2022 Georgia Code
Title 9 - Civil Practice
Chapter 11 - Civil Practice Act
Article 8 - Provisional and Final Remedies and Special Proceedings
§ 9-11-68. Offers of Settlement; Damages for Frivolous Claims or Defenses

1. At any time more than 30 days after the service of a summons and complaint on a party but not less than 30 days (or 20 days if it is a counteroffer) before trial, either party may serve upon the other party, but shall not file with the court, a written offer, denominated as an offer under this Code section, to settle a tort claim for the money specified in the offer and to enter into an agreement dismissing the claim or to allow judgment to be entered accordingly. Any offer under this Code section must:
   1. Be in writing and state that it is being made pursuant to this Code section;
   2. Identify the party or parties making the proposal and the party or parties to whom the proposal is being made;
   3. Identify generally the claim or claims the proposal is attempting to resolve;
   4. State with particularity any relevant conditions;
   5. State the total amount of the proposal;
   6. State with particularity the amount proposed to settle a claim for punitive damages, if any;
   7. State whether the proposal includes attorney’s fees or other expenses and whether attorney’s fees or other expenses are part of the legal claim; and
   8. Include a certificate of service and be served by certified mail or statutory overnight delivery in the form required by Code Section 9-11-5.
2. 1. If a defendant makes an offer of settlement which is rejected by the plaintiff, the defendant shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation incurred by the defendant or on the defendant’s behalf from the date of the rejection of the offer of settlement through the entry of judgment if the final judgment is one of no liability or the final judgment obtained by the plaintiff is less than 75 percent of such offer of settlement.
   2. If a plaintiff makes an offer of settlement which is rejected by the defendant and the plaintiff recovers a final judgment in an amount greater than 125 percent of such offer of settlement, the plaintiff shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation incurred by the plaintiff or on the plaintiff’s behalf from the date of the rejection of the offer of settlement through the entry of judgment.
3. Any offer made under this Code section shall remain open for 30 days unless sooner withdrawn by a writing served on the offeree prior to acceptance by the offeree, but an offeror shall not be entitled to attorney’s fees and costs under subsection (b) of this Code section to the extent an offer is not open for at least 30 days (unless it is rejected during that 30 day period). A counteroffer shall be deemed a rejection but may serve as an offer under this Code section if it is specifically denominated as an offer under this Code section. Acceptance or rejection of the offer by the offeree must be in writing and served upon the offeror. An offer that is neither withdrawn nor accepted within 30 days shall be deemed rejected. The fact that an offer is made but not accepted does not preclude a subsequent offer. Evidence of an offer is not admissible except in proceedings to enforce a settlement or to determine reasonable attorney’s fees and costs under this Code section.
4. 1. The court shall order the payment of attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation upon receipt of proof that the judgment is one to which the provisions of either paragraph (1) or paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of this Code section apply; provided, however, that if an appeal is taken from such judgment, the court shall order payment of such attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation only upon remittitur affirming such judgment.
   2. If a party is entitled to costs and fees pursuant to the provisions of this Code section, the court may determine that an offer was not made in good faith in an order setting forth the basis for such a determination. In such case, the court may disallow an award of attorney’s fees and costs.
5. Upon motion by the prevailing party at the time that the verdict or judgment is rendered, the moving party may request that the finder of fact determine whether the opposing party presented a frivolous claim or defense. In such event, the court shall hold a separate bifurcated hearing at which the finder of fact shall make a determination of whether such frivolous claims or defenses were asserted and to award damages, if any, against the party presenting such frivolous claims or defenses. Under this subsection:
   1. Frivolous claims shall include, but are not limited to, the following:
      1. A claim, defense, or other position that lacks substantial justification or that is not made in good faith or that is made with malice or a wrongful purpose, as those terms are defined in Code Section 51-7-80;
      2. A claim, defense, or other position with respect to which there existed such a complete absence of any justiciable issue of law or fact that it could not be reasonably believed that a court would accept the asserted claim, defense, or other position; and
      3. A claim, defense, or other position that was interposed for delay or harassment;
   2. Damages awarded may include reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation; and
   3. A party may elect to pursue either the procedure specified in this subsection or the procedure specified in Code Section 9-15-14, but not both.

History. Code 1981, § 9-11-68 , enacted by Ga. L. 2005, p. 1, § 5/SB 3; Ga. L. 2006, p. 589, § 1/HB 239.

Editor’s notes.

Ga. L. 2005, p. 1, § 1/SB 3, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “The General Assembly finds that there presently exists a crisis affecting the provision and quality of health care services in this state. Hospitals and other health care providers in this state are having increasing difficulty in locating liability insurance and, when such hospitals and providers are able to locate such insurance, the insurance is extremely costly. The result of this crisis is the potential for a diminution of the availability of access to health care services and a resulting adverse impact on the health and well-being of the citizens of this state. The General Assembly further finds that certain civil justice and health care regulatory reforms as provided in this Act will promote predictability and improvement in the provision of quality health care services and the resolution of health care liability claims and will thereby assist in promoting the provision of health care liability insurance by insurance providers. The General Assembly further finds that certain needed reforms affect not only health care liability claims but also other civil actions and accordingly provides such general reforms in this Act.”

Law reviews.

For article on 2005 amendment of this Code section, see 22 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 221 (2005).

For annual survey of trial practice and procedure, see 57 Mercer L. Rev. 381 (2005).

For annual survey of trial practice and procedure, see 58 Mercer L. Rev. 405 (2006).

For survey article on trial practice and procedure, see 60 Mercer L. Rev. 397 (2008).

For annual survey on trial practice and procedure, see 61 Mercer L. Rev. 363 (2009).

For annual survey of law on trial practice and procedure, see 62 Mercer L. Rev. 339 (2010).

For annual survey on administrative law, see 66 Mercer L. Rev. 1 (2014).

For annual survey on trial practice and procedure, see 66 Mercer L. Rev. 211 (2014).

For survey article on local government law, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 147 (2015).

For annual survey of tort laws, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 237 (2015).

For annual survey on trial practice and procedure, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 257 (2015).

For article, “Medical Malpractice as Worker’s Comp: Overcoming State Constitutional Barriers to Tort Reform,” see 67 Emory L.J. 975 (2018).

For note, “The Swift, Silent Sword Hiding in the (Defense) Attorney’s Arsenal: The Inefficacy of Georgia’s New Offer of Judgment Statute as Procedural Tort Reform,” see 40 Ga. L. Rev. 995 (2006).

For comment, “Where Do We Go From Here? The Future of Caps on Noneconomic Medical Malpractice Damages in Georgia,” see 28 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 1341 (2012).