 - GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 40101 - 40130)
Section 40101 - Policy
Publication Title | United States Code, 2012 Edition, Supplement 1, Title 49 - TRANSPORTATION |
Category | Bills and Statutes |
Collection | United States Code |
SuDoc Class Number | Y 1.2/5: |
Contained Within | Title 49 - TRANSPORTATION SUBTITLE VII - AVIATION PROGRAMS PART A - AIR COMMERCE AND SAFETY subpart i - general CHAPTER 401 - GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 40101 - Policy |
Contains | section 40101 |
Date | 2013 |
Laws in Effect as of Date | January 16, 2014 |
Positive Law | Yes |
Disposition | standard |
Short Titles | 'Helping Heroes Fly Act'."</p> 'Clothe a Homeless Hero Act'."</p> 'No-Hassle Flying Act of 2012'."</p> 'Pilot's Bill of Rights'."</p> 'FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012'."</p> 'Risk-Based Security Screening for Members of the Armed Forces Act'."</p> 'Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010'."</p> 'Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act'."</p> 'Procedural Fairness for September 11 Victims Act of 2007'."</p> 'Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act'."</p> 'Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act'."</p> 'Aviation and Transportation Security Act'."</p> 'Airport Security Improvement Act of 2000'."</p> 'Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century'."</p> 'Interim Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act'."</p> 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1998'."</p> 'Aviation Insurance Reauthorization Act of 1997'."</p> 'Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996'."</p> 'Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996'."</p> 'Rural Air Service Survival Act'."</p> 'Pilot Records Improvement Act of 1996'."</p> 'Child Pilot Safety Act'."</p> 'Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996'."</p> 'Airport Revenue Protection Act of 1996'."</p> 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Management Reform Act of 1996'."</p> 'Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994'."</p> 'Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1994'."</p> |
Source Credit | Pub. L. 103-272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1094; Pub. L. 104-264, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3255; Pub. L. 106-181, title II, §201, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 91. |
Presidential Document Number References | Executive Order 13419 |
Statutes at Large References | 72 Stat. 731, 740, 749 80 Stat. 938 91 Stat. 1284 92 Stat. 1705 94 Stat. 35, 42 96 Stat. 2444 98 Stat. 1704 102 Stat. 4424 106 Stat. 4891, 4894 107 Stat. 43 108 Stat. 1094, 1552, 1569, 1589, 1590, 1591, 1595 110 Stat. 3255, 3213, 3227, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3249, 3259, 3263, 3264, 3269, 3278 111 Stat. 2215, 2640 112 Stat. 5 113 Stat. 10 114 Stat. 91, 61, 126, 127, 166, 171, 2517 115 Stat. 230, 372, 597, 631, 632, 645, 2435, 2436 116 Stat. 2251, 2300 117 Stat. 420, 427, 2490, 2493, 2533, 2540, 2542, 2556, 2582, 2584, 2592, 2596 118 Stat. 1095, 3872 119 Stat. 2427 121 Stat. 1039, 1450, 1974 122 Stat. 4597 124 Stat. 2348, 3659 125 Stat. 124, 1608, 1874 126 Stat. 11, 15, 36, 40-43, 43, 55, 72, 128, 138, 141, 1159, 1477, 1593, 1935, 2446 127 Stat. 503, 870 |
Public Law References | Public Law 85-726, Public Law 89-670, Public Law 95-163, Public Law 95-504, Public Law 96-192, Public Law 97-449, Public Law 98-443, Public Law 100-690, Public Law 102-581, Public Law 103-13, Public Law 103-272, Public Law 103-298, Public Law 103-305, Public Law 104-264, Public Law 105-102, Public Law 105-137, Public Law 105-155, Public Law 106-6, Public Law 106-181, Public Law 106-528, Public Law 107-42, Public Law 107-56, Public Law 107-71, Public Law 107-134, Public Law 107-296, Public Law 108-7, Public Law 108-176, Public Law 108-297, Public Law 108-458, Public Law 109-115, Public Law 110-113, Public Law 110-135, Public Law 110-161, Public Law 110-417, Public Law 111-216, Public Law 111-347, Public Law 112-10, Public Law 112-81, Public Law 112-86, Public Law 112-95, Public Law 112-153, Public Law 112-200, Public Law 112-218, Public Law 112-239, Public Law 112-271, Public Law 113-27, Public Law 113-66 |
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(a)
(1) assigning and maintaining safety as the highest priority in air commerce.
(2) before authorizing new air transportation services, evaluating the safety implications of those services.
(3) preventing deterioration in established safety procedures, recognizing the clear intent, encouragement, and dedication of Congress to further the highest degree of safety in air transportation and air commerce, and to maintain the safety vigilance that has evolved in air transportation and air commerce and has come to be expected by the traveling and shipping public.
(4) the availability of a variety of adequate, economic, efficient, and low-priced services without unreasonable discrimination or unfair or deceptive practices.
(5) coordinating transportation by, and improving relations among, air carriers, and encouraging fair wages and working conditions.
(6) placing maximum reliance on competitive market forces and on actual and potential competition—
(A) to provide the needed air transportation system; and
(B) to encourage efficient and well-managed air carriers to earn adequate profits and attract capital, considering any material differences between interstate air transportation and foreign air transportation.
(7) developing and maintaining a sound regulatory system that is responsive to the needs of the public and in which decisions are reached promptly to make it easier to adapt the air transportation system to the present and future needs of—
(A) the commerce of the United States;
(B) the United States Postal Service; and
(C) the national defense.
(8) encouraging air transportation at major urban areas through secondary or satellite airports if consistent with regional airport plans of regional and local authorities, and if endorsed by appropriate State authorities—
(A) encouraging the transportation by air carriers that provide, in a specific market, transportation exclusively at those airports; and
(B) fostering an environment that allows those carriers to establish themselves and develop secondary or satellite airport services.
(9) preventing unfair, deceptive, predatory, or anticompetitive practices in air transportation.
(10) avoiding unreasonable industry concentration, excessive market domination, monopoly powers, and other conditions that would tend to allow at least one air carrier or foreign air carrier unreasonably to increase prices, reduce services, or exclude competition in air transportation.
(11) maintaining a complete and convenient system of continuous scheduled interstate air transportation for small communities and isolated areas with direct financial assistance from the United States Government when appropriate.
(12) encouraging, developing, and maintaining an air transportation system relying on actual and potential competition—
(A) to provide efficiency, innovation, and low prices; and
(B) to decide on the variety and quality of, and determine prices for, air transportation services.
(13) encouraging entry into air transportation markets by new and existing air carriers and the continued strengthening of small air carriers to ensure a more effective and competitive airline industry.
(14) promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics and a viable, privately-owned United States air transport industry.
(15) strengthening the competitive position of air carriers to at least ensure equality with foreign air carriers, including the attainment of the opportunity for air carriers to maintain and increase their profitability in foreign air transportation.
(16) ensuring that consumers in all regions of the United States, including those in small communities and rural and remote areas, have access to affordable, regularly scheduled air service.
(b)
(1) encouraging and developing an expedited all-cargo air transportation system provided by private enterprise and responsive to—
(A) the present and future needs of shippers;
(B) the commerce of the United States; and
(C) the national defense.
(2) encouraging and developing an integrated transportation system relying on competitive market forces to decide the extent, variety, quality, and price of services provided.
(3) providing services without unreasonable discrimination, unfair or deceptive practices, or predatory pricing.
(c)
(1) the requirements of national defense and commercial and general aviation.
(2) the public right of freedom of transit through the navigable airspace.
(d)
(1) assigning, maintaining, and enhancing safety and security as the highest priorities in air commerce.
(2) regulating air commerce in a way that best promotes safety and fulfills national defense requirements.
(3) encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology.
(4) controlling the use of the navigable airspace and regulating civil and military operations in that airspace in the interest of the safety and efficiency of both of those operations.
(5) consolidating research and development for air navigation facilities and the installation and operation of those facilities.
(6) developing and operating a common system of air traffic control and navigation for military and civil aircraft.
(7) providing assistance to law enforcement agencies in the enforcement of laws related to regulation of controlled substances, to the extent consistent with aviation safety.
(e)
(1) strengthening the competitive position of air carriers to ensure at least equality with foreign air carriers, including the attainment of the opportunity for air carriers to maintain and increase their profitability in foreign air transportation.
(2) freedom of air carriers and foreign air carriers to offer prices that correspond to consumer demand.
(3) the fewest possible restrictions on charter air transportation.
(4) the maximum degree of multiple and permissive international authority for air carriers so that they will be able to respond quickly to a shift in market demand.
(5) eliminating operational and marketing restrictions to the greatest extent possible.
(6) integrating domestic and international air transportation.
(7) increasing the number of nonstop United States gateway cities.
(8) opportunities for carriers of foreign countries to increase their access to places in the United States if exchanged for benefits of similar magnitude for air carriers or the traveling public with permanent linkage between rights granted and rights given away.
(9) eliminating discrimination and unfair competitive practices faced by United States airlines in foreign air transportation, including—
(A) excessive landing and user fees;
(B) unreasonable ground handling requirements;
(C) unreasonable restrictions on operations;
(D) prohibitions against change of gauge; and
(E) similar restrictive practices.
(10) promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics and a viable, privately-owned United States air transport industry.
(f)
(Pub. L. 103–272, §1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1094; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, §401(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3255; Pub. L. 106–181, title II, §201, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 91.)
Revised Section | Source (U.S. Code) | Source (Statutes at Large) |
---|---|---|
40101(a) | 49 App.:1302(a). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §102(a), 72 Stat. 740; Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §16(b)(1), (2), 91 Stat. 1284; Oct. 24, 1978, Pub. L. 95–504, §3(a), 92 Stat. 1705; restated Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §2, 94 Stat. 35. |
49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1601(b)(1)(E); added Oct. 4, 1984, Pub. L. 98–443, §3(e), 98 Stat. 1704. | |
40101(b) | 49 App.:1302(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §102(b); added Nov. 9, 1977, Pub. L. 95–163, §16(b)(3), 91 Stat. 1284. |
49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||
40101(c) | 49 App.:1347. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §306, 72 Stat. 749. |
49 App.:1655(c)(1). | Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(c)(1), 80 Stat. 938; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–449, §7(b), 96 Stat. 2444. | |
40101(d) | 49 App.:1303. | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, §103, 72 Stat. 740; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, §7202(b), 102 Stat. 4424. |
49 App.:1655(c)(1). | ||
40101(e) | 49 App.:1502(b). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §1102(b); added Feb. 15, 1980, Pub. L. 96–192, §17, 94 Stat. 42. |
49 App.:1551(b)(1)(E). | ||
40101(f) | 49 App.:1302(c). | Aug. 23, 1958, Pub. L. 85–726, 72 Stat. 731, §102(c); added Oct. 31, 1992, Pub. L. 102–581, §205, 106 Stat. 4894. |
In this part, the words "overseas air commerce" and "overseas air transportation" are omitted as obsolete because there no longer is a distinction in economic or safety regulation between "interstate" and "overseas" air commerce or air transportation.
In this section, the words "In carrying out . . . this part" are substituted for "In the exercise and performance of its powers and duties under this chapter" in 49 App.:1302(a), "In the exercise and performance of his powers and duties under this chapter" in 49 App.:1303, and "In exercising the authority granted in, and discharging the duties imposed by, this chapter" in 49 App.:1347 for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsections (a) and (b), the reference to subpart II is added because the policy applies only to economic issues, and under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), the Civil Aeronautics Board was given responsibility for economic issues.
In subsection (a)(2), the word "full" is omitted as surplus. The words "the recommendations of the Secretary of Transportation on" are omitted as obsolete because the Secretary carries out 49 App.:1302(a). The words "and full evaluation of any report or recommendation submitted under section 1307 of this Appendix" are omitted as obsolete because the report and recommendations are no longer required.
In subsection (a)(4), the words "by air carriers and foreign air carriers" are omitted as surplus. The words "unreasonable discrimination" are substituted for "unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (a)(6)(B), the words "nevertheless", "on the one hand", and "on the other" are omitted as surplus.
In subsection (a)(8), before subclause (A), the word "authorities" is substituted for "entities" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. In subclause (A), the words "sole responsibility" are omitted as unnecessary because of the restatement.
In subsection (a)(15), the words "United States" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title.
In subsection (b)(3), the words "unreasonable discrimination" are substituted for "unjust discriminations, undue preferences or advantages" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsections (c) and (d), the reference to subpart III is added because the policies apply only to safety issues, and under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 731), the Federal Aviation Administration was given responsibility for safety issues.
In subsection (c), before clause (1), the word "Administrator" in section 306 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (Public Law 85–726, 72 Stat. 749) is retained on authority of 49:106(g). The words "consider the following matters" are substituted for "give full consideration to" for consistency in this section.
In subsection (d)(3), the word "both" in 49 App.:1303(c) is omitted as surplus the first time it appears. The words "of the United States" are omitted for consistency in the revised title and because of the definition of "navigable airspace" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. The words "of those operations" are added for clarity.
In subsection (d)(5), the word "both" in 49 App.:1303(e) is omitted as surplus.
In subsection (e), before clause (1), the words "the Congress intends that" are omitted as surplus. In clauses (1) and (4), the words "United States" are omitted as surplus because of the definition of "air carrier" in section 40102(a) of the revised title. In clause (2), the word "prices" is substituted for "fares and rates" because of the definition of "price" in section 40102(a). In clause (8), the words "places in the United States" are substituted for "United States points" for consistency in this chapter. The word "air" is added for clarity and consistency in this subtitle. In clause (9)(C), the word "unreasonable" is substituted for "undue" for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.
AMENDMENTS2000—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 106–181 added par. (16).
1996—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(B), added par. (1). Former par. (1) redesignated (2).
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), (2)(A), redesignated par. (1) as (2) and struck out "its development and" after "best promotes". Former par. (2) redesignated (3).
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), (2)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and substituted "encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology" for "promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aeronautics". Former par. (3) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (d)(4) to (7). Pub. L. 104–264, §401(a)(1)(A), redesignated pars. (3) to (6) as (4) to (7), respectively.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2012 AMENDMENTPub. L. 112–95, §3, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 15, provided that: "Except as otherwise expressly provided, this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2000 AMENDMENTAmendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENTExcept as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
SHORT TITLE OF 2013 AMENDMENTPub. L. 113–27, §1, Aug. 9, 2013, 127 Stat. 503, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44927 of this title] may be cited as the 'Helping Heroes Fly Act'."
Pub. L. 112–271, §1, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2446, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44945 of this title] may be cited as the 'Clothe a Homeless Hero Act'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2012 AMENDMENTPub. L. 112–218, §1, Dec. 20, 2012, 126 Stat. 1593, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44901 of this title] may be cited as the 'No-Hassle Flying Act of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–153, §1, Aug. 3, 2012, 126 Stat. 1159, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 44703, 44709, and 44710 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 44701 and 44703 of this title] may be cited as the 'Pilot's Bill of Rights'."
Pub. L. 112–95, §1(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 11, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012'."
Pub. L. 112–86, §1, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1874, provided that: "This Act [amending section 44903 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 44903 of this title] may be cited as the 'Risk-Based Security Screening for Members of the Armed Forces Act'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2010 AMENDMENTPub. L. 111–216, §1, Aug. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 2348, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 1135, 40117, 41712, 44302, 44303, 44703, 47104, 47107, 47115, 47141, 48101, 48102, and 49108 of this title and sections 4081, 4261, 4271, and 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 40117 and 44701 of this title and sections 4081 and 9502 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 47109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENTPub. L. 110–135, §1, Dec. 13, 2007, 121 Stat. 1450, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44729 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fair Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act'."
Pub. L. 110–113, §1, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039, provided that: "This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Procedural Fairness for September 11 Victims Act of 2007'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENTPub. L. 108–297, §1, Aug. 9, 2004, 118 Stat. 1095, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 44113 of this title, amending sections 44107 and 44108 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 44101 of this title] may be cited as 'Cape Town Treaty Implementation Act of 2004'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2003 AMENDMENTPub. L. 108–176, §1(a), Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2490, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Vision 100—Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act'."
Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §301, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2533, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter III of chapter 471 of this title, amending sections 40104, 40128, 47106, 47503, and 47504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 40128, 47171, 47503, and 47508 of this title] may be cited as 'Aviation Streamlining Approval Process Act of 2003'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENTPub. L. 107–296, title XIV, §1401, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2300, provided that: "This title [enacting section 44921 of this title and section 513 of Title 6, Domestic Security, amending sections 44903 and 44918 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under section 114 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 44903 of this title] may be cited as the 'Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2001 AMENDMENTPub. L. 107–71, §1, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 597, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Aviation and Transportation Security Act'."
SHORT TITLE OF 2000 AMENDMENTSPub. L. 106–528, §1, Nov. 22, 2000, 114 Stat. 2517, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 41104, 44903, 44935, and 44936 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 106, 44903, and 44936 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 40128 and 47501 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airport Security Improvement Act of 2000'."
Pub. L. 106–181, §1(a), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 61, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1999 AMENDMENTPub. L. 106–6, §1, Mar. 31, 1999, 113 Stat. 10, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 44310, 47104, 47115 to 47117, 48101, and 48103 of this title] may be cited as the 'Interim Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENTPub. L. 105–155, §1, Feb. 11, 1998, 112 Stat. 5, provided that: "This Act [amending section 48102 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 48102 of this title] may be cited as the 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1998'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1997 AMENDMENTPub. L. 105–137, §1, Dec. 2, 1997, 111 Stat. 2640, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40102, 44302, 44305, 44306, 44308, and 44310 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 44310 of this title] may be cited as the 'Aviation Insurance Reauthorization Act of 1997'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENTPub. L. 104–264, §1(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3213, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §201, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3227, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 40121, 40122, 45301, 45303, 48111, and 48201 of this title, amending sections 106 and 41742 of this title, renumbering section 45303 of this title as section 45304, repealing former section 45301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106, 40110, and 41742 of this title] may be cited as the 'Air Traffic Management System Performance Improvement Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §278(a), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3249, provided that: "This section [amending section 41742 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 41742 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rural Air Service Survival Act'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title V, §501, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3259, provided that: "This title [amending sections 30305, 44936, and 46301 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 30305 and 44935 of this title] may be cited as the 'Pilot Records Improvement Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title VI, §601, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3263, provided that: "This title [enacting section 44724 of this title] may be cited as the 'Child Pilot Safety Act'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title VII, §701, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3264, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 1136 and 41113 of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 41113 of this title] may be cited as the 'Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title VIII, §801, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3269, provided that: "This title [enacting section 47133 of this title, amending sections 46301 and 47107 of this title and section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 47107 of this title] may be cited as the 'Airport Revenue Protection Act of 1996'."
Pub. L. 104–264, title XI, §1101, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3278, provided that: "This title [amending sections 44501, 44508, and 48102 of this title] may be cited as the 'FAA Research, Engineering, and Development Management Reform Act of 1996'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1994 AMENDMENTPub. L. 103–305, §1(a), Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1569, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 41311, 41714, 41715, 47129, 47130, and 47509 of this title, amending sections 106, 10521, 11501, 40102, 40113, 40116, 40117, 41713, 41734, 44502, 44505, 44938, 45301, 46301, 47101, 47102, 47104 to 47107, 47109 to 47111, 47115, 47117 to 47119, 47504, 48101 to 48104, and 48108 of this title and section 9502 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, renumbering former section 47129 of this title as section 47131 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 10521, 11501, 40102, 40105, 40117, 41311, 41715, 44502, 45102, 47101, 47107, 47124, and 49101 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 1348 of former Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act of 1994'."
Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §301, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1589, provided that: "This title [enacting section 47509 of this title, amending sections 44505 and 48102 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 49101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development Authorization Act of 1994'."
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT JOINT TRAINING AND USAGE PLANPub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, §1075(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 870, provided that:
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1052(b), (c), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1935, 1936, provided that:
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(A)
"(i) progress in accomplishing the goals of the unmanned aircraft systems research, development, and demonstration as related to the Department of Defense Final Report to Congress on Access to National Airspace for Unmanned Aircraft Systems of October 2010, and any ongoing and collaborative research and development programs with the Federal Aviation Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
"(ii) estimates of long-term funding needs and details of funds expended and allocated in the budget requests of the President that support integration into the National Airspace; and
"(iii) progress in sharing with the Federal Aviation Administration safety operational and performance data as it relates to unmanned aircraft system operation and the impact on the National Airspace System.
"(B)
"(c)
Pub. L. 112–200, Nov. 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1477, provided that:
"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE."This Act may be cited as the 'European Union Emissions Trading Scheme Prohibition Act of 2011'.
"SEC. 2. PROHIBITION ON PARTICIPATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION'S EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME."(a)
"(1) the impacts on U.S. consumers, U.S. carriers, and U.S. operators;
"(2) the impacts on the economic, energy, and environmental security of the United States; and
"(3) the impacts on U.S. foreign relations, including existing international commitments.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) may reassess a determination under subsection (a) that a prohibition under that subsection is in the public interest at any time after making such a determination; and
"(2) shall reassess such a determination after—
"(A) any amendment by the European Union to the EU Directive referred to in subsection (a); or
"(B) the adoption of any international agreement pursuant to section 3(1). [sic]
"(C) enactment of a public law or issuance of a final rule after formal agency rulemaking, in the United State[s] to address aircraft emissions.
"SEC. 3. NEGOTIATIONS."(a)
"(1) should, as appropriate, use their authority to conduct international negotiations, including using their authority to conduct international negotiations to pursue a worldwide approach to address aircraft emissions, including the environmental impact of aircraft emissions; and
"(2) shall, as appropriate and except as provided in subsection (b), take other actions under existing authorities that are in the public interest necessary to hold operators of civil aircraft of the United States harmless from the emissions trading scheme referred to under section 2.
"(b)
"In this Act, the term 'civil aircraft of the United States' has the meaning given the term under section 40102(a) of title 49, United States Code."
NEXTGEN AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL MODERNIZATIONPub. L. 112–95, title II, §§201, 202, 211–222, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 36, 44–54, provided that:
"SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS."In this title [amending sections 106, 40102, 40110, and 40113 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106 and 44506 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section], the following definitions apply:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"In allocating amounts appropriated pursuant to section 48101(a) of title 49, United States Code, the Secretary of Transportation shall give priority to the following NextGen activities:
"(1) Next Generation Transportation System—Demonstrations and Infrastructure Development.
"(2) Next Generation Transportation System—Trajectory Based Operations.
"(3) Next Generation Transportation System—Reduce Weather Impact.
"(4) Next Generation Transportation System—Arrivals/Departures at High Density Airports.
"(5) Next Generation Transportation System—Collaborative ATM.
"(6) Next Generation Transportation System—Flexible Terminals and Airports.
"(7) Next Generation Transportation System—Safety, Security, and Environment.
"(8) Next Generation Transportation System—Systems Network Facilities.
"(9) Center for Advanced Aviation System Development.
"(10) Next Generation Transportation System—System Development.
"(11) Data Communications in support of Next Generation Air Transportation System.
"(12) ADS–B NAS-Wide Implementation.
"(13) System-Wide Information Management.
"(14) Next Generation Transportation System—Facility Consolidation and Realignment.
"(15) En Route Modernization—D-Position Upgrade and System Enhancements.
"(16) National Airspace System Voice System.
"(17) Next Generation Network Enabled Weather.
"(18) NextGen Performance Based Navigation Metroplex Area Navigation/Required Navigation Performance.
"SEC. 211. AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE-BROADCAST SERVICES."(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) an examination of how the Administration manages program risks;
"(B) an assessment of expected benefits attributable to the deployment of ADS–B services, including the Administration's plans for implementation of advanced operational procedures and air-to-air applications, as well as the extent to which ground radar will be retained;
"(C) an assessment of the Administration's analysis of specific operational benefits, and benefit/costs analyses of planned operational benefits conducted by the Administration, for ADS–B In and ADS–B Out avionics equipage for airspace users;
"(D) a determination of whether the Administration has established sufficient mechanisms to ensure that all design, acquisition, operation, and maintenance requirements have been met by the contractor;
"(E) an assessment of whether the Administration and any contractors are meeting cost, schedule, and performance milestones, as measured against the original baseline of the Administration's program for providing ADS–B services;
"(F) an assessment of how security issues are being addressed in the overall design and implementation of the ADS–B system;
"(G) identification of any potential operational or workforce changes resulting from deployment of ADS–B; and
"(H) any other matters or aspects relating to contract implementation and oversight that the Inspector General determines merit attention.
"(3)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) identify the ADS–B In technology that will be required under NextGen;
"(B) subject to paragraph (2), require all aircraft operating in capacity constrained airspace, at capacity constrained airports, or in any other airspace deemed appropriate by the Administrator to be equipped with ADS–B In technology by 2020; and
"(C) identify—
"(i) the type of avionics required of aircraft for all classes of airspace;
"(ii) the expected costs associated with the avionics; and
"(iii) the expected uses and benefits of the avionics.
"(2)
"(A) the necessary ground infrastructure is installed and functioning properly;
"(B) certification standards have been approved; and
"(C) appropriate operational platforms interface safely and efficiently.
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) include provisions to test the use of ADS–B technology for surveillance and active air traffic control in specific regions of the United States with the most congested airspace;
"(B) identify the equipment required at air traffic control facilities and the training required for air traffic controllers;
"(C) identify procedures, to be developed in consultation with appropriate employee and industry groups, to conduct air traffic management in mixed equipage environments; and
"(D) establish a policy in test regions referred to in subparagraph (A), in consultation with appropriate employee and industry groups, to provide incentives for equipage with ADS–B technology, including giving priority to aircraft equipped with such technology before the 2020 equipage deadline.
"SEC. 212. EXPERT REVIEW OF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE FOR NEXTGEN."(a)
"(b)
"(1) highlight the technical activities, including human-system design, organizational design, and other safety and human factor aspects of the system, that will be necessary to successfully transition current and planned modernization programs to the future system envisioned by the Joint Planning and Development Office of the Administration;
"(2) assess technical, cost, and schedule risk for the software development that will be necessary to achieve the expected benefits from a highly automated air traffic management system and the implications for ongoing modernization projects; and
"(3) determine how risks with automation efforts for the NextGen can be mitigated based on the experiences of other public or private entities in developing complex, software-intensive systems.
"(c)
"(a)
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;
"(ii) specific implementation and transition steps;
"(iii) baseline and performance metrics for—
"(I) measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan, including the percentage utilization of required navigation performance in the national airspace system; and
"(II) achieving measurable fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions reductions compared to current performance;
"(iv) expedited environmental review procedures and processes for timely environmental approval of area navigation and required navigation performance that offer significant efficiency improvements as determined by baseline and performance metrics under clause (iii);
"(v) coordination and communication mechanisms with qualified third parties, if applicable;
"(vi) plans to address human factors, training, and other issues for air traffic controllers surrounding the adoption of RNP procedures in the en route and terminal environments, including in a mixed operational environment; and
"(vii) a lifecycle management strategy for RNP procedures to be developed by qualified third parties, if applicable.
"(D)
"(2)
"(A) not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], 30 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports;
"(B) not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act, 60 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports; and
"(C) before June 30, 2015, 100 percent of the required procedures at OEP airports.
"(b)
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;
"(ii) specific implementation and transition steps;
"(iii) coordination and communications mechanisms with qualified third parties;
"(iv) plans to address human factors, training, and other issues for air traffic controllers surrounding the adoption of RNP procedures in the en route and terminal environments, including in a mixed operational environment;
"(v) baseline and performance metrics for—
"(I) measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan, including the percentage utilization of required navigation performance in the national airspace system; and
"(II) achieving measurable fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions reduction compared to current performance;
"(vi) expedited environmental review procedures and processes for timely environmental approval of area navigation and required navigation performance that offer significant efficiency improvements as determined by baseline and performance metrics established under clause (v);
"(vii) a description of the software and database information, such as a current version of the Noise Integrated Routing System or the Integrated Noise Model that the Administration will need to make available to qualified third parties to enable those third parties to design procedures that will meet the broad range of requirements of the Administration; and
"(viii) lifecycle management strategy for RNP procedures to be developed by qualified third parties, if applicable.
"(D)
"(2)
"(A) not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012], 25 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports;
"(B) not later than 36 months after the date of enactment of this Act, 50 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports; and
"(C) before June 30, 2016, 100 percent of the required procedures for non-OEP airports.
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(d)
"(1) clearly defined budget, schedule, project organization, and leadership requirements;
"(2) specific implementation and transition steps; and
"(3) baseline and performance metrics for measuring the Administration's progress in implementing the plan.
"(e)
"(1)
"(A) whether utilization of ADS–B, RNP, and other technologies as part of NextGen implementation will display the position of aircraft more accurately and frequently to enable a more efficient use of existing airspace and result in reduced consumption of aviation fuel and aircraft engine emissions; and
"(B) the feasibility of reducing aircraft separation standards in a safe manner as a result of the implementation of such technologies.
"(2)
"(f)
"(a)
"(1) actual arrival and departure rates per hour measured against the currently published aircraft arrival rate and aircraft departure rate for the 35 operational evolution partnership airports;
"(2) average gate-to-gate times;
"(3) fuel burned between key city pairs;
"(4) operations using the advanced navigation procedures, including performance based navigation procedures;
"(5) the average distance flown between key city pairs;
"(6) the time between pushing back from the gate and taking off;
"(7) continuous climb or descent;
"(8) average gate arrival delay for all arrivals;
"(9) flown versus filed flight times for key city pairs;
"(10) implementation of NextGen Implementation Plan, or any successor document, capabilities designed to reduce emissions and fuel consumption;
"(11) the Administration's unit cost of providing air traffic control services; and
"(12) runway safety, including runway incursions, operational errors, and loss of standard separation events.
"(b)
"(c)
"(d)
"(1) a description of the metrics that will be used to measure the Administration's progress in implementing NextGen capabilities and operational results;
"(2) information on any additional metrics developed; and
"(3) a process for holding the Administration accountable for meeting or exceeding the metrics baselines identified in subsection (b).
"SEC. 215. CERTIFICATION STANDARDS AND RESOURCES."(a)
"(1) establishment of updated project plans and timelines;
"(2) identification of the specific activities needed to certify NextGen technologies, including the establishment of NextGen technical requirements for the manufacture of equipage, installation of equipage, airline operational procedures, pilot training standards, air traffic control procedures, and air traffic controller training;
"(3) identification of staffing requirements for the Air Certification Service and the Flight Standards Service, taking into consideration the leveraging of assistance from third parties and designees;
"(4) establishment of a program under which the Administration will use third parties in the certification process; and
"(5) establishment of performance metrics to measure the Administration's progress.
"(b)
"(a)
"(1) evaluate the Airport Surface Detection Equipment-Model X program for its potential contribution to implementation of the NextGen initiative;
"(2) evaluate airport surveillance technologies and associated collaborative surface management software for potential contributions to implementation of NextGen surface management;
"(3) accelerate implementation of the program referred to in paragraph (1); and
"(4) carry out such additional duties as the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration may require.
"(b)
"(1) consider options for expediting the certification of Ground-Based Augmentation System technology; and
"(2) develop a plan to utilize such a system at the 35 operational evolution partnership airports by December 31, 2012.
"SEC. 217. INCLUSION OF STAKEHOLDERS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL MODERNIZATION PROJECTS."(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) serve as a waiver of any bargaining obligations or rights;
"(2) entitle the employee to any additional compensation or benefits with the exception of a per diem, if appropriate; or
"(3) entitle the employee to prevent or unduly delay the exercise of management prerogatives.
"(d)
"(e)
"(a)
"(1) The airspace redesign efforts of the Federal Aviation Administration will play a critical near-term role in enhancing capacity, reducing delays, transitioning to more flexible routing, and ultimately saving money in fuel costs for airlines and airspace users.
"(2) The critical importance of airspace redesign efforts is underscored by the fact that they are highlighted in strategic plans of the Administration, including Flight Plan 2009–2013 and the NextGen Implementation Plan.
"(3) Funding cuts have led to delays and deferrals of critical capacity enhancing airspace redesign efforts.
"(4) New runways planned for the period of fiscal years 2011 and 2012 will not provide estimated capacity benefits without additional funds.
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) leverages resources and partnerships, including appropriate programs of the Administration, to enhance the research and development of NextGen technologies by academia and industry; and
"(2) provides educational, technical, and analytical assistance to the Administration and other Federal departments and agencies with responsibilities to research and develop NextGen technologies.
"SEC. 221. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS."(a)
"(b)
"(1) be based on public-private partnership principles; and
"(2) leverage and maximize the use of private sector capital.
"(c)
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(e)
"(a)
"(1) identifies incentive options to encourage the equipage of aircraft with NextGen technologies, including a policy that gives priority to aircraft equipped with ADS–B technology;
"(2) identifies the costs and benefits of each option; and
"(3) includes input from industry stakeholders, including passenger and cargo air carriers, aerospace manufacturers, and general aviation aircraft operators.
"(b)
"(1) the date that is 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012]; or
"(2) the date on which aircraft are required to be equipped with ADS–B technology pursuant to the rulemaking under section 211(b)."
CONTINGENCY PLANNINGPub. L. 112–95, title II, §208(d), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 43, provided that: "The Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination shall, as part of the design of the System, develop contingency plans for dealing with the degradation of the System in the event of a natural disaster, major equipment failure, or act of terrorism."
REPORTS ON STATUS OF GREENER SKIES PROJECTPub. L. 112–95, title II, §225, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 55, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) A timeline for full implementation of the strategy described in the report submitted under subsection (a).
"(B) A description of the progress made in carrying out such strategy.
"(C) A description of the challenges, if any, encountered by the Administrator in carrying out such strategy."
[For definition of "NextGen" as used in section 225 of Pub. L. 112–95, set out above, see section 201 of Pub. L. 112–95, set out as a note above.]
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMSPub. L. 112–95, title III, subtitle B, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 72, provided that:
"SEC. 331. DEFINITIONS."In this subtitle, the following definitions apply:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"(7)
"(8)
"(9)
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) the rulemaking to be conducted under subsection (b), with specific recommendations on how the rulemaking will—
"(i) define the acceptable standards for operation and certification of civil unmanned aircraft systems;
"(ii) ensure that any civil unmanned aircraft system includes a sense and avoid capability; and
"(iii) establish standards and requirements for the operator and pilot of a civil unmanned aircraft system, including standards and requirements for registration and licensing;
"(B) the best methods to enhance the technologies and subsystems necessary to achieve the safe and routine operation of civil unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system;
"(C) a phased-in approach to the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system;
"(D) a timeline for the phased-in approach described under subparagraph (C);
"(E) creation of a safe [sic]
"(F) airspace designation for cooperative manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;
"(G) establishment of a process to develop certification, flight standards, and air traffic requirements for civil unmanned aircraft systems at test ranges where such systems are subject to testing;
"(H) the best methods to ensure the safe operation of civil unmanned aircraft systems and public unmanned aircraft systems simultaneously in the national airspace system; and
"(I) incorporation of the plan into the annual NextGen Implementation Plan document (or any successor document) of the Federal Aviation Administration.
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(b)
"(1) a final rule on small unmanned aircraft systems that will allow for civil operation of such systems in the national airspace system, to the extent the systems do not meet the requirements for expedited operational authorization under section 333 of this Act;
"(2) a notice of proposed rulemaking to implement the recommendations of the plan required under subsection (a)(1), with the final rule to be published not later than 16 months after the date of publication of the notice; and
"(3) an update to the Administration's most recent policy statement on unmanned aircraft systems, contained in Docket No. FAA–2006–25714.
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) safely designate airspace for integrated manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;
"(B) develop certification standards and air traffic requirements for unmanned flight operations at test ranges;
"(C) coordinate with and leverage the resources of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense;
"(D) address both civil and public unmanned aircraft systems;
"(E) ensure that the program is coordinated with the Next Generation Air Transportation System; and
"(F) provide for verification of the safety of unmanned aircraft systems and related navigation procedures before integration into the national airspace system.
"(3)
"(A) take into consideration geographic and climatic diversity;
"(B) take into consideration the location of ground infrastructure and research needs; and
"(C) consult with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Defense.
"(4)
"(5)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) to develop detection techniques for small unmanned aircraft systems; and
"(ii) to validate the sense and avoid capability and operation of unmanned aircraft systems.
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) which types of unmanned aircraft systems, if any, as a result of their size, weight, speed, operational capability, proximity to airports and populated areas, and operation within visual line of sight do not create a hazard to users of the national airspace system or the public or pose a threat to national security; and
"(2) whether a certificate of waiver, certificate of authorization, or airworthiness certification under section 44704 of title 49, United States Code, is required for the operation of unmanned aircraft systems identified under paragraph (1).
"(c)
"(a)
"(1) expedite the issuance of a certificate of authorization process;
"(2) provide for a collaborative process with public agencies to allow for an incremental expansion of access to the national airspace system as technology matures and the necessary safety analysis and data become available, and until standards are completed and technology issues are resolved;
"(3) facilitate the capability of public agencies to develop and use test ranges, subject to operating restrictions required by the Federal Aviation Administration, to test and operate unmanned aircraft systems; and
"(4) provide guidance on a public entity's responsibility when operating an unmanned aircraft without a civil airworthiness certificate issued by the Administration.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) with respect to an application described in paragraph (1)—
"(i) provide for an expedited review of the application;
"(ii) require a decision by the Administrator on approval or disapproval within 60 business days of the date of submission of the application; and
"(iii) allow for an expedited appeal if the application is disapproved;
"(B) allow for a one-time approval of similar operations carried out during a fixed period of time; and
"(C) allow a government public safety agency to operate unmanned aircraft weighing 4.4 pounds or less, if operated—
"(i) within the line of sight of the operator;
"(ii) less than 400 feet above the ground;
"(iii) during daylight conditions;
"(iv) within Class G airspace; and
"(v) outside of 5 statute miles from any airport, heliport, seaplane base, spaceport, or other location with aviation activities.
"SEC. 335. SAFETY STUDIES."The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall carry out all safety studies necessary to support the integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system.
"SEC. 336. SPECIAL RULE FOR MODEL AIRCRAFT."(a)
"(1) the aircraft is flown strictly for hobby or recreational use;
"(2) the aircraft is operated in accordance with a community-based set of safety guidelines and within the programming of a nationwide community-based organization;
"(3) the aircraft is limited to not more than 55 pounds unless otherwise certified through a design, construction, inspection, flight test, and operational safety program administered by a community-based organization;
"(4) the aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft; and
"(5) when flown within 5 miles of an airport, the operator of the aircraft provides the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the airport) with prior notice of the operation (model aircraft operators flying from a permanent location within 5 miles of an airport should establish a mutually-agreed upon operating procedure with the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower (when an air traffic facility is located at the airport)).
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere;
"(2) flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and
"(3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes."
CLARIFICATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR VOLUNTEER PILOTS OPERATING CHARITABLE MEDICAL FLIGHTSPub. L. 112–95, title VIII, §821, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 128, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) volunteered to provide such transportation; and
"(2) notified any individual that will be on the flight, at the time of inquiry about the flight, that the flight operation is for charitable purposes and is not subject to the same requirements as a commercial flight.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) is described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3)] and is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code; and
"(2) is organized for the primary purpose of providing, arranging, or otherwise fostering charitable medical transportation."
INTERAGENCY RESEARCH ON AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENTPub. L. 112–95, title IX, §909, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 141, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A) shall be completed not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 14, 2012];
"(B) shall be submitted to Congress for review; and
"(C) shall be updated, as appropriate, every 3 years after the initial submission."
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS AND NATIONAL AIRSPACEPub. L. 112–81, div. A, title X, §1097, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1608, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) safely designate nonexclusionary airspace for integrated manned and unmanned flight operations in the national airspace system;
"(2) develop certification standards and air traffic requirements for unmanned flight operations at test ranges;
"(3) coordinate with and leverage the resources of the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
"(4) address both civil and public unmanned aircraft systems;
"(5) ensure that the program is coordinated with the Next Generation Air Transportation System; and
"(6) provide for verification of the safety of unmanned aircraft systems and related navigation procedures before integration into the national airspace system.
"(c)
"(1) take into consideration geographic and climatic diversity;
"(2) take into consideration the location of ground infrastructure and research needs; and
"(3) consult with the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
"(d)
"(e)
"(f)
"(g)
"(1) The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—
"(A) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives; and
"(B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate.
"(2) The term 'test range' means a defined geographic area where research and development are conducted."
FINDINGSPub. L. 110–113, §2, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039, provided that: "Congress finds the following:
"(1) The September 11th Victims Compensation Fund of 2001 [title IV of Pub. L. 107–42] (49 U.S.C. 40101 note) establishes a Federal cause of action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive remedy for damages arising out of the hijacking and subsequent crash of American Airlines flights 11 and 77, and United Airlines flights 93 and 175, on September 11, 2001.
"(2) Rules 45(b)(2) and 45(c)(3)(A)(ii) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure [28 U.S.C. App.] effectively limit service of a subpoena to any place within, or within 100 miles of, the district of the court by which it is issued, unless a statute of the United States expressly provides that the court, upon proper application and cause shown, may authorize the service of a subpoena at any other place.
"(3) Litigating a Federal cause of action under the September 11 Victims Compensation Fund of 2001 is likely to involve the testimony and the production of other documents and tangible things by a substantial number of witnesses, many of whom may not reside, be employed, or regularly transact business in, or within 100 miles of, the Southern District of New York."
REVITALIZATION OF AVIATION AND AERONAUTICSPub. L. 108–176, §4, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2493, provided that: "Congress finds the following:
"(1) The United States has revolutionized the way people travel, developing new technologies and aircraft to move people more efficiently and more safely.
"(2) Past Federal investment in aeronautics research and development has benefited the economy and national security of the United States and the quality of life of its citizens.
"(3) The total impact of civil aviation on the United States economy exceeds $900,000,000,000 annually and accounts for 9 percent of the gross national product and 11,000,000 jobs in the national workforce. Civil aviation products and services generate a significant surplus for United States trade accounts, and amount to significant numbers of the Nation's highly skilled, technologically qualified work force.
"(4) Aerospace technologies, products, and services underpin the advanced capabilities of our men and women in uniform and those charged with homeland security.
"(5) Future growth in civil aviation increasingly will be constrained by concerns related to aviation system safety and security, aviation system capabilities, aircraft noise, emissions, and fuel consumption.
"(6) Revitalization and coordination of the United States efforts to maintain its leadership in aviation and aeronautics are critical and must begin now.
"(7) A recent report by the Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry outlined the scope of the problems confronting the aerospace and aviation industries in the United States and found that—
"(A) aerospace will be at the core of the Nation's leadership and strength throughout the 21st century;
"(B) aerospace will play an integral role in the Nation's economy, security, and mobility; and
"(C) global leadership in aerospace is a national imperative.
"(8) Despite the downturn in the global economy, projections of the Federal Aviation Administration indicate that upwards of 1,000,000,000 people will fly annually by 2013. Efforts must begin now to prepare for future growth in the number of airline passengers.
"(9) The United States must increase its investment in research and development to revitalize the aviation and aerospace industries, to create jobs, and to provide educational assistance and training to prepare workers in those industries for the future."
REPORT ON LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTSPub. L. 108–176, title III, §321, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2540, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) explore new operational procedures for aircraft to achieve those goals;
"(2) identify both near-term and long-term options to achieve those goals;
"(3) identify infrastructure changes that would contribute to attainment of those goals;
"(4) identify emerging technologies that might contribute to attainment of those goals;
"(5) develop a research plan for application of such emerging technologies, including new combustor and engine design concepts and methodologies for designing high bypass ratio turbofan engines so as to minimize the effects on climate change per unit of production of thrust and flight speed; and
"(6) develop an implementation plan for exploiting such emerging technologies to attain those goals.
"(b)
"(c)
Pub. L. 108–176, title III, §326, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2542, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §709, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2582, as amended by Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §208(a)–(c), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 40–43, provided that:
"(a)
"(2) The head of the Office shall be the Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination, who shall be appointed by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, with the approval of the Secretary. The Administrator shall appoint the Associate Administrator after consulting with the Chairman of the Next Generation Senior Policy Committee and providing advanced notice to the other members of that Committee.
"(3) The responsibilities of the Office shall include—
"(A) creating and carrying out an integrated plan for a Next Generation Air Transportation System pursuant to subsection (b);
"(B) overseeing research and development on that system;
"(C) creating a transition plan for the implementation of that system;
"(D) coordinating aviation and aeronautics research programs to achieve the goal of more effective and directed programs that will result in applicable research;
"(E) coordinating goals and priorities and coordinating research activities within the Federal Government with United States aviation and aeronautical firms;
"(F) coordinating the development and utilization of new technologies to ensure that when available, they may be used to their fullest potential in aircraft and in the air traffic control system;
"(G) facilitating the transfer of technology from research programs such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration program and the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program to Federal agencies with operational responsibilities and to the private sector;
"(H) reviewing activities relating to noise, emissions, fuel consumption, and safety conducted by Federal agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Defense;
"(I) establishing specific quantitative goals for the safety, capacity, efficiency, performance, and environmental impacts of each phase of Next Generation Air Transportation System planning and development activities and measuring actual operational experience against those goals, taking into account noise pollution reduction concerns of affected communities to the extent practicable in establishing the environmental goals;
"(J) working to ensure global interoperability of the Next Generation Air Transportation System;
"(K) working to ensure the use of weather information and space weather information in the Next Generation Air Transportation System as soon as possible;
"(L) overseeing, with the Administrator and in consultation with the Chief NextGen Officer, the selection of products or outcomes of research and development activities that should be moved to a demonstration phase; and
"(M) maintaining a baseline modeling and simulation environment for testing and evaluating alternative concepts to satisfy Next Generation Air Transportation System enterprise architecture requirements.
"(4)(A) The Office shall operate in conjunction with relevant programs in the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Commerce and the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of Transportation may request assistance from staff from those Departments and other Federal agencies.
"(B) The Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other Federal agency from which the Secretary of Transportation requests assistance under subparagraph (A) shall designate a senior official in the agency to be responsible for—
"(i) carrying out the activities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System in coordination with the Office, including the execution of all aspects of the work of the agency in developing and implementing the integrated work plan described in subsection (b)(5);
"(ii) serving as a liaison for the agency in activities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System and coordinating with other Federal agencies involved in activities relating to the System; and
"(iii) ensuring that the agency meets its obligations as set forth in any memorandum of understanding executed by or on behalf of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System.
"(C) The head of a Federal agency referred to in subparagraph (B) shall—
"(i) ensure that the responsibilities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System are clearly communicated to the senior official of the agency designated under subparagraph (B);
"(ii) ensure that the performance of the senior official in carrying out the responsibilities of the agency relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System is reflected in the official's annual performance evaluations and compensation;
"(iii) establish or designate an office within the agency to carry out its responsibilities under the memorandum of understanding under the supervision of the designated official; and
"(iv) ensure that the designated official has sufficient budgetary authority and staff resources to carry out the agency's Next Generation Air Transportation System responsibilities as set forth in the integrated plan under subsection (b).
"(D) Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this subparagraph [Feb. 14, 2012], the head of each Federal agency that has responsibility for carrying out any activity under the integrated plan under subsection (b) shall execute a memorandum of understanding with the Office obligating that agency to carry out the activity.
"(5) In developing and carrying out its plans, the Office shall consult with the public and ensure the participation of experts from the private sector including representatives of commercial aviation, general aviation, aviation labor groups, aviation research and development entities, aircraft and air traffic control suppliers, and the space industry.
"(6)(A) The Office shall work with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to develop a process whereby the Director will identify projects related to the Next Generation Air Transportation System across the agencies referred to in paragraph (4)(A) and consider the Next Generation Air Transportation System as a unified, cross-agency program.
"(B) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget, to the extent practicable, shall—
"(i) ensure that—
"(I) each Federal agency covered by the plan has sufficient funds requested in the President's budget, as submitted under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code, for each fiscal year covered by the plan to carry out its responsibilities under the plan; and
"(II) the development and implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System remains on schedule;
"(ii) include, in the President's budget, a statement of the portion of the estimated budget of each Federal agency covered by the plan that relates to the activities of the agency under the Next Generation Air Transportation System; and
"(iii) identify and justify as part of the President's budget submission any inconsistencies between the plan and amounts requested in the budget.
"(7) The Associate Administrator for Next Generation Air Transportation System Planning, Development, and Interagency Coordination shall be a voting member of the Joint Resources Council of the Federal Aviation Administration.
"(b)
"(1) a national vision statement for an air transportation system capable of meeting potential air traffic demand by 2025;
"(2) a description of the demand and the performance characteristics that will be required of the Nation's future air transportation system, and an explanation of how those characteristics were derived, including the national goals, objectives, and policies the system is designed to further, and the underlying socioeconomic determinants, and associated models and analyses;
"(3) a multiagency research and development roadmap for creating the Next Generation Air Transportation System with the characteristics outlined under clause (ii) [(2)], including—
"(A) the most significant technical obstacles and the research and development activities necessary to overcome them, including for each project, the role of each Federal agency, corporations, and universities;
"(B) the annual anticipated cost of carrying out the research and development activities; and
"(C) the technical milestones that will be used to evaluate the activities;
"(4) a description of the operational concepts to meet the system performance requirements for all system users and a timeline and anticipated expenditures needed to develop and deploy the system to meet the vision for 2025; and
"(5) a multiagency integrated work plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System that includes—
"(A) an outline of the activities required to achieve the end-state architecture, as expressed in the concept of operations and enterprise architecture documents, that identifies each Federal agency or other entity responsible for each activity in the outline;
"(B) details on a year-by-year basis of specific accomplishments, activities, research requirements, rulemakings, policy decisions, and other milestones of progress for each Federal agency or entity conducting activities relating to the Next Generation Air Transportation System;
"(C) for each element of the Next Generation Air Transportation System, an outline, on a year-by-year basis, of what is to be accomplished in that year toward meeting the Next Generation Air Transportation System's end-state architecture, as expressed in the concept of operations and enterprise architecture documents, as well as identifying each Federal agency or other entity that will be responsible for each component of any research, development, or implementation program;
"(D) an estimate of all necessary expenditures on a year-by-year basis, including a statement of each Federal agency or entity's responsibility for costs and available resources, for each stage of development from the basic research stage through the demonstration and implementation phase;
"(E) a clear explanation of how each step in the development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System will lead to the following step and of the implications of not successfully completing a step in the time period described in the integrated work plan;
"(F) a transition plan for the implementation of the Next Generation Air Transportation System that includes date-specific milestones for the implementation of new capabilities into the national airspace system;
"(G) date-specific timetables for meeting the environmental goals identified in subsection (a)(3)(I); and
"(H) a description of potentially significant operational or workforce changes resulting from deployment of the Next Generation Air Transportation System.
"(c)
"(1) improve the level of safety, security, efficiency, quality, and affordability of the National Airspace System and aviation services;
"(2) take advantage of data from emerging ground-based and space-based communications, navigation, and surveillance technologies;
"(3) integrate data streams from multiple agencies and sources to enable situational awareness and seamless global operations for all appropriate users of the system, including users responsible for civil aviation, homeland security, and national security;
"(4) leverage investments in civil aviation, homeland security, and national security and build upon current air traffic management and infrastructure initiatives to meet system performance requirements for all system users;
"(5) be scalable to accommodate and encourage substantial growth in domestic and international transportation and anticipate and accommodate continuing technology upgrades and advances;
"(6) accommodate a wide range of aircraft operations, including airlines, air taxis, helicopters, general aviation, and unmanned aerial vehicles; and
"(7) take into consideration, to the greatest extent practicable, design of airport approach and departure flight paths to reduce exposure of noise and emissions pollution on affected residents.
"(d)
"(e)
Pub. L. 108–176, title VII, §710, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2584, as amended by Pub. L. 112–95, title II, §209, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 43, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (or the Administrator's designee);
"(2) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (or the Administrator's designee);
"(3) the Secretary of Defense (or the Secretary's designee);
"(4) the Secretary of Homeland Security (or the Secretary's designee);
"(5) the Secretary of Commerce (or the Secretary's designee);
"(6) the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (or the Director's designee); and
"(7) designees from other Federal agencies determined by the Secretary of Transportation to have an important interest in, or responsibility for, other aspects of the system.
"(c)
"(1) advise the Secretary of Transportation regarding the national goals and strategic objectives for the transformation of the Nation's air transportation system to meet its future needs;
"(2) provide policy guidance for the integrated plan for the air transportation system to be developed by the Next Generation Air Transportation System Joint Planning and Development Office;
"(3) provide ongoing policy review for the transformation of the air transportation system;
"(4) identify resource needs and make recommendations to their respective agencies for necessary funding for planning, research, and development activities; and
"(5) make legislative recommendations, as appropriate, for the future air transportation system.
"(d)
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) a copy of the updated integrated work plan;
"(B) a description of the progress made in carrying out the integrated work plan and any changes in that plan, including any changes based on funding shortfalls and limitations set by the Office of Management and Budget;
"(C) a detailed description of—
"(i) the success or failure of each item of the integrated work plan for the previous year and relevant information as to why any milestone was not met; and
"(ii) the impact of not meeting the milestone and what actions will be taken in the future to account for the failure to complete the milestone;
"(D) an explanation of any change to future years in the integrated work plan and the reasons for such change; and
"(E) an identification of the levels of funding for each agency participating in the integrated work plan devoted to programs and activities under the plan for the previous fiscal year and in the President's budget request."
REIMBURSEMENT FOR LOSSES INCURRED BY GENERAL AVIATION ENTITIESPub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §817, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2592, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) General aviation entities that operate at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.
"(2) Airports that are located within 15 miles of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and were operating under security restrictions on the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2003] and general aviation entities operating at those airports.
"(3) General aviation entities affected by implementation of section 44939 of title 49, United States Code.
"(4) General aviation entities that were affected by Federal Aviation Administration Notices to Airmen FDC 2/1099 and 3/1862 or section 352 of the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2003 (Public Law 108–7, division I) [117 Stat. 420], or both.
"(5) Sightseeing operations that were not authorized to resume in enhanced class B air space under Federal Aviation Administration notice to airmen 1/1225.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) operates nonmilitary aircraft under part 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, for the purpose of conducting its primary business;
"(2) manufactures nonmilitary aircraft with a maximum seating capacity of fewer than 20 passengers or aircraft parts to be used in such aircraft;
"(3) provides services necessary for nonmilitary operations under such part 91; or
"(4) operates an airport, other than a primary airport (as such terms are defined in such section 40102), that—
"(A) is listed in the national plan of integrated airport systems developed by the Federal Aviation Administration under section 47103 of such title; or
"(B) is normally open to the public, is located within the confines of enhanced class B airspace (as defined by the Federal Aviation Administration in Notice to Airmen FDC 1/0618), and was closed as a result of an order issued by the Federal Aviation Administration in the period beginning September 11, 2001, and ending January 1, 2002, and remained closed as a result of that order on January 1, 2002.
Such term includes fixed based operators, flight schools, manufacturers of general aviation aircraft and products, persons engaged in nonscheduled aviation enterprises, and general aviation independent contractors.
"(d)
Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §826, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2596, provided that:
"(a)
"(b) GAO
"(c) GAO
"(d)
Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §127, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 632, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) extraordinary air transportation needs or concerns exist; and
"(2) the waiver is in the public interest, taking into consideration the isolation of and dependence on air transportation of the State.
"(b)
Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §145, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 645, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. I, title III, §372, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 108–176, title IV, §428, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2556; Pub. L. 108–458, title VIII, §8404, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3872; Pub. L. 109–115, div. A, title I, §178, Nov. 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 2427, required each air carrier providing scheduled air transportation on a route to provide, to the extent practicable, air transportation to passengers ticketed for air transportation on that route by any other air carrier that suspended, interrupted, or discontinued air passenger service on the route by reason of insolvency or bankruptcy of the other air carrier occurring on or before Nov. 30, 2006.
RELATIONSHIP OF ELIGIBLE CRIME VICTIM COMPENSATION PROGRAMS TO SEPTEMBER 11TH VICTIM COMPENSATION FUNDPub. L. 107–56, title VI, §622(e)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 372, provided that: "With respect to any compensation payable under title IV of Public Law 107–42 [set out as a note below], the failure of a crime victim compensation program, after the effective date of final regulations issued pursuant to section 407 of Public Law 107–42, to provide compensation otherwise required pursuant to section 1403 of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10602) shall not render that program ineligible for future grants under the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 [42 U.S.C. 10601 et seq.]."
AIR TRANSPORTATION SAFETY AND SYSTEM STABILIZATIONPub. L. 112–10, div. B, title III, §1347, Apr. 15, 2011, 125 Stat. 124, provided that: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in fiscal year 2012 and thereafter payments for costs described in subsection (a) of section 404 of Public Law 107–42, as amended [set out below], shall be considered to be, and included in, payments for compensation for the purposes of sections 406(b) and (d)(1) of such Act."
Pub. L. 107–42, Sept. 22, 2001, 115 Stat. 230, as amended by Pub. L. 107–71, title I, §124(a), (c), (d), title II, §201, Nov. 19, 2001, 115 Stat. 631, 645; Pub. L. 107–134, title I, §114(a), Jan. 23, 2002, 115 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 107–296, title VIII, §890, title XII, §1201(2), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2251, 2286; Pub. L. 110–113, §3, Nov. 8, 2007, 121 Stat. 1039; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974; Pub. L. 111–347, title II, Jan. 2, 2011, 124 Stat. 3659, provided that:
"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE."This Act may be cited as the 'Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act'.
"TITLE I—AIRLINE STABILIZATION "SEC. 101. AVIATION DISASTER RELIEF."(a)
"[(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974.]
"(2) Compensate air carriers in an aggregate amount equal to $5,000,000,000 for—
"(A) direct losses incurred beginning on September 11, 2001, by air carriers as a result of any Federal ground stop order issued by the Secretary of Transportation or any subsequent order which continues or renews such a stoppage; and
"(B) the incremental losses incurred beginning September 11, 2001, and ending December 31, 2001, by air carriers as a direct result of such attacks.
"(b)
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) the amount of such air carrier's direct and incremental losses described in section 101(a)(2); or
"(2) in the case of—
"(A) flights involving passenger-only or combined passenger and cargo transportation, the product of—
"(i) $4,500,000,000; and
"(ii) the ratio of—
"(I) the available seat miles of the air carrier for the month of August 2001 as reported to the Secretary; to
"(II) the total available seat miles of all such air carriers for such month as reported to the Secretary; and
"(B) flights involving cargo-only transportation, the product of—
"(i) $500,000,000; and
"(ii) the ratio of—
"(I) the revenue ton miles or other auditable measure of the air carrier for cargo for the latest quarter for which data is available as reported to the Secretary; to
"(II) the total revenue ton miles or other auditable measure of all such air carriers for cargo for such quarter as reported to the Secretary.
"(c)
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(a)
"(b)
"In this title, the following definitions apply:
"(1)
"[(2) Repealed. Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 1974.]
"(3)
"(a)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2) [Transferred to section 44303(b) of this title.]
"(c)
"(d)
"(e)
"Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Secretary may extend any provision of chapter 443 of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this title, and the provisions of this title, to vendors, agents, and subcontractors of air carriers. For the 180-day period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 22, 2001], the Secretary may extend or amend any such provisions so as to ensure that the entities referred to in the preceding sentence are not responsible in cases of acts of terrorism for losses suffered by third parties that exceed the amount of such entities' liability coverage, as determined by the Secretary.
"TITLE III—TAX PROVISIONS "SEC. 301. EXTENSION OF DUE DATE FOR EXCISE TAX DEPOSITS; TREATMENT OF LOSS COMPENSATION."(a)
"(1)
"(A) 'January 15, 2002'; or
"(B) such earlier date after November 15, 2001, as such Secretary may prescribe.
"(2)
"(3)
"(b)
"This title may be cited as the 'September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001'.
"SEC. 402. DEFINITIONS."In this title, the following definitions apply:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(6)
"(7)
"(8)
"(9)
"(10)
"(11)
"(12)
"(13)
"(14) 9/11
"(A) the World Trade Center site, Pentagon site, and Shanksville, Pennsylvania site;
"(B) the buildings or portions of buildings that were destroyed as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001;
"(C) any area contiguous to a site of such crashes that the Special Master determines was sufficiently close to the site that there was a demonstrable risk of physical harm resulting from the impact of the aircraft or any subsequent fire, explosions, or building collapses (including the immediate area in which the impact occurred, fire occurred, portions of buildings fell, or debris fell upon and injured individuals); and
"(D) any area related to, or along, routes of debris removal, such as barges and Fresh Kills.
"SEC. 403. PURPOSE."It is the purpose of this title to provide compensation to any individual (or relatives of a deceased individual) who was physically injured or killed as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001.
"SEC. 404. ADMINISTRATION."(a)
"(1) administer the compensation program established under this title;
"(2) promulgate all procedural and substantive rules for the administration of this title; and
"(3) employ and supervise hearing officers and other administrative personnel to perform the duties of the Special Master under this title.
"(b)
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) information from the claimant concerning the physical harm that the claimant suffered, or in the case of a claim filed on behalf of a decedent information confirming the decedent's death, as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or debris removal during the immediate aftermath;
"(ii) information from the claimant concerning any possible economic and noneconomic losses that the claimant suffered as a result of such crashes or debris removal during the immediate aftermath; and
"(iii) information regarding collateral sources of compensation the claimant has received or is entitled to receive as a result of such crashes or debris removal during the immediate aftermath.
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(b)
"(1)
"(A) whether the claimant is an eligible individual under subsection (c);
"(B) with respect to a claimant determined to be an eligible individual—
"(i) the extent of the harm to the claimant, including any economic and noneconomic losses; and
"(ii) the amount of compensation to which the claimant is entitled based on the harm to the claimant, the facts of the claim, and the individual circumstances of the claimant.
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(A) the right to be represented by an attorney;
"(B) the right to present evidence, including the presentation of witnesses and documents; and
"(C) any other due process rights determined appropriate by the Special Master.
"(5)
"(6)
"(c)
"(1)
"(A) is an individual described in paragraph (2); and
"(B) meets the requirements of paragraph (3).
"(2)
"(A) an individual who—
"(i) was present at the World Trade Center, (New York, New York), the Pentagon (Arlington, Virginia), the site of the aircraft crash at Shanksville, Pennsylvania, or any other 9/11 crash site at the time, or in the immediate aftermath, of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001; and
"(ii) suffered physical harm or death as a result of such an air crash or debris removal;
"(B) an individual who was a member of the flight crew or a passenger on American Airlines flight 11 or 77 or United Airlines flight 93 or 175, except that an individual identified by the Attorney General to have been a participant or conspirator in the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or a representative of such individual shall not be eligible to receive compensation under this title; or
"(C) in the case of a decedent who is an individual described in subparagraph (A) or (B), the personal representative of the decedent who files a claim on behalf of the decedent.
"(3)
"(A)
"(i)
"(I) In the case that the Special Master determines the individual knew (or reasonably should have known) before the date specified in clause (iii) that the individual suffered a physical harm at a 9/11 crash site as a result of the terrorist-related aircraft crashes of September 11, 2001, or as a result of debris removal, and that the individual knew (or should have known) before such specified date that the individual was eligible to file a claim under this title, the individual may file a claim not later than the date that is 2 years after such specified date.
"(II) In the case that the Special Master determines the individual first knew (or reasonably should have known) on or after the date specified in clause (iii) that the individual suffered such a physical harm or that the individual first knew (or should have known) on or after such specified date that the individual was eligible to file a claim under this title, the individual may file a claim not later than the last day of the 2-year period beginning on the date the Special Master determines the individual first knew (or should have known) that the individual both suffered from such harm and was eligible to file a claim under this title.
"(ii)
"(I) the individual was treated by a medical professional for suffering from a physical harm described in clause (i)(I) within a reasonable time from the date of discovering such harm; and
"(II) the individual's physical harm is verified by contemporaneous medical records created by or at the direction of the medical professional who provided the medical care.
"(iii)
"(B) Single claim.—Not more than one claim may be submitted under this title by an individual or on behalf of a deceased individual.
"(C) Limitation on civil action.—
"(i)
"(ii)
"(I) during the period described in subsection (a)(3)(A) unless such individual withdraws from such action by the date that is 90 days after the date on which regulations are promulgated under section 407(a); and
"(II) during the period described in subsection (a)(3)(B) unless such individual withdraws from such action by the date that is 90 days after the date on which the regulations are updated under section 407(b).
"(iii)
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(1)
"(2)
"(d)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(i) all claimants who, before application of the limitation under the second sentence of paragraph (1), would have been determined to be entitled to a payment under this title during such 5-year period, receive a payment during such period; and
"(ii) the total amount of all such payments made during such 5-year period do not exceed the amount available under the second sentence of paragraph (1) to pay claims during such period.
"(B)
"(i) the amount that the claimant would have been paid under this title during such period without regard to the limitation under the second sentence of paragraph (1) applicable to such period; and
"(ii) the amount the claimant was paid under this title during such period.
"(C)
"(e)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) 10 percent of such aggregate amount through the settlement, minus
"(ii) the total amount of all legal fees charged for services rendered in connection with such settlement.
"(3)
"(a)
"(1) forms to be used in submitting claims under this title;
"(2) the information to be included in such forms;
"(3) procedures for hearing and the presentation of evidence;
"(4) procedures to assist an individual in filing and pursuing claims under this title; and
"(5) other matters determined appropriate by the Attorney General.
"(b)
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(A) The amount of funds of the WTC Captive Insurance Company, including the cumulative interest.
"(B) The amount of all available insurance identified in schedule 2 of the WTC Captive Insurance Company insurance policy.
"(C) As it relates to the limitation of liability of the City of New York, the amount that is the greater of the City of New York's insurance coverage or $350,000,000. In determining the amount of the City's insurance coverage for purposes of the previous sentence, any amount described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not be included.
"(D) As it relates to the limitation of liability of any entity, including the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, with a property interest in the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 (whether fee simple, leasehold or easement, or direct or indirect), the amount of all available liability insurance coverage maintained by any such entity.
"(E) As it relates to the limitation of liability of any individual contractor or subcontractor, the amount of all available liability insurance coverage maintained by such contractor or subcontractor on September 11, 2001.
"(5)
"(A) The funds described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4).
"(B) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (C) of such paragraph.
"(C) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (D) of such paragraph.
"(D) If there are no funds available as described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of paragraph (4), the funds described in subparagraph (E) of such paragraph.
"(6)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(A)
"(B)
"(c)
"The United States shall have the right of subrogation with respect to any claim paid by the United States under this title, subject to the limitations described in section 408.
"TITLE V—AIR TRANSPORTATION SAFETY "SEC. 501. INCREASED AIR TRANSPORTATION SAFETY."Congress affirms the President's decision to spend $3,000,000,000 on airline safety and security in conjunction with this Act in order to restore public confidence in the airline industry.
"SEC. 502. CONGRESSIONAL COMMITMENT."Congress is committed to act expeditiously, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, to strengthen airport security and take further measures to enhance the security of air travel.
"TITLE VI—SEPARABILITY "SEC. 601. SEPARABILITY."If any provision of this Act (including any amendment made by this Act [amending sections 44302 to 44306 of this title]) or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of this Act (including any amendment made by this Act) and the application thereof to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby."
[Pub. L. 107–134, title I, §114(b), Jan. 23, 2002, 115 Stat. 2436, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending Pub. L. 107–42, set out above] shall take effect as if included in section 301 of the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (Public Law 107–42)."]
[Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 25, 2001, 66 F.R. 49507, delegated to the Secretary of Transportation the authority vested in the President under section 101(a)(2) of Pub. L. 107–42, set out above, to compensate air carriers for direct and incremental losses they incurred from the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and any resulting ground stop order.]
INDEPENDENT STUDY OF FAA COSTS AND ALLOCATIONSPub. L. 106–181, title III, §309, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 127, provided that:
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) The Administration's cost input data, including the reliability of the Administration's source documents and the integrity and reliability of the Administration's data collection process.
"(ii) The Administration's system for tracking assets.
"(iii) The Administration's bases for establishing asset values and depreciation rates.
"(iv) The Administration's system of internal controls for ensuring the consistency and reliability of reported data.
"(v) The Administration's definition of the services to which the Administration ultimately attributes its costs.
"(vi) The cost pools used by the Administration and the rationale for and reliability of the bases which the Administration proposes to use in allocating costs of services to users.
"(C)
"(i) review costs that cannot reliably be attributed to specific Administration services or activities (called 'common and fixed costs' in the Administration Cost Allocation Study) and consider alternative methods for allocating such costs; and
"(ii) perform appropriate tests to assess relationships between costs in the various cost pools and activities and services to which the costs are attributed by the Administration.
"(3)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(b)
Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §735, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 171, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
Pub. L. 104–264, title II, §271, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3238, provided that: "Congress finds the following:
"(1) The Administration [Federal Aviation Administration] is recognized throughout the world as a leader in aviation safety.
"(2) The Administration certifies aircraft, engines, propellers, and other manufactured parts.
"(3) The Administration certifies more than 650 training schools for pilots and nonpilots, more than 4,858 repair stations, and more than 193 maintenance schools.
"(4) The Administration certifies pilot examiners, who are then qualified to determine if a person has the skills necessary to become a pilot.
"(5) The Administration certifies more than 6,000 medical examiners, each of whom is then qualified to medically certify the qualifications of pilots and nonpilots.
"(6) The Administration certifies more than 470 airports, and provides a limited certification for another 205 airports. Other airports in the United States are also reviewed by the Administration.
"(7) The Administration each year performs more than 355,000 inspections.
"(8) The Administration issues more than 655,000 pilot's licenses and more than 560,000 nonpilot's licenses (including mechanics).
"(9) The Administration's certification means that the product meets world-wide recognized standards of safety and reliability.
"(10) The Administration's certification means aviation-related equipment and services meet world-wide recognized standards.
"(11) The Administration's certification is recognized by governments and businesses throughout the world and as such may be a valuable element for any company desiring to sell aviation-related products throughout the world.
"(12) The Administration's certification may constitute a valuable license, franchise, privilege or benefits for the holders.
"(13) The Administration also is a major purchaser of computers, radars, and other systems needed to run the air traffic control system. The Administration's design, acceptance, commissioning, or certification of such equipment enables the private sector to market those products around the world, and as such confers a benefit on the manufacturer.
"(14) The Administration provides extensive services to public use aircraft."
PURPOSESPub. L. 104–264, title II, §272, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3239, provided that: "The purposes of this subtitle [subtitle C (§§271–278) of title II of Pub. L. 104–264, enacting sections 45301, 45303, 48111, and 48201 of this title, amending section 41742 of this title, renumbering section 45303 of this title as section 45304, repealing former section 45301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 41742 of this title] are—
"(1) to provide a financial structure for the Administration [Federal Aviation Administration] so that it will be able to support the future growth in the national aviation and airport system;
"(2) to review existing and alternative funding options, including incentive-based fees for services, and establish a program to improve air traffic management system performance and to establish appropriate levels of cost accountability for air traffic management services provided by the Administration;
"(3) to ensure that any funding will be dedicated solely for the use of the Administration;
"(4) to authorize the Administration to recover the costs of its services from those who benefit from, but do not contribute to, the national aviation system and the services provided by the Administration;
"(5) to consider a fee system based on the cost or value of the services provided and other funding alternatives;
"(6) to develop funding options for Congress in order to provide for the long-term efficient and cost-effective support of the Administration and the aviation system; and
"(7) to achieve a more efficient and effective Administration for the benefit of the aviation transportation industry."
INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF FAA FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS; ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION REVIEW COMMISSIONPub. L. 104–264, title II, §274, Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3240, as amended by Pub. L. 106–181, title III, §307(c)(3), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 126, provided that:
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A) anticipated air traffic forecasts;
"(B) other workload measures;
"(C) estimated productivity gains, if any, which contribute to budgetary requirements;
"(D) the need for programs; and
"(E) the need to provide for continued improvements in all facets of aviation safety, along with operational improvements in air traffic control.
"(4)
"(5)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
"(A) 13 members to be appointed by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, from among individuals who have expertise in the aviation industry and who are able, collectively, to represent a balanced view of the issues important to general aviation, major air carriers, air cargo carriers, regional air carriers, business aviation, airports, aircraft manufacturers, the financial community, aviation industry workers, and airline passengers. At least one member appointed under this subparagraph shall have detailed knowledge of the congressional budgetary process.
"(B) Two members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
"(C) Two members appointed by the minority leader of the House of Representatives.
"(D) Two members appointed by the majority leader of the Senate.
"(E) Two members appointed by the minority leader of the Senate.
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(6)
"(A)
"(i)
"(ii)
"(I) shall consider the independent assessment under subsection (a);
"(II) shall consider estimated cost savings, if any, resulting from the procurement and personnel reforms included in this Act [see Tables for classification] or in sections 40110(d) and 40122(g) of title 49, United States Code, and additional financial initiatives;
"(III) shall include specific recommendations to Congress on how the Administration can reduce costs, raise additional revenue for the support of agency operations, and accelerate modernization efforts; and
"(IV) shall include a draft bill containing the changes in law necessary to implement its recommendations.
"(B)
"(i) proposals for off-budget treatment of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund;
"(ii) alternative financing and funding proposals, including linked financing proposals;
"(iii) modifications to existing levels of Airport and Airways Trust Fund receipts and taxes for each type of tax;
"(iv) establishment of a cost-based user fee system based on, but not limited to, criteria under subparagraph (F) and methods to ensure that costs are borne by users on a fair and equitable basis;
"(v) methods to ensure that funds collected from the aviation community are able to meet the needs of the agency;
"(vi) methods to ensure that funds collected from the aviation community and passengers are used to support the aviation system;
"(vii) means of meeting the airport infrastructure needs for large, medium, and small airports; and
"(viii) any other matter the task force deems appropriate to address the funding and needs of the Administration and the aviation system.
"(C)
"(i) means of improving productivity by expanding and accelerating the use of automation and other technology;
"(ii) means of contracting out services consistent with this Act, other applicable law, and safety and national defense needs;
"(iii) methods to accelerate air traffic control modernization and improvements in aviation safety and safety services;
"(iv) the elimination of unneeded programs; and
"(v) a limited innovative program based on funding mechanisms such as loan guarantees, financial partnerships with for-profit private sector entities, government-sponsored enterprises, and revolving loan funds, as a means of funding specific facilities and equipment projects, and to provide limited additional funding alternatives for airport capacity development.
"(D)
"(i) safety;
"(ii) administrative costs;
"(iii) the congressional budget process;
"(iv) the economics of the industry (including the proportionate share of all users);
"(v) the ability of the Administration to utilize the sums collected; and
"(vi) the funding needs of the Administration.
"(E)
"(i) state the specific rates for each group affected by the proposed modifications;
"(ii) consider the impact such modifications shall have on specific users and the public (including passengers); and
"(iii) state the basis for the recommendations.
"(F)
"(i) the impact such a recommendation would have on passengers, air fares (including low-fare, high frequency service), service, and competition;
"(ii) existing contributions provided by individual air carriers toward funding the Administration and the air traffic control system through contributions to the Airport and Airways Trust Fund;
"(iii) continuing the promotion of fair and competitive practices;
"(iv) the unique circumstances associated with interisland air carrier service in Hawaii and rural air service in Alaska;
"(v) the impact such a recommendation would have on service to small communities;
"(vi) the impact such a recommendation would have on services provided by regional air carriers;
"(vii) alternative methodologies for calculating fees so as to achieve a fair and reasonable distribution of costs of service among users;
"(viii) the usefulness of phased-in approaches to implementing such a financing system;
"(ix) means of assuring the provision of general fund contributions, as appropriate, toward the support of the Administration; and
"(x) the provision of incentives to encourage greater efficiency in the provision of air traffic services by the Administration and greater efficiency in the use of air traffic services by aircraft operators.
"(7)
"(A)
"(B)
"(i) the adequacy of staffing and training resources for safety personnel of the Administration, including safety inspectors;
"(ii) the Administration's processes for ensuring the public safety from fraudulent parts in civil aviation and the extent to which use of suspected unapproved parts requires additional oversight or enforcement action; and
"(iii) the ability of the Administration to anticipate changes in the aviation industry and to develop policies and actions to ensure the highest level of aviation safety in the 21st century.
"(8)
"(9)
"(10)
"(11)
"(c)
"(1)
"(A)
"(B)
"(C)
"(i) a copy of the final report of the task force; and
"(ii) a draft bill containing the changes in law necessary to implement the Secretary's recommendations.
"(D)
"(2)
"(d)
"(e)
Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §303, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1590, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) next-generation satellite communications, including global positioning satellites;
"(2) advanced airport and airplane security;
"(3) environmentally compatible technologies, including technologies that limit or reduce noise and air pollution;
"(4) advanced aviation safety programs; and
"(5) technologies and procedures to enhance and improve airport and airway capacity.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) selected programs that jointly enhance public and private aviation technology development;
"(2) an opportunity for private contractors to be involved in such technology research and development; and
"(3) the transfer of Government-developed technologies to the private sector to promote economic strength and competitiveness.
"(d)
Pub. L. 108–176, title VIII, §815, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2592, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) conduct surveillance to monitor ozone in the cabin on a representative number of flights and aircraft to determine compliance with existing Federal Aviation Regulations for ozone;
"(2) collect pesticide exposure data to determine exposures of passengers and crew;
"(3) analyze samples of residue from aircraft ventilation ducts and filters after air quality incidents to identify the contaminants to which passengers and crew were exposed;
"(4) analyze and study cabin air pressure and altitude; and
"(5) establish an air quality incident reporting system.
"(c)
Pub. L. 106–181, title VII, §725, Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 166, provided that:
"(a)
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(A) Contaminants of concern, as determined by the National Academy of Sciences.
"(B) The systems of air supply on aircraft, including the identification of means by which contaminants may enter such systems.
"(C) The toxicological and health effects of the contaminants of concern, their byproducts, and the products of their degradation.
"(D) Any contaminant used in the maintenance, operation, or treatment of aircraft, if a passenger or a member of the air crew may be directly exposed to the contaminant.
"(E) Actual measurements of the contaminants of concern in the air of passenger cabins during actual flights in air transportation or foreign air transportation, along with comparisons of such measurements to actual measurements taken in public buildings.
"(4)
"(b)
"(1)
"(2)
Pub. L. 103–305, title III, §304, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1591, provided that:
"(a)
"(1) what, if any, aircraft cabin air conditions, including pressure altitude systems, on flights within the United States are harmful to the health of airline passengers and crew, as indicated by physical symptoms such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, and lightheadedness; and
"(2) the risk of airline passengers and crew contracting infectious diseases during flight.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) to determine what, if any, cabin air conditions currently exist on domestic aircraft used for flights within the United States that could be harmful to the health of airline passengers and crew, as indicated by physical symptoms such as headaches, nausea, fatigue, and lightheadedness, and including the risk of infection by bacteria and viruses;
"(2) to determine to what extent, changes in, cabin air pressure, temperature, rate of cabin air circulation, the quantity of fresh air per occupant, and humidity on current domestic aircraft would reduce or eliminate the risk of illness or discomfort to airline passengers and crew; and
"(3) to establish a long-term research program to examine potential health problems to airline passengers and crew that may arise in an airplane cabin on a flight within the United States because of cabin air quality as a result of the conditions and changes described in paragraphs (1) and (2).
"(d)
"(e)
"(2) The Administrator shall annually submit to the Congress a report on the progress made during the year for which the report is submitted toward meeting the goals set forth in subsection (c).
"(f)
Pub. L. 103–305, title V, §507, Aug. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 1595, provided that:
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
Pub. L. 103–298, Aug. 17, 1994, 108 Stat. 1552, as amended by Pub. L. 105–102, §3(e), Nov. 20, 1997, 111 Stat. 2215, provided that:
"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE."This Act may be cited as the 'General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994'.
"SEC. 2. TIME LIMITATIONS ON CIVIL ACTIONS AGAINST AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURERS."(a)
"(1) after the applicable limitation period beginning on—
"(A) the date of delivery of the aircraft to its first purchaser or lessee, if delivered directly from the manufacturer; or
"(B) the date of first delivery of the aircraft to a person engaged in the business of selling or leasing such aircraft; or
"(2) with respect to any new component, system, subassembly, or other part which replaced another component, system, subassembly, or other part originally in, or which was added to, the aircraft, and which is alleged to have caused such death, injury, or damage, after the applicable limitation period beginning on the date of completion of the replacement or addition.
"(b)
"(1) if the claimant pleads with specificity the facts necessary to prove, and proves, that the manufacturer with respect to a type certificate or airworthiness certificate for, or obligations with respect to continuing airworthiness of, an aircraft or a component, system, subassembly, or other part of an aircraft knowingly misrepresented to the Federal Aviation Administration, or concealed or withheld from the Federal Aviation Administration, required information that is material and relevant to the performance or the maintenance or operation of such aircraft, or the component, system, subassembly, or other part, that is causally related to the harm which the claimant allegedly suffered;
"(2) if the person for whose injury or death the claim is being made is a passenger for purposes of receiving treatment for a medical or other emergency;
"(3) if the person for whose injury or death the claim is being made was not aboard the aircraft at the time of the accident; or
"(4) to an action brought under a written warranty enforceable under law but for the operation of this Act.
"(c)
"(d)
"For purposes of this Act—
"(1) the term 'aircraft' has the meaning given such term in section 40102(a)(6) of title 49, United States Code;
"(2) the term 'airworthiness certificate' means an airworthiness certificate issued under section 44704(c)(1) of title 49, United States Code, or under any predecessor Federal statute;
"(3) the term 'limitation period' means 18 years with respect to general aviation aircraft and the components, systems, subassemblies, and other parts of such aircraft; and
"(4) the term 'type certificate' means a type certificate issued under section 44704(a) of title 49, United States Code, or under any predecessor Federal statute.
"SEC. 4. EFFECTIVE DATE; APPLICATION OF ACT."(a)
"(b)
Pub. L. 102–581, title II, §204, Oct. 31, 1992, 106 Stat. 4891, as amended Pub. L. 103–13, §1, Apr. 7, 1993, 107 Stat. 43, provided for establishment of National Commission to Ensure a Strong Competitive Airline Industry to make a complete investigation and study of financial condition of the airline industry, adequacy of competition in the airline industry, and legal impediments to a financially strong and competitive airline industry, to report to President and Congress not later than 90 days after the date on which initial appointments of members to the Commission were completed, and to terminate on the 30th day following transmission of report.
EX. ORD. NO. 13479. TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMEx. Ord. No. 13479, Nov. 18, 2008, 73 F.R. 70241, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
(a) take such action within the authority of the Secretary, and recommend as appropriate to the President such action as is within the authority of the President, to implement the policy set forth in section 1 of this order and in particular to implement the NextGen in a safe, secure, timely, environmentally sound, efficient, and effective manner;
(b) convene quarterly, unless the Secretary determines that meeting less often is consistent with effective implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, the Senior Policy Committee established pursuant to section 710 of the Act (Committee);
(c) not later than 60 days after the date of this order, establish within the Department of Transportation a support staff (Staff), including employees from departments and agencies assigned pursuant to subsection 4(e) of this order, to support, as directed by the Secretary, the Secretary and the Committee in the performance of their duties relating to the policy set forth in section 1 of this order; and
(d) not later than 180 days after the date of this order, establish an advisory committee to provide advice to the Secretary and, through the Secretary, the Committee concerning the implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, including aviation-related subjects and any related performance measures specified by the Secretary, pursuant to section 710 of the Act.
(a) the Secretary of Defense shall assist the Secretary of Transportation by:
(i) collaborating, as appropriate, and verifying that the NextGen meets the national defense needs of the United States consistent with the policies and plans established under applicable Presidential guidance; and
(ii) furnishing, as appropriate, data streams to integrate national defense capabilities of the United States civil and military systems relating to the national air transportation system, and coordinating the development of requirements and capabilities to address tracking and other activities relating to non-cooperative aircraft in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, as appropriate;
(b) the Secretary of Commerce shall:
(i) develop and make available, as appropriate, the capabilities of the Department of Commerce, including those relating to aviation weather and spectrum management, to support the NextGen; and
(ii) take appropriate account of the needs of the NextGen in the trade, commerce, and other activities of the Department of Commerce, including those relating to the development and setting of standards;
(c) the Secretary of Homeland Security shall assist the Secretary of Transportation by ensuring that:
(i) the NextGen includes the aviation-related security capabilities necessary to ensure the security of persons, property, and activities within the national air transportation system consistent with the policies and plans established under applicable Presidential guidance; and
(ii) the Department of Homeland Security shall continue to carry out all statutory and assigned responsibilities relating to aviation security, border security, and critical infrastructure protection in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, as appropriate;
(d) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall carry out the Administrator's duties under Executive Order 13419 of December 20, 2006, in a manner consistent with that order and the policy set forth in section 1 of this order;
(e) the heads of executive departments and agencies shall provide to the Secretary of Transportation such information and assistance, including personnel and other resources for the Staff to which subsection 3(c) of this order refers, as may be necessary and appropriate to implement this order as agreed to by the heads of the departments and agencies involved; and
(f) the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may issue such instructions as may be necessary to implement subsection 5(b) of this order.
(a) report not less often than every 2 years to the President, through the Secretary of Transportation, on progress made and projected to implement the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, together with such recommendations including performance measures for administrative or other action as the Committee determines appropriate;
(b) review the proposals by the heads of executive departments and agencies to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget with respect to programs affecting the policy set forth in section 1 of this order, and make recommendations including performance measures thereon, through the Secretary of Transportation, to the Director; and
(c) advise the Secretary of Transportation and, through the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and Homeland Security, and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, with respect to the activities of their departments and agencies in the implementation of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order.
(i) authority granted by law to a department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budget, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity, by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, instrumentalities, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
George W. Bush.
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN TITLE II OF PUB. L. 112–95Pub. L. 112–95, title IX, §902, Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 138, provided that: " In this title [amending sections 44504, 44505, 44511, 44513, and 48102 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 44501, 44504, 44505, and 44513 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under section 44504 of this title], the following definitions apply:
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
"(4)
"(5)
For definitions of terms used in sections 127 and 145 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out above, see section 133 of Pub. L. 107–71, set out as a note under section 40102 of this title.
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