1996 US Code
Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 209 - EXTRADITION
Sec. 3181 - Scope and limitation of chapter
View MetadataPublication Title | United States Code, 1994 Edition, Supplement 2, Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE |
Category | Bills and Statutes |
Collection | United States Code |
SuDoc Class Number | Y 1.2/5: |
Contained Within | Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART II - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CHAPTER 209 - EXTRADITION Sec. 3181 - Scope and limitation of chapter |
Contains | section 3181 |
Date | 1996 |
Laws in Effect as of Date | January 6, 1997 |
Positive Law | Yes |
Disposition | standard |
Source Credit | June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 822; Apr. 24, 1996, Pub. L. 104-132, title IV, §443(a), 110 Stat. 1280. |
Statutes at Large References | 18 Stat. 199 19 Stat. 572 23 Stat. 808 26 Stat. 1481 31 Stat. 1921 32 Stat. 1096, 1850, 1857, 1890 33 Stat. 2147, 2257, 2265, 2273 34 Stat. 2851, 2858, 2887 35 Stat. 1869, 1971, 2071 36 Stat. 2468 37 Stat. 1516, 1526, 1616 43 Stat. 1698, 1738, 1749, 1835, 1849, 1886 44 Stat. 2020, 2367, 2392 45 Stat. 2489 46 Stat. 2276, 2282, 2779 47 Stat. 2122, 2185 49 Stat. 2710, 3077, 3111, 3131, 3190, 3198, 3250, 3253, 3313, 3355, 3380, 3394 50 Stat. 1117, 1337, 1349 51 Stat. 357 54 Stat. 1733, 1780 55 Stat. 1097, 1196 62 Stat. 822 99 Stat. 420 101 Stat. 1397 102 Stat. 4290 106 Stat. 4933 110 Stat. 1280, 486 |
Public Law References | Public Law 99-93, Public Law 100-204, Public Law 100-690, Public Law 102-583, Public Law 104-106, Public Law 104-132 |
§3181. Scope and limitation of chapter
(a) The provisions of this chapter relating to the surrender of persons who have committed crimes in foreign countries shall continue in force only during the existence of any treaty of extradition with such foreign government.
(b) The provisions of this chapter shall be construed to permit, in the exercise of comity, the surrender of persons, other than citizens, nationals, or permanent residents of the United States, who have committed crimes of violence against nationals of the United States in foreign countries without regard to the existence of any treaty of extradition with such foreign government if the Attorney General certifies, in writing, that—
(1) evidence has been presented by the foreign government that indicates that had the offenses been committed in the United States, they would constitute crimes of violence as defined under section 16 of this title; and
(2) the offenses charged are not of a political nature.
(c) As used in this section, the term “national of the United States” has the meaning given such term in section 101(a)(22) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(22)).
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 822; Apr. 24, 1996, Pub. L. 104–132, title IV, §443(a), 110 Stat. 1280.)
Historical and Revision NotesBased on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §658 (R.S. §5274).
Minor changes were made in phraseology.
Amendments1996—Pub. L. 104–132 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).
Judicial Assistance to International Tribunal for Yugoslavia and International Tribunal for RwandaPub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XIII, §1342, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 486, provided that:
“(a) Surrender of Persons.—
“(1) Application of united states extradition laws.—Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), the provisions of chapter 209 of title 18, United States Code, relating to the extradition of persons to a foreign country pursuant to a treaty or convention for extradition between the United States and a foreign government, shall apply in the same manner and extent to the surrender of persons, including United States citizens, to—
“(A) the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia, pursuant to the Agreement Between the United States and the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia; and
“(B) the International Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to the Agreement Between the United States and the International Tribunal for Rwanda.
“(2) Evidence on hearings.—For purposes of applying section 3190 of title 18, United States Code, in accordance with paragraph (1), the certification referred to in that section may be made by the principal diplomatic or consular officer of the United States resident in such foreign countries where the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia or the International Tribunal for Rwanda may be permanently or temporarily situated.
“(3) Payment of fees and costs.—(A) The provisions of the Agreement Between the United States and the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia and of the Agreement Between the United States and the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall apply in lieu of the provisions of section 3195 of title 18, United States Code, with respect to the payment of expenses arising from the surrender by the United States of a person to the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia or the International Tribunal for Rwanda, respectively, or from any proceedings in the United States relating to such surrender.
“(B) The authority of subparagraph (A) may be exercised only to the extent and in the amounts provided in advance in appropriations Acts.
“(4) Nonapplicability of the federal rules.—The Federal Rules of Evidence [set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure [set out in the Appendix to this title] do not apply to proceedings for the surrender of persons to the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia or the International Tribunal for Rwanda.
“(b) Assistance to Foreign and International Tribunals and to Litigants Before Such Tribunals.—[Amended section 1782 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.]
“(c) Definitions.—For purposes of this section:
“(1) International tribunal for yugoslavia.—The term ‘International Tribunal for Yugoslavia’ means the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, as established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 827 of May 25, 1993.
“(2) International tribunal for rwanda.—The term ‘International Tribunal for Rwanda’ means the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighboring States, as established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 955 of November 8, 1994.
“(3) Agreement between the united states and the international tribunal for yugoslavia.—The term ‘Agreement Between the United States and the International Tribunal for Yugoslavia’ means the Agreement on Surrender of Persons Between the Government of the United States and the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Law in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, signed at The Hague, October 5, 1994.
“(4) Agreement between the united states and the international tribunal for rwanda.—The term ‘Agreement between the United States and the International Tribunal for Rwanda’ means the Agreement on Surrender of Persons Between the Government of the United States and the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighboring States, signed at The Hague, January 24, 1995.”
Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties and Model Comprehensive Antidrug LawsPub. L. 100–690, title IV, §4605, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4290, which directed greater emphasis on updating of extradition treaties and on negotiating mutual legal assistance treaties with major drug producing and drug-transit countries, and called for development of model treaties and anti-narcotics legislation, was repealed by Pub. L. 102–583, §6(e)(1), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933.
Pub. L. 100–204, title VIII, §803, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1397, provided that: “The Secretary of State shall ensure that the Country Plan for the United States diplomatic mission in each major illicit drug producing country and in each major drug-transit country (as those terms are defined in section 481(i) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2291(i)]) includes, as an objective to be pursued by the mission—
“(1) negotiating an updated extradition treaty which ensures that drug traffickers can be extradited to the United States, or
“(2) if an existing treaty provides for such extradition, taking such steps as may be necessary to ensure that the treaty is effectively implemented.”
Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §133, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 420, provided that: “The Secretary of State, with the assistance of the National Drug Enforcement Policy Board, shall increase United States efforts to negotiate updated extradition treaties relating to narcotics offenses with each major drug-producing country, particularly those in Latin America.”
TREATIES OF EXTRADITIONThe United States currently has bilateral extradition treaties with the following countries:
Country | Date signed | Entered into force | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
Albania | Mar. 1, 1933 | Nov. 14, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3313. |
Antigua and Barbuda | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Argentina | Jan. 21, 1972 | Sept. 15, 1972 | 23 UST 3501. |
Australia DMay 14, 1974 DMay 8, 1976 D27 UST 957. | |||
Sept. 4, 1990 | Dec. 21, 1992 | ||
Austria DJan. 31, 1930 DSept. 11, 1930 D46 Stat. 2779. | |||
May 19, 1934 | Sept. 5, 1934 | 49 Stat. 2710. | |
Bahamas | Mar. 9, 1990 | Sept. 22, 1994 | TIAS. |
Barbados | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Belgium | Apr. 27, 1987 | Sept. 1, 1997 | |
Belize | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Bolivia | Apr. 21, 1900 | Jan. 22, 1902 | 32 Stat. 1857. |
Brazil DJan. 13, 1961 DDec. 17, 1964 D15 UST 2093. | |||
June 18, 1962 | Dec. 17, 1964 | 15 UST 2112. | |
Bulgaria DMar. 19, 1924 DJune 24, 1924 D43 Stat. 1886. | |||
June 8, 1934 | Aug. 15, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3250. | |
Burma | Dec. 22, 1931 | Nov. 1, 1941 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Canada DDec. 3, 1971 DMar. 22, 1976 D27 UST 983. | |||
June 28, July 9, 1974 | Mar. 22, 1976 | 27 UST 1017. | |
Jan. 11, 1988 | Nov. 26, 1991 | TIAS. | |
Chile | Apr. 17, 1900 | June 26, 1902 | 32 Stat. 1850. |
Colombia | Sept. 14, 1979 | Mar. 4, 1982 | TIAS. |
Congo DJan. 6, 1909 DJuly 27, 1911 D37 Stat. 1526. | |||
Jan. 15, 1929 | May 19, 1929 | 46 Stat. 2276. | |
Apr. 23, 1936 | Sept. 24, 1936 | 50 Stat. 1117. | |
Aug. 5, 1961 | 13 UST 2065. | ||
Costa Rica | Dec. 4, 1982 | Oct. 11, 1991 | TIAS. |
Cuba DApr. 6, 1904 DMar. 2, 1905 D33 Stat. 2265. | |||
Dec. 6, 1904 | Mar. 2, 1905 | 33 Stat. 2273. | |
Jan. 14, 1926 | June 18, 1926 | 44 Stat. 2392. | |
Cyprus | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Czech Republic | July 2, 1925 Apr. 29, 1935 | Mar. 29, 1926 Aug. 28, 1935 | 44 Stat. 2367. 49 Stat. 3253. |
Denmark | June 22, 1972 | July 31, 1974 | 25 UST 1293. |
Dominica | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Dominican Republic | June 19, 1909 | Aug. 2, 1910 | 36 Stat. 2468. |
Ecuador DJune 28, 1872 DNov. 12, 1873 D18 Stat. 199. | |||
Sept. 22, 1939 | May 29, 1941 | 55 Stat. 1196. | |
Egypt | Aug. 11, 1874 | Apr. 22, 1875 | 19 Stat. 572. |
El Salvador | Apr. 18, 1911 | July 10, 1911 | 37 Stat. 1516. |
Estonia DNov. 8, 1923 DNov. 15, 1924 D43 Stat. 1849. | |||
Oct. 10, 1934 | May 7, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3190. | |
Fiji DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
Aug. 17, 1973 | 24 UST 1965. | ||
Finland | June 11, 1976 | May 11, 1980 | 31 UST 944. |
France DJan. 6, 1909 DJuly 27, 1911 D37 Stat. 1526. | |||
Feb. 12, 1970 | Apr. 3, 1971 | 22 UST 407. | |
Gambia | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Germany DJune 20, 1978 DAug. 29, 1980 D32 UST 1485. | |||
Oct. 21, 1986 | Mar. 11, 1993 | ||
Ghana | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Greece DMay 6, 1931 DNov. 1, 1932 D47 Stat. 2185. | |||
Sept. 2, 1937 | Sept. 2, 1937 | 51 Stat. 357. | |
Grenada | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Guatemala DFeb. 27, 1903 DAug. 15, 1903 D33 Stat. 2147. | |||
Feb. 20, 1940 | Mar. 13, 1941 | 55 Stat. 1097. | |
Guyana | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Haiti | Aug. 9, 1904 | June 28, 1905 | 34 Stat. 2858. |
Honduras DJan. 15, 1909 DJuly 10, 1912 D37 Stat. 1616. | |||
Feb. 21, 1927 | June 5, 1928 | 45 Stat. 2489. | |
Hungary | Dec. 1, 1994 | Mar. 18, 1997 | |
Iceland DJan. 6, 1902 D D32 Stat. 1096. | |||
Nov. 6, 1905 | Feb. 19, 1906 | 34 Stat. 2887. | |
India | Dec. 22, 1931 | Mar. 9, 1942 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Iraq | June 7, 1934 | Apr. 23, 1936 | 49 Stat. 3380. |
Ireland | July 13, 1983 | Dec. 15, 1984 | TIAS 10813. |
Israel DDec. 10, 1962 DDec. 5, 1963 D14 UST 1707. | |||
Apr. 11, 1967 | 18 UST 382. | ||
Italy | Oct. 13, 1983 | Sept. 24, 1984 | TIAS 10837. |
Jamaica | June 14, 1983 | July 7, 1991 | |
Japan | Mar. 3, 1978 | Mar. 26, 1980 | 31 UST 892. |
Jordan | Mar. 28, 1995 | July 29, 1995 | |
Kenya DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
Aug. 19, 1965 | 16 UST 1866. | ||
Kiribati | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Latvia DOct. 16, 1923 DMar. 1, 1924 D43 Stat. 1738. | |||
Oct. 10, 1934 | Mar. 29, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3131. | |
Lesotho | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Liberia | Nov. 1, 1937 | Nov. 21, 1939 | 54 Stat. 1733. |
Liechtenstein | May 20, 1936 | June 28, 1937 | 50 Stat. 1337. |
Lithuania DApr. 9, 1924 DAug. 23, 1924 D43 Stat. 1835. | |||
May 17, 1934 | Jan. 8, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3077. | |
Luxembourg DOct. 29, 1883 DAug. 13, 1884 D23 Stat. 808. | |||
Apr. 24, 1935 | Mar. 3, 1936 | 49 Stat. 3355. | |
Malawi DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
Apr. 4, 1967 | 18 UST 1822. | ||
Malaysia | Aug. 3, 1995 | June 2, 1997 | |
Malta | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Mauritius | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Mexico | May 4, 1978 | Jan. 25, 1980 | 31 UST 5059. |
Monaco | Feb. 15, 1939 | Mar. 28, 1940 | 54 Stat. 1780. |
Nauru | Dec. 22, 1931 | Aug. 30, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Netherlands | June 24, 1980 | Sept. 15, 1983 | TIAS 10733. |
New Zealand | Jan. 12, 1970. | Dec. 8, 1970 | 22 UST 1. |
Nicaragua | Mar. 1, 1905 | July 14, 1907 | 35 Stat. 1869. |
Nigeria | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Norway | June 9, 1977 | Mar. 7, 1980 | 31 UST 5619. |
Pakistan | Dec. 22, 1931 | Mar. 9, 1942 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Panama | May 25, 1904 | May 8, 1905 | 34 Stat. 2851. |
Papua New Guinea | Dec. 22, 1931 | Aug. 30, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Paraguay | May 24, 1973 | May 7, 1974 | 25 UST 967. |
Peru | Nov. 28, 1899 | Feb. 22, 1901 | 31 Stat. 1921. |
Philippines | Nov. 13, 1994 | Nov. 22, 1996 | |
Poland DNov. 22, 1927 DJuly 6, 1929 D46 Stat. 2282. | |||
Apr. 5, 1935 | June 5, 1936 | 49 Stat. 3394. | |
Portugal | May 7, 1908 | Nov. 14, 1908 | 35 Stat. 2071. |
Romania DJuly 23, 1924 DApr. 7, 1925 D44 Stat. 2020. | |||
Nov. 10, 1936 | July 27, 1937 | 50 Stat. 1349. | |
Saint Christopher and Nevis | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Saint Lucia | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 227. |
San Marino DJan. 10, 1906 DJuly 8, 1908 D35 Stat. 1971. | |||
Oct. 10, 1934 | June 28, 1935 | 49 Stat. 3198. | |
Seychelles | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Sierra Leone | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Singapore DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
June 10, 1969 | 20 UST 2764. | ||
Slovac Republic DJuly 2, 1925 Apr. 29, 1935 DMar. 29, 1926 Aug. 28, 1935 D44 Stat. 2367 49 Stat. 3253. | |||
Solomon Islands | June 8, 1972 | Jan. 21, 1977 | 28 UST 277. |
South Africa | Dec. 18, 1947 | Apr. 30, 1951 | 2 UST 884. |
Spain DMay 29, 1970 DJune 16, 1971 D22 UST 737. | |||
Jan. 25, 1975 | June 2, 1978 | 29 UST 2283. | |
Feb. 9, 1988 | July 2, 1993 | ||
Sri Lanka | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Suriname DJune 2, 1887 DJuly 11, 1889 D26 Stat. 1481. | |||
Jan. 18, 1904 | Aug. 28, 1904 | 33 Stat. 2257. | |
Swaziland DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
July 28, 1970 | 21 UST 1930. | ||
Sweden DOct. 24, 1961 DDec. 3, 1963 D14 UST 1845. | |||
Mar. 14, 1983 | Sept. 24, 1984 | TIAS 10812. | |
Switzerland | Nov. 14, 1990 | Sept. 10, 1997 | |
Tanzania DDec. 22, 1931 DJune 24, 1935 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
Dec. 6, 1965 | 16 UST 2066. | ||
Thailand | Dec. 30, 1922 | Mar. 24, 1924 | 43 Stat. 1749. |
Tonga DDec. 22, 1931 DAug. 1, 1966 D47 Stat. 2122. | |||
Apr. 13, 1977 | 28 UST 5290. | ||
Trinidad and Tobago | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
Turkey | June 7, 1979 | Jan. 1, 1981 | 32 UST 3111. |
Tuvalu DJune 8, 1972 DJan. 21, 1977 D28 UST 227. | |||
Apr. 25, 1980 | 32 UST 1310. | ||
United Kingdom | June 8, 1972 June 25, 1985 | Jan. 21, 1977 Dec. 23, 1986 | 28 UST 227. TIAS. |
Uruguay | Apr. 6, 1973 | Apr. 11, 1984 | TIAS 10850. |
Venezuela | Jan. 19, 21, 1922 | Apr. 14, 1923 | 43 Stat. 1698. |
Yugoslavia 1 | Oct. 25, 1901 | June 12, 1902 | 32 Stat. 1890. |
Zambia | Dec. 22, 1931 | June 24, 1935 | 47 Stat. 2122. |
1 For the successor States of Yugoslavia, inquire of the Treaty Office of the United States Department of State. Convention on Extradition
The United States is a party to the Multilateral Convention on Extradition signed at Montevideo on Dec. 26, 1933, entered into force for the United States on Jan. 25, 1935. 49 Stat. 3111.
Other states which have become parties: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.
Section Referred to in Other SectionsThis section is referred to in section 3184 of this title.
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