2007 Oregon Code - Chapter 71 :: TITLE 8
TITLE 8
COMMERCIAL
TRANSACTIONS
Chapter 71. General Provisions for Uniform Commercial
Code
72. Sales
72A. Leases
73. Negotiable Instruments
74. Bank Deposits and Collections
74A. Funds Transfers
75. Letters of Credit
77. Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and
Other Documents of Title
78. Investment Securities
79. Secured Transactions
80. Assignment; Central Filing System for
Farm Products
81. Tender and Receipts; Choice of Law for
Contracts
82. Interest; Repayment Restrictions
83. Retail Installment Contracts
84. Electronic Transactions
_______________
Chapter 71 General
Provisions for Uniform Commercial Code
2007 EDITION
GENERAL PROVISIONS
COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS
SHORT TITLE, CONSTRUCTION, APPLICATION AND SUBJECT MATTER OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL
CODE
71.1010 Short
title
71.1020 Purposes;
rules of construction; variation by agreement
71.1030 Supplementary
general principles of law applicable
71.1040 Construction
against implicit repeal
71.1050 Territorial
application of Uniform Commercial Code; parties power to choose applicable law
71.1060 Remedies
to be liberally administered
71.1070 Waiver
or renunciation of claim or right after breach
71.1080 Severability
71.1090 Captions
DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION
71.2010 General
definitions
71.2020 Prima
facie evidence by third party documents
71.2030 Obligation
of good faith
71.2040 Time;
reasonable time; seasonably
71.2050 Course
of dealing and usage of trade
71.2060 Statute
of frauds for kinds of personal property not otherwise covered
71.2070 Performance
or acceptance under reservation of rights; application to accord and
satisfaction
71.2080 Option
to accelerate at will
71.001, 71.002, 71.003, 71.004, 71.005,
71.006, 71.007, 71.008, 71.009, 71.010, 71.011, 71.012, 71.013, 71.014, 71.015,
71.016, 71.017, 71.018, 71.019, 71.020, 71.021, 71.022, 71.023, 71.024, 71.025,
71.026, 71.027, 71.028, 71.029, 71.030, 71.031, 71.032, 71.033, 71.034, 71.035,
71.036, 71.037, 71.038, 71.039, 71.040, 71.041, 71.042, 71.043, 71.044, 71.045,
71.046, 71.047, 71.048, 71.049, 71.050, 71.051, 71.052, 71.053, 71.054, 71.055,
71.056, 71.057, 71.058, 71.059, 71.060, 71.061, 71.062, 71.063, 71.064, 71.065,
71.066, 71.067, 71.068, 71.069, 71.070, 71.071, 71.072, 71.073, 71.074, 71.075,
71.076, 71.077, 71.078, 71.079, 71.080, 71.081, 71.082, 71.083, 71.084, 71.085,
71.086, 71.087, 71.088, 71.089, 71.090, 71.091, 71.092, 71.093, 71.094, 71.095,
71.096, 71.097, 71.098, 71.099, 71.100, 71.101, 71.102, 71.103, 71.104, 71.105,
71.106, 71.107, 71.108, 71.109, 71.110, 71.111, 71.112, 71.113, 71.114, 71.115,
71.116, 71.117, 71.118, 71.119, 71.120, 71.121, 71.122, 71.123, 71.124, 71.125,
71.126, 71.127, 71.128, 71.129, 71.130, 71.131, 71.132, 71.133, 71.134, 71.135,
71.136, 71.137, 71.138, 71.139, 71.140, 71.141, 71.142, 71.143, 71.144, 71.145,
71.146, 71.147, 71.148, 71.149, 71.150, 71.151, 71.152, 71.153, 71.154, 71.155,
71.156, 71.157, 71.158, 71.159, 71.160, 71.161, 71.162, 71.163, 71.164, 71.165,
71.166, 71.167, 71.168, 71.169, 71.170, 71.171, 71.172, 71.173, 71.174, 71.175,
71.176, 71.177, 71.178, 71.179, 71.180, 71.181, 71.182, 71.183, 71.184, 71.185,
71.186, 71.187, 71.188, 71.189, 71.190, 71.191, 71.192, 71.193, 71.194, 71.195 [Repealed by 1961 c.726 §427]
SHORT TITLE,
CONSTRUCTION, APPLICATION AND SUBJECT MATTER OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE
71.1010
Short title. This chapter
and ORS chapters 72, 72A, 73, 74, 74A, 75, 77, 78 and 79 may be cited as
Uniform Commercial Code. [1961 c.726 §71.1010; 1989 c.676 §79; 1991 c.83 §2;
1991 c.442 §§39,40; 2001 c.445 §129]
71.1020
Purposes; rules of construction; variation by agreement. (1) The Uniform Commercial Code shall be
liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and
policies.
(2) Underlying purposes and policies of
the Uniform Commercial Code are:
(a) To simplify, clarify and modernize the
law governing commercial transactions;
(b) To permit the continued expansion of
commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties;
(c) To make uniform the law among the
various jurisdictions.
(3) The effect of provisions of the
Uniform Commercial Code may be varied by agreement, except as otherwise
provided in the Uniform Commercial Code and except that the obligations of good
faith, diligence, reasonableness and care prescribed by the Uniform Commercial
Code may not be disclaimed by agreement but the parties may by agreement
determine the standards by which the performance of such obligations is to be
measured if such standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
(4) The presence in certain provisions of
the Uniform Commercial Code of the words unless otherwise agreed or words of
similar import does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be
varied by agreement under subsection (3) of this section.
(5) In the Uniform Commercial Code, unless
the context otherwise requires:
(a) Words in the singular number include
the plural, and in the plural include the singular;
(b) Words of the masculine gender include
the feminine and the neuter, and when the sense so indicates words of the
neuter gender may refer to any gender. [1961 c.726 §71.1020]
71.1030
Supplementary general principles of law applicable. Unless displaced by the particular
provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, the principles of law and equity,
including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract,
principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion,
mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement
its provisions. [1961 c.726 §71.1030]
71.1040
Construction against implicit repeal. The Uniform Commercial Code being a general law intended as a unified
coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly
repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be
avoided. [1961 c.726 §71.1040]
71.1050
Territorial application of Uniform Commercial Code; parties power to choose
applicable law. (1) Except
as provided hereafter in this section, when a transaction bears a reasonable
relation to this state and also to another state or nation the parties may
agree that the law either of this state or of such other state or nation shall
govern their rights and duties. Failing such agreement the Uniform Commercial
Code applies to transactions bearing an appropriate relation to this state.
(2) Where one of the following provisions
specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement
is effective only to the extent permitted by the law (including the conflict of
laws rules) so specified:
(a) Rights of creditors against sold goods
as specified in ORS 72.4020.
(b) Applicability of ORS chapter 72A on
leases.
(c) Applicability of ORS chapter 74 as
specified in ORS 74.1020.
(d) Applicability of ORS chapter 74A as
specified in ORS 74A.5070.
(e) Applicability of ORS chapter 75 as
specified in ORS 75.1160.
(f) Applicability of ORS chapter 78 as
specified in ORS 78.1100.
(g) ORS 79.0301 to 79.0307 governing
perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of
security interests and agricultural liens. [1961 c.726 §71.1050; 1973 c.504 §1;
1989 c.676 §80; 1991 c.83 §3; 1995 c.328 §66; 1997 c.150 §3; 2001 c.445 §130]
71.1060
Remedies to be liberally administered. (1) The remedies provided by the Uniform Commercial Code shall be
liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as
good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither
consequential or special nor penal damages may be had except as specifically
provided in the Uniform Commercial Code or by other rule of law.
(2) Any right or obligation declared by
the Uniform Commercial Code is enforceable by action unless the provision
declaring it specifies a different and limited effect. [1961 c.726 §71.1060]
71.1070
Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after breach. Any claim or right arising out of an alleged
breach can be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by a written
waiver or renunciation signed and delivered by the aggrieved party. [1961 c.726
§71.1070]
71.1080
Severability. If any
provision or clause of the Uniform Commercial Code or application thereof to
any person or circumstances is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect
other provisions or applications of the Uniform Commercial Code which can be
given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the
provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code are declared to be severable. [1961
c.726 §71.1080]
71.1090
Captions. The unit and
section captions, though set forth in the Uniform Commercial Code, are not part
of the statutory law of
DEFINITIONS
AND PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION
71.2010
General definitions. Subject
to additional definitions contained in other sections of the Uniform Commercial
Code which are applicable to a specific series of sections, and unless the
context otherwise requires, in the Uniform Commercial Code:
(1) Action in the sense of a judicial
proceeding includes recoupment, counterclaim, setoff, suit in equity and any
other proceedings in which rights are determined.
(2) Aggrieved party means a party
entitled to resort to a remedy.
(3) Agreement means the bargain of the
parties in fact as found in their language or by implication from other
circumstances including course of dealing or usage of trade or course of
performance as provided in ORS 71.2050 and 72.2080. Whether an agreement has
legal consequences is determined by the provisions of the Uniform Commercial
Code, if applicable; otherwise by the law of contracts as specified in ORS
71.1030.
(4) Bank means any person engaged in the
business of banking.
(5) Bearer means the person in
possession of an instrument, document of title or security payable to bearer or
indorsed in blank.
(6) Bill of lading means a document
evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the
business of transporting or forwarding goods, and includes an airbill. Airbill
means a document serving for air transportation as a bill of lading does for
marine or rail transportation, and includes an air consignment note or air
waybill.
(7) Branch includes a separately
incorporated foreign branch of a bank.
(8) Burden of establishing a fact means
the burden of persuading the triers of fact that the existence of the fact is
more probable than its nonexistence.
(9) Buyer in ordinary course of business
means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale
violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course
from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of
that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person
comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which
the seller is engaged or with the sellers own usual or customary practices. A
person that sells oil, gas or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a
person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary
course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on
secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under
a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the
goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under ORS chapter 72
may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. A person that acquires goods in
a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a
money debt is not a buyer in ordinary course of business.
(10) Conspicuous: A term or clause is
conspicuous when it is so written that a reasonable person against whom it is
to operate ought to have noticed it. A printed heading in capitals (as:
NONNEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING) is conspicuous. Language in the body of a form is
conspicuous if it is in larger or other contrasting type or color. But in a
telegram any stated term is conspicuous. Whether a term or clause is conspicuous
or not is for decision by the court.
(11) Contract means the total legal
obligation which results from the parties agreement as affected by the Uniform
Commercial Code and any other applicable rules of law.
(12) Creditor includes a general
creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor and any representative of
creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in
bankruptcy, a receiver in equity and an executor or administrator of an
insolvent debtors or assignors estate.
(13) Defendant includes a person in the
position of defendant in a cross action or counterclaim.
(14) Delivery with respect to
instruments, documents of title, chattel paper or certificated securities means
voluntary transfer of possession.
(15) Document of title includes bill of
lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt or order for the delivery
of goods, and also any other document which in the regular course of business
or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession
of it is entitled to receive, hold and dispose of the document and the goods it
covers. To be a document of title a document must purport to be issued by or
addressed to a bailee and purport to cover goods in the bailees possession
which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass.
(16) Fault means wrongful act, omission
or breach.
(17) Fungible with respect to goods or
securities means goods or securities of which any unit is, by nature or usage
of trade, the equivalent of any other like unit. Goods which are not fungible
shall be deemed fungible for the purposes of the Uniform Commercial Code to the
extent that under a particular agreement or document unlike units are treated
as equivalents.
(18) Genuine means free of forgery or
counterfeiting.
(19) Good faith means honesty in fact in
the conduct or transaction concerned.
(20) Holder means:
(a) With respect to a negotiable
instrument, the person in possession of the negotiable instrument if:
(A) The instrument is payable to bearer;
or
(B) The instrument is payable to an
identified person, and the identified person is in possession.
(b) With respect to a document of title,
the person in possession of the document of title if the goods are deliverable
to bearer or to the order of the person in possession.
(21) To honor is to pay or to accept and
pay, or where a credit so engages to purchase or discount a draft complying
with the terms of the credit.
(22) Insolvency proceedings includes any
assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceedings intended to
liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.
(23) A person is insolvent who either
has ceased to pay the persons debts in the ordinary course of business or
cannot pay the persons debts as they become due or is insolvent within the
meaning of the federal bankruptcy law.
(24) Money means a medium of exchange
authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government and includes a
monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by
agreement between two or more nations.
(25) A person has notice of fact when:
(a) The person has actual knowledge of it;
(b) The person has received a notice or
notification of it; or
(c) From all the facts and circumstances
known to the person at the time in question the person has reason to know that
it exists.
A person knows
or has knowledge of a fact when the person has actual knowledge of it. Discover
or learn or a word or phrase of similar import refers to knowledge rather
than to reason to know. The time and circumstances under which a notice or
notification may cease to be effective are not determined by the Uniform
Commercial Code.
(26) A person notifies or gives a
notice or notification to another by taking such steps as may be reasonably
required to inform the other in ordinary course whether or not such other
actually comes to know of it. A person receives a notice or notification
when:
(a) It comes to the persons attention; or
(b) It is duly delivered at the place of
business through which the contract was made or at any other place held out by
the person as the place for receipt of such communications.
(27) Notice, knowledge or a notice or
notification received by an organization is effective for a particular
transaction from the time when it is brought to the attention of the individual
conducting that transaction, and in any event from the time when it would have
been brought to the individuals attention if the organization had exercised
due diligence.
(28) Organization includes a
corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust,
estate, trust, partnership or association, two or more persons having a joint
or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(29) Party, as distinct from third
party, means a person who has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement
within the Uniform Commercial Code.
(30) Person includes an individual or an
organization.
(31) Presumption or presumed means
that the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact presumed unless and
until evidence is introduced which would support a finding of its nonexistence.
(32) Purchase includes taking by sale,
discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, issue or
reissue, gift or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in
property.
(33) Purchaser means a person who takes
by purchase.
(34) Remedy means any remedial right to
which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.
(35) Representative includes an agent,
an officer of a corporation or association, and a trustee, executor or
administrator of an estate, or any other person empowered to act for another.
(36) Rights includes remedies.
(37)(a) Security interest means an
interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance
of an obligation. The term also includes any interest of a consignor and a
buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible or a promissory note in
a transaction that is subject to ORS chapter 79. The special property interest
of a buyer of goods on identification of such goods to a contract for sale
under ORS 72.4010 is not a security interest, but a buyer may also acquire a security
interest by complying with ORS chapter 79. Except as otherwise provided in ORS
72.5050, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under ORS chapter 72 or 72A
to retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a security interest, but
a seller or lessor may also acquire a security interest by complying with ORS
chapter 79. The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods
notwithstanding shipment or delivery to the buyer (ORS 72.4010) is limited in
effect to a reservation of a security interest. Whether a transaction creates
a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case; however,
a transaction creates a security interest if the consideration the lessee is to
pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an
obligation for the term of the lease not subject to termination by the lessee
and:
(A) The original term of the lease is
equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods;
(B) The lessee is bound to renew the lease
for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of
the goods;
(C) The lessee has an option to renew the
lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional
consideration or nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the
lease agreement; or
(D) The lessee has an option to become the
owner of the goods for no additional consideration or nominal additional
consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.
(b) A transaction does not create a
security interest merely because it provides that:
(A) The present value of the consideration
the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use
of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value
of the goods at the time the lease is entered into;
(B) The lessee assumes risk of loss of the
goods, or agrees to pay taxes, insurance, filing, recording or registration
fees, or service or maintenance costs with respect to the goods;
(C) The lessee has an option to renew the
lease or to become the owner of the goods;
(D) The lessee has an option to renew the
lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably
predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the
renewal at the time the option is to be performed; or
(E) The lessee has an option to become the
owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the
reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is
to be performed.
(c) For purposes of this subsection:
(A) Additional consideration is not
nominal if, when the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee, the
rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term
of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed, or when
the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee the price
is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the
option is to be performed. Additional consideration is nominal if it is less
than the lessees reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease
agreement if the option is not exercised;
(B) Present value means the amount as of
a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the
date certain. The discount is determined by the interest rate specified by the
parties if the rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction
is entered into, otherwise, the discount is determined by a commercially
reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances of each
case at the time the transaction was entered into; and
(C) Reasonably predictable and remaining
economic life of the goods are to be determined with reference to the facts
and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.
(38) Send in connection with any writing
or notice means to deposit in the mail or deliver for transmission by any other
usual means of communication with postage or cost of transmission provided for
and properly addressed and in the case of an instrument to an address specified
thereon or otherwise agreed, or if there be none to any address reasonable
under the circumstances. The receipt of any writing or notice within the time
at which it would have arrived if properly sent has the effect of a proper
sending.
(39) Signed includes any symbol executed
or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing.
(40) Surety includes guarantor.
(41) Telegram includes a message
transmitted by radio, teletype, cable, any mechanical method of transmission,
or the like.
(42) Term means that portion of an
agreement which relates to a particular matter.
(43) Unauthorized signature or
indorsement means one made without actual, implied or apparent authority and
includes a forgery.
(44) Value. Except as otherwise provided
with respect to negotiable instruments and bank collections in ORS 74.2090 and
74.2100, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them:
(a) In return for a binding commitment to
extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit whether or
not drawn upon and whether or not a chargeback is provided for in the event of
difficulties in collection;
(b) As security for or in total or partial
satisfaction of a preexisting claim;
(c) By accepting delivery pursuant to a
preexisting contract for purchase; or
(d) Generally, in return for any
consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.
(45) Warehouse receipt means a receipt
issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
(46) Written or writing includes
printing, typewriting or any other intentional reduction to tangible form. [1961
c.726 §71.2010; 1973 c.504 §2; 1985 c.676 §71.2010; 1989 c.676 §81; 1993 c.545 §1;
1995 c.79 §20; 1997 c.834 §1; 2001 c.445 §131]
71.2020
Prima facie evidence by third party documents. A document in due form purporting to be a
bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weighers or
inspectors certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or
required by the contract to be issued by a third party shall be prima facie
evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the
document by the third party. [1961 c.726 §71.2020]
71.2030
Obligation of good faith.
Every contract or duty within the Uniform Commercial Code imposes an obligation
of good faith in its performance or enforcement. [1961 c.726 §71.2030]
71.2040
Time; reasonable time; seasonably. (1) Whenever the Uniform Commercial Code requires any action to be
taken within a reasonable time, any time which is not manifestly unreasonable
may be fixed by agreement.
(2) What is a reasonable time for taking
any action depends on the nature, purpose and circumstances of such action.
(3) An action is taken seasonably when
it is taken at or within the time agreed or if no time is agreed at or within a
reasonable time. [1961 c.726 §71.2040]
71.2050
Course of dealing and usage of trade. (1) A course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct between the
parties to a particular transaction which is fairly to be regarded as establishing
a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other
conduct.
(2) A usage of trade is any practice or
method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation or
trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the
transaction in question. The existence and scope of such a usage are to be
proved as facts. If it is established that such a usage is embodied in a
written trade code or similar writing the interpretation of the writing is for
the court.
(3) A course of dealing between parties
and any usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which they are engaged or of
which they are or should be aware give particular meaning to and supplement or
qualify terms of an agreement.
(4) The express terms of an agreement and
an applicable course of dealing or usage of trade shall be construed wherever
reasonable as consistent with each other; but when such construction is
unreasonable express terms control both course of dealing and usage of trade
and course of dealing controls usage of trade.
(5) An applicable usage of trade in the
place where any part of performance is to occur shall be used in interpreting
the agreement as to that part of the performance.
(6) Evidence of a relevant usage of trade
offered by one party is not admissible unless and until the party has given the
other party such notice as the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair
surprise to the latter. [1961 c.726 §71.2050]
71.2060
Statute of frauds for kinds of personal property not otherwise covered. (1) Except in the cases described in
subsection (2) of this section a contract for the sale of personal property is
not enforceable by way of action or defense beyond $5,000 in amount or value of
remedy unless there is some writing which indicates that a contract for sale
has been made between the parties at a defined or stated price, reasonably
identifies the subject matter, and is signed by the party against whom
enforcement is sought or by the authorized agent of the party.
(2) Subsection (1) of this section does
not apply to contracts for the sale of goods nor of securities nor to security
agreements. [1961 c.726 §71.2060]
71.2070
Performance or acceptance under reservation of rights; application to accord
and satisfaction. (1) A
party who with explicit reservation of rights performs or promises performance
or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party
does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as without
prejudice, under protest or the like are sufficient.
(2) Subsection (1) of this section does
not apply to an accord and satisfaction. [1961 c.726 §71.2070; 1993 c.545 §2]
71.2080
Option to accelerate at will.
A term providing that one party or the successor in interest of the party may
accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional
collateral at will or when the party deems the party insecure or in words
of similar import shall be construed to mean that the party shall have power to
do so only if the party in good faith believes that the prospect of payment or
performance is impaired. The burden of establishing lack of good faith is on
the party against whom the power has been exercised. [1961 c.726 §71.2080]
_______________
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