2025 Oregon Revised Statutes
Volume : 07 - Public Facilities and Finance
Chapter 273 - State Lands Generally

• Section 273.005 [1959 c.45 §1; 1967 c.421 §95; renumbered 279.711]

GENERAL PROVISIONS

• Section 273.006 - Definitions.
• Section 273.010 [Amended by 1961 c.618 §1; 1967 c.421 §49; renumbered 273.251]

LAND COMMISSIONER

• Section 273.020 - Governor as land commissioner.
• Section 273.030 [Amended by 1967 c.80 §1; repealed by 1967 c.421 §50a (273.255, 273.261 and 273.265 enacted in lieu of 273.030)]

STATE LAND BOARD

• Section 273.031 - State Land Board; seal.
• Section 273.035 - Governor is chairperson of board; rules; quorum; meetings; notice.
• Section 273.040 [Amended by 1967 c.80 §2; 1967 c.421 §54; renumbered 273.271]

DEPARTMENT OF STATE LANDS

• Section 273.041 - Department of State Lands.
• Section 273.045 - Administrative policies; rules.
• Section 273.050 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §55; renumbered 273.275]
• Section 273.051 - General powers and duties of department and board.
• Section 273.055 - Power to acquire and dispose of real property.
• Section 273.058 - Fees and compensation rates for easement to construct facility on state land.
• Section 273.060 [Amended by 1967 c.147 §3; 1967 c.421 §39; renumbered 273.201]
• Section 273.061 - Power of eminent domain.
• Section 273.065 - Finality of certain actions.
• Section 273.070 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §40; renumbered 273.205]
• Section 273.071 - Oaths; depositions; subpoenas.
• Section 273.075 - Deed to purchaser.
• Section 273.080 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §41; renumbered 273.211]
• Section 273.081 - Execution of documents; recordation.
• Section 273.085 - Recording copies of documents.
• Section 273.090 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §42; renumbered 273.216]
• Section 273.091 - Recording fees; return of documents.
• Section 273.095 - Copies or transcripts as evidence.
• Section 273.099 - Property transaction instruments to be maintained with department.
• Section 273.100 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §56; renumbered 273.281]
• Section 273.101 - Common School Fund.
• Section 273.105 - Distributable Income Account.
• Section 273.107 - Legacy Unclaimed Property School Fund.
• Section 273.108 - Unclaimed Property School Fund; use by State Treasurer.
• Section 273.110 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §57; renumbered 273.285]
• Section 273.111 [Formerly 274.300; 1969 c.594 §9; repealed by 2005 c.755 §59]
• Section 273.115 - Department use of Common School Fund.
• Section 273.117 - Acquiring land as Common School Fund investment; lease of land.
• Section 273.119 - Private or federal grants for studies related to coordinating state and federal permitting issues.
• Section 273.120 [Repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.121 - Expenditures of funds under control of department.
• Section 273.125 - Refund of moneys.
• Section 273.130 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §58; renumbered 273.290]
• Section 273.131 - Compromise or release of claims.
• Section 273.135 - Agreements with other agencies for special services; costs; interagency services.
• Section 273.140 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §59; renumbered 273.295]
• Section 273.141 - Nature of services to be performed by certain other agencies.
• Section 273.145 - Department powers in exchanges, settlements and indemnifications.
• Section 273.150 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §60; renumbered 273.300]
• Section 273.151 - Cooperation with federal government.
• Section 273.155 - Cooperation of state and county agencies.
• Section 273.160 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §61; 1967 c.616 §§14, 14a; renumbered 273.306]
• Section 273.161 - Director of department; salary of director and staff.
• Section 273.165 - Oath and bond of director.
• Section 273.170 [Renumbered 273.915]
• Section 273.171 - Duties and authority of director.
• Section 273.175 - Employees of department; compensation; fidelity bonds.
• Section 273.180 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §89; renumbered 273.751]
• Section 273.181 [1967 c.616 §11; repealed by 1975 c.605 §33]
• Section 273.183 - Authority of department to require fingerprints.
• Section 273.185 - Director to investigate trespasses on state lands; appearance before federal agencies; expenses.
• Section 273.190 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §90; renumbered 273.755]

STATE LAND MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES

• Section 273.192 - Removal of personal property; storage; disposal; notice; rules.
• Section 273.195 [1981 c.787 §5; renumbered 270.020 in 1991]
• Section 273.196 - Agreements to provide maintenance of state lands; program; minimum requirements; rules.
• Section 273.197 - Agreements to provide interpretive services.
• Section 273.199 - Rules for agreements for interpretive services.
• Section 273.200 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §91; renumbered 273.761]
• Section 273.201 [Formerly 273.060; 1977 c.598 §28; 1981 c.33 §1; 1981 c.787 §45; 1987 c.426 §1; 1989 c.904 §53; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.205 [Formerly 273.070; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.210 [Renumbered 273.555 and then 273.085]
• Section 273.211 [Formerly 273.080; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.216 [Formerly 273.090; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.220 [Renumbered 273.565 and then 273.091]
• Section 273.221 [1967 c.421 §44; repealed by 1969 c.594 §63]

REMOVAL OF MATERIAL FROM STATE LANDS

• Section 273.225 - Application for lease to take material; form.
• Section 273.230 [Renumbered 273.575 and then 273.095]
• Section 273.231 - Removal without compliance with statute.
• Section 273.235 - Department’s powers to enforce statute.
• Section 273.240 [Renumbered 271.375]
• Section 273.241 - Action to recover damages for unlawful removal of material.

MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSITION OF REAL ESTATE

• Section 273.245 - Asset management plan; schedule for disposition.
• Section 273.247 - Disposal of isolated parcels of rangeland; sale procedure.
• Section 273.250 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §87; renumbered 273.705]

SALE OF STATE LANDS

• Section 273.251 - Classification of state lands.
• Section 273.255 - Eligibility to purchase state lands.
• Section 273.260 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §88; renumbered 273.711]
• Section 273.261 - Applications generally.
• Section 273.265 - Application for submersible lands.
• Section 273.270 [Renumbered 273.910]
• Section 273.271 [Formerly 273.040; 1969 c.594 §21; repealed by 1993 c.71 §1]
• Section 273.275 - Price of state lands; sale to highest bidder.
• Section 273.280 [Renumbered 273.905]
• Section 273.281 - Payment for state lands.
• Section 273.285 - Certificate of sale to installment purchaser; records of sale.
• Section 273.290 - Cancellation and forfeiture on default in payments.
• Section 273.295 - Assignment of certificates of sale; deed to assignee.
• Section 273.300 - Issuance of deed.
• Section 273.305 [Formerly 273.560; 1967 c.421 §78; renumbered 273.521]
• Section 273.306 - Execution and record of deeds.
• Section 273.310 [Formerly 273.570; 1967 c.421 §79; renumbered 273.525]
• Section 273.311 - Correction of deeds; refund of purchase price; refund to assignee of certificate of sale issued on fraudulent application.
• Section 273.315 [Formerly 273.580; 1967 c.421 §80; renumbered 273.531]

EXCHANGE OF STATE LANDS

• Section 273.316 - Exchanging state lands to accumulate larger tracts.
• Section 273.320 [Formerly 273.590; 1967 c.421 §81; renumbered 273.535]
• Section 273.321 - Notification to lessee prior to exchange; hearing.
• Section 273.325 [Formerly 273.600; 1967 c.421 §82; 1967 c.616 §§15,15a; renumbered 273.541]

STATE LANDS UNLAWFULLY ACQUIRED

• Section 273.326 - Compromise with owners of state lands unlawfully acquired; disposal of lands received through compromise.
• Section 273.330 [Formerly 273.610; repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.331 - Subdivision and disposal of other lands as condition of compromise.

INDEMNITY LANDS

• Section 273.335 - Object of ORS 273.340 and 273.345.
• Section 273.340 - Ascertainment and procurement of indemnity lands.
• Section 273.345 - Determination of advisability of selection of indemnity lands within national forest reserves.
• Section 273.350 - Selection and sale of indemnity lands.
• Section 273.355 [Formerly part of 517.410; 1967 c.421 §83; renumbered 273.551]

ADJUSTING CERTAIN ERRONEOUS SALES

• Section 273.356 - Definitions for ORS 273.356 to 273.375.
• Section 273.360 - Applicant to relinquish claim; refund of purchase price and taxes paid.
• Section 273.365 - When refunds not available; source of refunds.
• Section 273.370 - Alternative to refund.
• Section 273.375 - Acquisition by state of applicant’s interest; price.
• Section 273.380 [Formerly 184.260; repealed by 1969 c.594 §63]
• Section 273.382 [1963 s.s. c.7 §1; 1969 c.594 §27; 1991 c.441 §1; 1993 c.500 §13; repealed by 2011 c.34 §1]
• Section 273.384 [1963 s.s. c.7 §9; 1969 c.594 §28; 1977 c.93 §1; 1991 c.441 §2; 2001 c.954 §27; 2002 s.s.2 c.4 §1; repealed by 2011 c.34 §1]
• Section 273.386 [1963 s.s. c.7 §10; 1977 c.93 §2; 1991 c.441 §3; repealed by 2011 c.34 §1]
• Section 273.388 [1983 c.677 §1; 1991 c.441 §4; repealed by 2011 c.34 §1]
• Section 273.405 [1971 c.208 §1; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.406 [1981 c.787 §9; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.410 [Repealed by 1967 c.421 §3 (273.031 enacted in lieu of 273.410)]
• Section 273.411 [1981 c.787 §10; 1985 c.297 §1; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]

DISPOSITION OF LAND NOT NEEDED FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE

• Section 273.413 - Disposition of unsuitable state lands; sale; use of proceeds; procedures.
• Section 273.415 [1971 c.208 §2; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.416 - Exchange of property held as trust fund asset.
• Section 273.420 [Amended by 1963 c.203 §1; repealed by 1967 c.421 §206 and by 1967 c.616 §29]
• Section 273.421 - Relinquishing title to United States Government or governmental body or subdivision; continued public use requirement.
• Section 273.422 [1971 c.208 §3; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.425 [1961 c.676 §2; repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.426 - Exchange of property; value.
• Section 273.427 [1963 c.99 §1; 1967 c.148 §4; renumbered 273.321]
• Section 273.428 [1971 c.208 §4; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.430 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §13; 1967 c.616 §§16,16a; renumbered 273.071]
• Section 273.431 - Procedure for determining value of properties to be exchanged.
• Section 273.435 [1971 c.208 §5; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.436 - Lease procedure; payment of taxes.
• Section 273.440 [1963 c.394 §1; 1967 c.421 §12; repealed by 1967 c.616 §29]
• Section 273.441 - Agency donation of property for industrial or manufacturing use; conditions.
• Section 273.445 [1963 c.612 §4; 1967 c.421 §24; 1967 c.616 §17; renumbered 273.121]
• Section 273.446 [1973 c.755 §1; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.447 - Disposition of state lands suitable for grazing.
• Section 273.450 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §15; 1967 c.616 §§18, 18a; renumbered 273.081]
• Section 273.451 [1973 c.755 §2; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.452 - Indemnification contract for occupancy of political subdivision lands.
• Section 273.455 [1973 c.755 §3; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.456 - Lease of space above or below street or highway; conditions; effect on prior dedications.
• Section 273.459 [1973 c.755 §4; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.460 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §25; renumbered 273.131]
• Section 273.461 [1981 c.787 §20; renumbered 270.025 in 1991]

TRUST LAND TRANSFERS

• Section 273.462 - Definitions.
• Section 273.463 - Policy.
• Section 273.464 - Trust lands with limited performance potential as assets of Common School Fund; identification; procedures for transfer; rules.
• Section 273.465 [1973 c.755 §5; repealed by 1981 c.787 §58]
• Section 273.470 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §26; renumbered 273.125]
• Section 273.480 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §62; renumbered 273.311]
• Section 273.481 [1981 c.787 §21; repealed by 1983 c.642 §11]
• Section 273.486 [1981 c.787 §§22, 23; repealed by 1983 c.642 §11]
• Section 273.490 [Amended by 1967 c.2 §2; 1967 c.421 §33; repealed by 1967 c.616 §29]
• Section 273.491 [1981 c.787 §24; repealed by 1983 c.642 §11]
• Section 273.496 [1981 c.787 §25; repealed by 1983 c.642 §11]

PUBLIC ACCESS SITES

• Section 273.500 - Access to public access sites; notice of proposed restriction or closure; reports; rules.

SUBMERSIBLE AND SWAMP LANDS

• Section 273.505 - Object of ORS 273.511.
• Section 273.510 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §37; repealed by 1967 c.616 §29]
• Section 273.511 - Acquisition of submersible and swamp lands; reclamation.
• Section 273.520 [Amended by 1965 c.14 §42; 1967 c.421 §38; repealed by 1967 c.616 §29]
• Section 273.521 [Formerly 273.305; 1997 c.117 §3; renumbered 273.523 in 1997]

SALE OF FOREST PRODUCTS

• Section 273.522 - Definition for "forest products."
• Section 273.523 - Sale of forest products on state lands.
• Section 273.525 - Appraisal of forest products; notice; sale conditions.
• Section 273.530 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §36; 1967 c.616 §§19, 19a; renumbered 273.185]
• Section 273.531 - Decision by department on bids.
• Section 273.535 - Bond or other security requirements for sale of forest products.
• Section 273.540 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §73; renumbered 273.350]
• Section 273.541 - Execution and delivery of instruments.
• Section 273.550 [Repealed by 1967 c.81 §1]

DRILLING LEASES

• Section 273.551 - Mining and drilling leases on state lands; fee.

SOUTH SLOUGH ESTUARY

• Section 273.553 - South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve; agreement between Oregon and federal government; rules.
• Section 273.554 - South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Commission; powers; rules; fees.
• Section 273.555 [Formerly 273.210; 1967 c.421 §16; renumbered 273.085]
• Section 273.556 - South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Account.
• Section 273.557 - Appeal to State Land Board.
• Section 273.558 - Penalties; enforcement; injunctive relief.
• Section 273.560 [Renumbered 273.305 and then 273.521]
• Section 273.561 [1979 c.711 §1; repealed by 1983 c.786 §1]
• Section 273.562 [1973 c.532 §2; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]

NATURAL AREAS PROGRAM

• Section 273.563 - Definitions for ORS 273.563 to 273.591.
• Section 273.565 [Formerly 273.220; 1967 c.421 §17; renumbered 273.091]
• Section 273.566 - Legislative findings.
• Section 273.567 [1973 c.532 §1; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.570 [Amended by 1953 c.122 §2; renumbered 273.310 and then 273.525]
• Section 273.571 [1979 c.711 §3; 1983 c.786 §4; 1987 c.172 §1; 1989 c.63 §1; 1991 c.121 §1; 1993 c.741 §24; 1997 c.632 §3; 1999 c.238 §1; 2009 c.217 §3; repealed by 2011 c.319 §23]
• Section 273.572 [1973 c.532 §3; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.573 - Natural areas advisory committee.
• Section 273.575 [Formerly 273.230; 1967 c.421 §18; renumbered 273.095]
• Section 273.576 - State Parks and Recreation Department duties; Oregon Natural Areas Plan; contents.
• Section 273.577 [1973 c.532 §4; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.578 - Plan approval; review of modifications by commission.
• Section 273.580 [Renumbered 273.315 and then 273.531]
• Section 273.581 - Natural areas register; contents; agreements between department and landowners.
• Section 273.582 [1973 c.532 §5; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.585 [1963 c.612 §2; 1967 c.421 §27; renumbered 273.135]
• Section 273.586 - Dedication of land as state natural area; notice and hearing; termination of dedication.
• Section 273.587 [1973 c.532 §9; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.590 [Renumbered 273.320 and then 273.535]
• Section 273.591 - Natural Areas Program Account.
• Section 273.592 [1973 c.532 §§6,7; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.595 [1963 c.612 §3; 1967 c.421 §28; renumbered 273.141]
• Section 273.597 [1973 c.532 §8; repealed by 1979 c.711 §10]
• Section 273.600 [Renumbered 273.325 and then 273.541]
• Section 273.605 [1971 c.615 §1; 1973 c.772 §7; 1974 c.71 §2; 1981 c.787 §46; 1985 c.565 §41; 1987 c.320 §151; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.610 [Renumbered 273.330]
• Section 273.615 [1971 c.615 §2; 1981 c.787 §47; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.620 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §74; repealed by 1967 c.422 §7]
• Section 273.625 [1971 c.615 §3; 1981 c.787 §48; 1983 c.599 §2; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.628 [1983 c.599 §5; 1991 c.816 §18; renumbered 270.190 in 1991]
• Section 273.630 [Repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.635 [1971 c.615 §4; 1981 c.787 §49; 1983 c.599 §3; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.639 [1981 c.787 §7; 1991 c.816 §15; renumbered 270.165 in 1991]
• Section 273.640 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §30; renumbered 273.145]
• Section 273.645 [1971 c.615 §5; 1981 c.787 §50; 1989 c.171 §36; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.650 [Repealed by 1967 c.148 §5]
• Section 273.655 [1971 c.615 §6; 1983 c.599 §6; 1985 c.565 §42; 1987 c.879 §10; 1991 c.816 §12; renumbered 270.120 in 1991]
• Section 273.660 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §67; renumbered 273.326]
• Section 273.665 [1971 c.615 §7; 1981 c.787 §51; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.670 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §68; renumbered 273.331]
• Section 273.675 [1971 c.615 §8; 1981 c.787 §57; 1983 c.660 §2; 1991 c.816 §13; renumbered 270.180 in 1991]
• Section 273.680 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §71; renumbered 273.340]
• Section 273.685 [1971 c.615 §9; 1981 c.787 §52; repealed by 1991 c.816 §24]
• Section 273.690 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §72; renumbered 273.345]
• Section 273.695 [1971 c.615 §10; 1991 c.816 §16; renumbered 270.155 in 1991]
• Section 273.700 [Amended by 1967 c.148 §3; renumbered 273.316]
• Section 273.705 [Formerly 273.250; 1977 c.397 §1; 1983 c.620 §13; 1985 c.198 §3; 1989 c.200 §2; renumbered 390.235 in 1989]
• Section 273.710 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §9; renumbered 273.055]
• Section 273.711 [Formerly 273.260; 1977 c.397 §2; renumbered 390.237 in 1989]

REMOVAL OF VALUABLE MATERIALS

• Section 273.715 - Rules for removal of semiprecious stones and petrified wood from state lands; fees; removal contrary to rules.
• Section 273.718 [1973 c.642 §7; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.720 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §14; renumbered 273.075]
• Section 273.722 [1973 c.642 §8; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.728 [1973 c.642 §9; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.730 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §77; renumbered 273.511]
• Section 273.733 [1973 c.642 §10; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.737 [1973 c.642 §11; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.740 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §31; renumbered 273.151]
• Section 273.742 [1973 c.642 §12; 1987 c.350 §1; repealed by 1999 c.284 §1]
• Section 273.750 [Amended by 1967 c.421 §32; renumbered 273.155]

RIGHTS OF WAY

• Section 273.751 - State land grants to railroads.
• Section 273.755 - Filing maps of railroad location and depot sites; department’s duties.
• Section 273.760 [Repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.761 - Right of way for water ditches and pipes.
• Section 273.765 - Liability for costs of relocation or extension of mains and outfalls.
• Section 273.770 [Repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]

MINERAL AND GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE RIGHTS

• Section 273.775 - Definitions for ORS 273.775 to 273.790.
• Section 273.780 - Retention of mineral and geothermal resource rights by state; exploration permit or lease; sale or exchange.
• Section 273.785 - Application of ORS 273.551 and 273.775 to 273.790; rules.
• Section 273.787 - Release and transfer of mineral or geothermal resource rights; reservation by state; rules; fee.
• Section 273.790 - Registry of rights under state board.

COMMON SCHOOL GRAZING LANDS

• Section 273.805 - Definitions for and purpose of ORS 273.805 to 273.825.
• Section 273.810 [1963 c.517 §2; repealed by 1967 c.421 §206]
• Section 273.815 - Department’s powers; terms of grazing lease; termination.
• Section 273.820 - Exchange of lands.
• Section 273.825 - Purchase of lands by lessee or other person.

ELLIOTT STATE RESEARCH FOREST

• Section 273.830 - Elliott State Research Forest; rules.
• Section 273.835 - Expansion or exchange of lands.
• Section 273.840 - Elliott State Research Forest Account.

SETTLEMENT OF TITLE TO CERTAIN LANDS IN CLATSOP COUNTY

• Section 273.850 - State title to certain lands and improvements transferred to Clatsop County; lands not subject to board jurisdiction.
• Section 273.855 - Clatsop County to transfer title to lands and improvements to certain possessors; fee on execution of deed.
• Section 273.860 - Filing fee; use of fees; additional fee to cover costs of investigation.
• Section 273.865 - Application for deed; investigation; deadline on application.
• Section 273.870 - Notice of deed application; protest; hearing; dual applications.
• Section 273.875 - Findings of board; notice; rehearing procedure.
• Section 273.880 - Judicial review procedure.
• Section 273.885 - State prohibited from questioning certain titles.
• Section 273.890 - Application of ORS 273.850 to 273.890 to certain lands; tax refunds prohibited.

VALIDATING STATUTES

• Section 273.900 - Confirmation of title to tide lands and tide flats.
• Section 273.902 - Confirmation of title to swamp and overflow lands; deed to claimant.
• Section 273.903 - Title of certain swamp lands not to be questioned by department; prohibition against sale of certain swamp lands.
• Section 273.905 - Confirmation of state land deeds prior to 1891.
• Section 273.910 - Confirmation of title to state lands purchased before 1918.
• Section 273.915 - Release of claims under pre-1947 deeds reserving right of way.
• Section 273.920 - Validation of mineral leases executed and delivered before August 9, 1961.

PENALTIES

• Section 273.990 - Criminal penalties.
• Section 273.992 - Civil penalties.
• Section 273.994 - Schedule of civil penalties; rules; considerations in imposing penalty.