2021 Georgia Code
Title 21 - Elections
Chapter 2 - Elections and Primaries Generally
Article 4 - Selection and Qualification of Candidates and Presidential Electors
Part 1 - General Provisions
§ 21-2-132. Filing Notice of Candidacy, Nomination Petition, and Affidavit; Payment of Qualifying Fee; Pauper's Affidavit and Qualifying Petition for Exemption From Qualifying Fee; Military Service

1. The names of nominees of political parties nominated in a primary and the names of nominees of political parties for the office of presidential elector shall be placed on the election ballot without their filing the notice of candidacy otherwise required by this Code section.
2. Candidates seeking election in a nonpartisan election shall comply with the requirements of subsections (c) and (f) of this Code section, as modified by subsection (g) of this Code section, by the date prescribed and shall by the same date pay to the proper authority the qualifying fee prescribed by Code Section 21-2-131 in order to be eligible to have their names placed on the nonpartisan election ballots.
3. All candidates seeking election in a nonpartisan election shall file their notice of candidacy and pay the prescribed qualifying fee by the date prescribed in this subsection in order to be eligible to have their names placed on the nonpartisan election ballot by the Secretary of State or election superintendent, as the case may be, in the following manner:
   1. Each candidate for the office of judge of the superior court, Judge of the Court of Appeals, or Justice of the Supreme Court, or the candidate's agent, desiring to have his or her name placed on the nonpartisan election ballot shall file a notice of candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office sought, in the office of the Secretary of State no earlier than 9:00 A.M. on the Monday of the eleventh week immediately prior to the election and no later than 12:00 Noon on the Friday immediately following such Monday, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays;
   2. Each candidate for a county judicial office, a local board of education office, or an office of a consolidated government, or the candidate's agent, desiring to have his or her name placed on the nonpartisan election ballot shall file notice of candidacy in the office of the superintendent no earlier than 9:00 A.M. on the Monday of the eleventh week immediately prior to the election and no later than 12:00 Noon on the Friday immediately following such Monday, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays;
   3. 1. Each candidate for a nonpartisan municipal office or a designee shall file a notice of candidacy in the office of the municipal superintendent of such candidate's municipality during the municipality's nonpartisan qualifying period. Each municipal superintendent shall designate the days of such qualifying period, which shall be no less than three days and no more than five days. The days of the qualifying period shall be consecutive days. Nonpartisan qualifying periods shall commence no earlier than 8:30 A.M. on the third Monday in August immediately preceding the general election and shall end no later than 4:30 P.M. on the following Friday; and, in the case of a special election, the municipal nonpartisan qualifying period shall commence no earlier than the date of the call and shall end no later than 25 days prior to the election.
      2. In any case in which no individual has filed a notice of candidacy and paid the prescribed qualifying fee to fill a particular office in a nonpartisan municipal election, the governing authority of the municipality shall be authorized to reopen qualifying for candidates at 9:00 A.M. on the Monday next following the close of the preceding qualifying period and cease such qualifying at 5:00 P.M. on the Tuesday immediately following such Monday, notwithstanding the fact that such days may be legal holidays; and
   4. In any case where an incumbent has filed notice of candidacy and paid the prescribed qualifying fee in a nonpartisan election to succeed himself or herself in office but withdraws as a candidate for such office prior to the close of the applicable qualifying period prescribed in this subsection, qualifying for candidates other than such incumbent shall be reopened at 9:00 A.M. on the Monday next following the close of the preceding qualifying period and shall cease at 5:00 P.M. on the Tuesday immediately following such reopening, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays.
4. All political body and independent candidates shall file their notice of candidacy and pay the prescribed qualifying fee by the date prescribed in this subsection in order to be eligible to have their names placed on the election ballot by the Secretary of State or election superintendent, as the case may be, in the following manner:
   1. Each elector for President or Vice President of the United States, or his or her agent, desiring to have the names of his or her candidates for President and Vice President placed on the election ballot shall file a notice of his or her candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office he or she is seeking, in the office of the Secretary of State during the period beginning at 9:00 A.M. on the fourth Monday in June immediately prior to the election and ending at 12:00 Noon on the Friday following the fourth Monday in June, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays;
   2. Each candidate for United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, or state office, or his or her agent, desiring to have his or her name placed on the election ballot shall file a notice of his or her candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office he or she is seeking, in the office of the Secretary of State during the period beginning at 9:00 A.M. on the Monday of the thirty-fifth week immediately prior to the election and ending at 12:00 Noon on the Friday immediately following such Monday, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays, in the case of a general election.In the case of a special election to fill a federal office listed in this subsection, each candidate shall file a notice of his or her candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office he or she is seeking, in the office of the Secretary of State no earlier than the date of the call of the special election and no later than 60 days prior to the special election.In the case of a special election to fill a state office, each candidate shall file a notice of his or her candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office he or she is seeking, in the office of the Secretary of State no earlier than the date of the call of the special election and no later than 25 days prior to the special election;
   3. Each candidate for a county office, or his or her agent, desiring to have his or her name placed on the election ballot shall file notice of his or her candidacy in the office of the superintendent of his or her county during the period beginning at 9:00 A.M. on the Monday of the thirty-fifth week immediately prior to the election and ending at 12:00 Noon on the Friday immediately following such Monday, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays, in the case of a general election and no earlier than the date of the call of the election and no later than 25 days prior to the election in the case of a special election;
   4. Each candidate for municipal office or a designee shall file a notice of candidacy in the office of the municipal superintendent of such candidate's municipality during the municipality's qualifying period. Each municipal superintendent shall designate the days of the qualifying period, which shall be no less than three days and no more than five days. The days of the qualifying period shall be consecutive days. Qualifying periods shall commence no earlier than 8:30 A.M. on the third Monday in August immediately preceding the general election and shall end no later than 4:30 P.M. on the following Friday; and, in the case of a special election, the municipal qualifying period shall commence no earlier than the date of the call and shall end no later than 25 days prior to the election; and
   5. 1. In extraordinary circumstances as described in Code Section 21-2-543.1, each candidate, or his or her agent, desiring to have his or her name placed on the election ballot shall file a notice of his or her candidacy, giving his or her name, residence address, and the office he or she is seeking, with the office of the Secretary of State no earlier than the date of the call of the special election and no later than ten days after the announcement of such extraordinary circumstances.
      2. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply where, during the 75 day period beginning on the date of the announcement of the vacancy:
         1. A regularly scheduled general election for the vacant office is to be held; or
         2. Another special election for the vacant office is to be held pursuant to a writ for a special election issued by the Governor prior to the date of the announcement of the vacancy.

         The hours of qualifying each day shall be from 8:30 A.M. until 4:30 P.M. with one hour allowed for the lunch break; provided, however, that municipalities which have normal business hours which cover a lesser period of time shall conduct qualifying during normal business hours for each such municipality. Except in the case of a special election, notice of the opening and closing dates and the hours for candidates to qualify shall be published at least two weeks prior to the opening of the qualifying period.

5. Each candidate required to file a notice of candidacy by this Code section shall, no earlier than 9:00 A.M. on the fourth Monday in June immediately prior to the election and no later than 12:00 Noon on the second Tuesday in July immediately prior to the election, file with the same official with whom he or she filed his or her notice of candidacy a nomination petition in the form prescribed in Code Section 21-2-170, except that such petition shall not be required if such candidate is:
   1. A nominee of a political party for the office of presidential elector when such party has held a national convention and therein nominated candidates for President and Vice President of the United States;
   2. Seeking office in a special election;
   3. An incumbent qualifying as a candidate to succeed himself or herself;
   4. A candidate seeking election in a nonpartisan election; or
   5. A nominee for a state-wide office by a duly constituted political body convention, provided that the political body making the nomination has qualified to nominate candidates for state-wide public office under the provisions of Code Section 21-2-180.
6. Each candidate required by this Code section to file a notice of candidacy shall accompany his or her notice of candidacy with an affidavit stating:
   1. His or her full name and the name as the candidate desires it to be listed on the ballot. The surname of the candidate shall be the surname of the candidate as it appears on the candidate's voter registration card unless the candidate provides proof that his or her surname as it appears on the candidate's registration card is incorrect in which event the correct name shall be listed. After such name is submitted to the Secretary of State or the election superintendent, the form of such name shall not be changed during the election for which such notice of candidacy is submitted;
   2. His or her residence, with street and number, if any, and his or her post office address;
   3. His or her profession, business, or occupation, if any;
   4. The name of his or her precinct;
   5. That he or she is an elector of the county or municipality of his or her residence eligible to vote in the election in which he or she is a candidate;
   6. The name of the office he or she is seeking;
   7. That he or she is eligible to hold such office;
   8. That the candidate has never been convicted and sentenced in any court of competent jurisdiction for fraudulent violation of primary or election laws, malfeasance in office, or felony involving moral turpitude or conviction of domestic violence under the laws of this state or any other state or of the United States, or that the candidate's civil rights have been restored and that at least ten years have elapsed from the date of the completion of the sentence without a subsequent conviction of another felony involving moral turpitude;
   9. That he or she will not knowingly violate this chapter or rules and regulations adopted under this chapter; and
   10. Any other information as may be determined by the Secretary of State to be necessary to comply with federal and state law.

       The affidavit shall contain such other information as may be prescribed by the officer with whom the candidate files his or her notice of candidacy.

7. A pauper's affidavit may be filed in lieu of paying the qualifying fee otherwise required by this Code section and Code Sections 21-2-131 and 21-2-138 of any candidate who has filed a qualifying petition as provided for in subsection (h) of this Code section. A candidate filing a pauper's affidavit instead of paying a qualifying fee shall under oath affirm his or her poverty and his or her resulting inability to pay the qualifying fee otherwise required. The form of the affidavit shall be prescribed by the Secretary of State and shall include a financial statement which lists the total income, assets, liabilities, and other relevant financial information of the candidate and shall indicate on its face that the candidate has neither the assets nor the income to pay the qualifying fee otherwise required. The affidavit shall contain an oath that such candidate has neither the assets nor the income to pay the qualifying fee otherwise required. The following warning shall be printed on the affidavit form prepared by the Secretary of State, to wit: "WARNING: Any person knowingly making any false statement on this affidavit commits the offense of false swearing and shall be guilty of a felony." The name of any candidate who subscribes and swears to an oath that such candidate has neither the assets nor the income to pay the qualifying fee otherwise required shall be placed on the ballot by the Secretary of State or election superintendent, as the case may be.
8. No candidate shall be authorized to file a pauper's affidavit in lieu of paying the qualifying fee otherwise required by this Code section and Code Section 21-2-138 unless such candidate has filed a qualifying petition which complies with the following requirements:
   1. A qualifying petition of a candidate seeking an office which is voted upon state wide shall be signed by a number of voters equal to one-fourth of 1 percent of the total number of registered voters eligible to vote in the last election for the filling of the office the candidate is seeking and the signers of such petition shall be registered and eligible to vote in the election at which such candidate seeks to be elected. A qualifying petition of a candidate for any other office shall be signed by a number of voters equal to 1 percent of the total number of registered voters eligible to vote in the last election for the filling of the office the candidate is seeking and the signers of such petition shall be registered and eligible to vote in the election at which such candidate seeks to be elected. However, in the case of a candidate seeking an office for which there has never been an election or seeking an office in a newly constituted constituency, the percentage figure shall be computed on the total number of registered voters in the constituency who would have been qualified to vote for such office had the election been held at the last general election and the signers of such petition shall be registered and eligible to vote in the election at which such candidate seeks to be elected;
   2. Each person signing a qualifying petition shall declare therein that he or she is a duly qualified and registered elector of the state entitled to vote in the next election for the filling of the office sought by the candidate supported by the petition and shall add to his or her signature his or her residence address, giving municipality, if any, and county, with street and number, if any. No person shall sign the same petition more than once. Each petition shall support the candidacy of only a single candidate. A signature shall be stricken from the petition when the signer so requests prior to the presentation of the petition to the appropriate officer for filing, but such a request shall be disregarded if made after such presentation. Each sheet shall bear on the bottom or back thereof the affidavit of the circulator of such sheet, which shall be subscribed and sworn to by such circulator before a notary public and shall set forth:
      1. His or her residence address, giving municipality with street and number, if any;
      2. That each signer manually signed his or her own name with full knowledge of the contents of the qualifying petition;
      3. That each signature on such sheet was signed within 180 days of the last day on which such petition may be filed; and
      4. That, to the best of the affiant's knowledge and belief, the signers are registered electors of the state qualified to sign the petition, that their respective residences are correctly stated in the petition, and that they all reside in the county named in the affidavit;
   3. A qualifying petition shall be in the form and manner determined by the Secretary of State and approved by the State Elections Board;
   4. No qualifying petition shall be circulated prior to 180 days before the last day on which such petition may be filed, and no signature shall be counted unless it was signed within 180 days of the last day for filing the same; and
   5. A qualifying petition shall not be amended or supplemented after its presentation to the appropriate officer for filing.

      No notary public may sign the petition as an elector or serve as a circulator of any petition which he or she notarized. Any and all sheets of a petition that have the circulator's affidavit notarized by a notary public who also served as a circulator of one or more sheets of the petition or who signed one of the sheets of the petition as an elector shall be disqualified and rejected.

9. Reserved.
10. 1. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, any elected public officer who is performing ordered military duty, as defined in Code Section 38-2-279, shall be eligible for reelection in any primary or general election which may be held to elect a successor for the next term of office, and may qualify in absentia as a candidate for reelection to such office. The performance of ordered military duty shall not create a vacancy in such office during the term for which such public officer was elected.
    2. Where the giving of written notice of candidacy is required, any elected public officer who is performing ordered military duty may deliver such notice by mail, agent, or messenger to the proper elections official. Any other act required by law of a candidate may, during the time such officer is on ordered military duty, be performed by an agent designated in writing by the absent public officer.

(Ga. L. 1922, p. 97, § 3; Code 1933, § 34-1904; Ga. L. 1948, Ex. Sess., p. 3, § 1; Ga. L. 1962, p. 618, § 1; Code 1933, § 34-1001, enacted by Ga. L. 1964, Ex. Sess., p. 26, § 1; Ga. L. 1965, p. 224, § 1; Ga. L. 1968, p. 826, § 1; Ga. L. 1968, p. 858, § 1; Ga. L. 1968, p. 871, § 5; Ga. L. 1969, p. 329, § 8B; Code 1933, § 34-1002, enacted by Ga. L. 1970, p. 347, § 13; Ga. L. 1971, p. 602, § 2; Ga. L. 1977, p. 1053, § 3; Ga. L. 1978, p. 1004, § 16; Ga. L. 1979, p. 955, § 4; Ga. L. 1981, p. 1718, §§ 4, 11; Ga. L. 1982, p. 1512, § 5; Ga. L. 1983, p. 140, § 1; Ga. L. 1983, p. 884, § 6-5; Ga. L. 1983, p. 930, § 3; Ga. L. 1983, p. 1190, § 4; Ga. L. 1984, p. 133, § 1; Ga. L. 1984, p. 780, § 1; Ga. L. 1984, p. 1038, § 1; Ga. L. 1985, p. 496, § 3; Ga. L. 1986, p. 32, § 1; Ga. L. 1986, p. 890, § 2; Ga. L. 1987, p. 647, § 1; Ga. L. 1987, p. 1360, § 5; Ga. L. 1989, p. 643, § 2; Ga. L. 1990, p. 243, § 1; Ga. L. 1993, p. 118, § 1; Ga. L. 1994, p. 1406, § 2; Ga. L. 1995, p. 1027, § 3; Ga. L. 1996, p. 145, § 1; Ga. L. 1997, p. 590, § 8; Ga. L. 1998, p. 295, § 1; Ga. L. 1999, p. 23, § 1; Ga. L. 1999, p. 52, § 5; Ga. L. 2001, p. 269, § 5; Ga. L. 2001, Ex. Sess., p. 325, § 2; Ga. L. 2002, p. 437, § 1; Ga. L. 2003, p. 517, § 11; Ga. L. 2005, p. 253, §§ 13, 14/HB 244; Ga. L. 2006, p. 69, § 1/SB 467; Ga. L. 2008, p. 781, § 6/HB 1112; Ga. L. 2009, p. 311, § 2/HB 156; Ga. L. 2011, p. 678, § 1/HB 158; Ga. L. 2011, p. 683, § 2A/SB 82; Ga. L. 2012, p. 995, § 5/SB 92; Ga. L. 2014, p. 1, § 1/HB 310; Ga. L. 2016, p. 173, §§ 2, 3/SB 199; Ga. L. 2016, p. 864, § 21/HB 737; Ga. L. 2017, p. 697, § 3/HB 268; Ga. L. 2018, p. 1112, § 21/SB 365.)

The 2017 amendment, effective July 1, 2017, rewrote paragraph (d)(1); added paragraph (d)(2); redesignated former paragraph (d)(2) as present paragraph (d)(3); and, in paragraph (d)(3), deleted "either" following "his or her county" near the middle, and deleted "or during the period beginning at 9:00 A.M. on the fourth Monday in June immediately prior to the election and ending at 12:00 Noon on the Friday following the fourth Monday in June, notwithstanding the fact that any such days may be legal holidays," following "may be legal holidays," near the end; and redesignated former paragraphs (d)(3) and (d)(4) as present paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5), respectively.

The 2018 amendment, effective May 8, 2018, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, substituted "local board of education" for "local school board" near the beginning of paragraph (c)(2).

- Persons ineligible to hold public office, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. II, Sec. II, Para. III.

False swearing generally, § 16-10-71.

Exercise of Secretary of State's duty upon failure to comply with write-in candidacy requirements, § 21-2-499.

Penalties for offenses relating to nomination petitions, §§ 21-2-563,21-2-564.

Penalty for making of false statement in connection with filing of notice of candidacy, § 21-2-565.

Qualifying in absentia for magistrates serving on active duty, § 15-10-20.1.

- Pursuant to Code Section28-9-3, in 2011, the amendment of subparagraphs (i)(1)(A) and (i)(1)(B) of this Code section by Ga. L. 2011, p. 678, § 1, was treated as impliedly repealed and superseded by Ga. L. 2011, p. 683, § 2A, due to irreconcilable conflict. See County of Butts v. Strahan, 151 Ga. 417 (1921); Keener v. McDougall, 232 Ga. 273 (1974).

- Ga. L. 1983, p. 930, § 1, not codified by the General Assembly, provided: "It is the intent of this Act to implement certain changes required by Article II, Section I, Paragraph III and Article II, Section II, Paragraph III of the Constitution of the State of Georgia."

Ga. L. 1983, p. 1190, § 1, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that it was the intent of that Act to implement the provisions of Ga. Const. 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Para. I.

Ga. L. 2011, p. 683, § 21A/SB 82, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part that: "Section 2A of this Act shall become effective on July 1, 2011, only if House Bill 158 is passed by the General Assembly during the 2011 regular session and is approved by the Governor or becomes law without such approval. Otherwise, Section 2A shall be repealed by operation of law on such date and shall be of no force and effect." House Bill 158 was Ga. L. 2011, p. 678, which was approved on May 13, 2011.

- For article on the 2014 amendment of this Code section, see 31 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 93 (2014).

- Appearance of candidate's name on ballot, Official Compilation of the Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia, Georgia Election Code, Ballots, § 183-1-11-.02.

JUDICIAL DECISIONS

Effect of federal preclearance procedure.

- Where plaintiff political party held no convention in 1986 to choose its nominees but claimed it was denied ballot access by the fact that it was notified of the resolution of the federal preclearance procedure one day after the deadline for filing notice of candidacy, the court found no merit in this argument since the notice of candidacy provision, enacted one year before the June 9, 1986 preclearance determination was not altered by the 1986 amendments in O.C.G.A. T. 21 and thus was not subject to the preclearance determination. Libertarian Party v. Harris, 644 F. Supp. 602 (N.D. Ga. 1986).

Where plaintiff political body contended federal preclearance of the 1986 amendments to O.C.G.A. T. 21 was "late," plaintiff should have complied with the unchallenged Election Code requirements of holding a convention and filing notice of candidacy. Libertarian Party v. Harris, 644 F. Supp. 602 (N.D. Ga. 1986).

- Trial court properly dismissed a nominee's lawsuit seeking to have the nominee's name placed upon the ballot for the 2016 general election as an independent candidate for President of the United States because the notices of candidacy were submitted 11 days after the deadline set forth in O.C.G.A. § 21-2-132(d)(1) and the nominee failed to have enough signatures verified; thus, the nominee was not entitled to have the name placed on the ballot. De La Fuente v. Kemp, 300 Ga. 79, 793 S.E.2d 89 (2016).

For comparison of procedures followed by political parties and political bodies, see McCrary v. Poythress, 638 F.2d 1308 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 865, 102 S. Ct. 325, 70 L. Ed. 2d 165 (1981).

- Anyone who wishes, and who is otherwise eligible, may be an independent candidate for any office in this state. McCrary v. Poythress, 638 F.2d 1308 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 865, 102 S. Ct. 325, 70 L. Ed. 2d 165 (1981).

District court properly denied an independent candidate's motion for a preliminary injunction to block enforcement of the Georgia deadline statute in future presidential elections because the candidate failed to demonstrate that the candidate would suffer irreparable harm if a preliminary injunction did not issue and gave no reason to believe that the district court would be unable to rule on the candidate's requests for a permanent injunction and declaratory relief in the next three and a half years. De La Fuente v. Kemp, F.3d (11th Cir. Feb. 15, 2017)(Unpublished).

District court properly denied an independent candidate's motion for preliminary injunctive relief as to the 2016 presidential election insofar as the candidate sought to preclude enforcement of the Georgia deadline statute for the 2016 elections because the appellate court could not prevent what had already occurred. De La Fuente v. Kemp, F.3d (11th Cir. Feb. 15, 2017)(Unpublished).

- The procedures provided for in O.C.G.A. §§ 21-2-132(c) and (d),21-2-170(b) and (g),21-2-171(a),21-2-172, and21-2-322(7) relate only to the right to have the name of a candidate or the nominee of a "political body" printed on the ballot. There is no limitation whatever, procedural or substantive, on the right of a voter to write in on the ballot the name of the candidate of the candidate's choice and to have that write-in vote counted. McCrary v. Poythress, 638 F.2d 1308 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 865, 102 S. Ct. 325, 70 L. Ed. 2d 165 (1981).

Candidate's filing of a driver's license change of address form four days before declaring candidacy did not cause the candidate to be qualified to vote in the district the candidate sought to represent. Haynes v. Wells, 273 Ga. 106, 538 S.E.2d 430 (2000).

- In a case in which defendant appealed a conviction for false swearing, in violation of O.C.G.A. § 16-10-71(a), challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, the state failed to prove that defendant had the requisite criminal intent to support the conviction when defendant signed a declaration of candidacy for county commissioner as set forth in O.C.G.A. §§ 21-2-132 and21-2-153. Pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 17-7-95(c), a judgment imposing a sentence following a plea of nolo contendere was considered a conviction for some purposes; however, such a conviction did not disqualify defendant from holding public office or otherwise deprive defendant of any civil or political rights, and there was no evidence that defendant intended to deceive the election board or the voters, as defendant believed that the 1986 nolo contendere conviction to a charge of aggravated assault was generally known in the county. Spillers v. State, 299 Ga. App. 854, 683 S.E.2d 903 (2009).

Cited in Georgia Socialist Workers Party v. Fortson, 315 F. Supp. 1035 (N.D. Ga. 1970); Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U.S. 431, 91 S. Ct. 1970, 29 L. Ed. 2d 554 (1971); League of Women Voters v. Board of Elections, 237 Ga. 40, 227 S.E.2d 225 (1976); O'Keefe v. Braddock, 237 Ga. 838, 229 S.E.2d 758 (1976); Ashworth v. Fortson, 424 F. Supp. 1178 (N.D. Ga. 1976); Belluso v. Poythress, 485 F. Supp. 904 (N.D. Ga. 1980); Bergland v. Harris, 767 F.2d 1551 (11th Cir. 1985).

OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

Editor's notes.

- In light of the similarity of the statutory provisions, opinions decided under former Code 1933, § 34A-901 and former Code Section 21-3-91 are included in the annotations for this Code section.

- Insofar as they require a candidate for the United States House of Representatives to be a registered voter or to be a resident of the district from which election is sought, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. II, Sec. II, Para. III and O.C.G.A. § 21-2-132 are unenforceable. 1983 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 83-62.

The only qualifications a candidate must possess to be eligible to seek the office of United States representative are those enumerated in U.S. Const., Art. I, Sec. II, Para. II. 1983 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 83-62.

- Candidates seeking to fill the vacancy in the office of Judge of the Probate Court of Gwinnett County must qualify at the time specified in the call for the special election to fill the vacancy, which time cannot be earlier than the date of the call and not later than 25 days prior to the election, which must be held in conjunction with the 1986 November general election. 1986 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 86-26.

- The law set forth two methods by which an individual might have their name placed on an election ballot; the first method entailed a candidate's filing notice of candidacy in the office of the municipal superintendent within a prescribed time limit; the second method involved the nomination of a candidate by a political party or body. 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-185 (decided under former Code 1933, § 34A-901).

- A city charter cannot eliminate one of the methods by which a candidate might have a candidate's name placed on the ballot; however, it can impose the additional requirement that a nominating petition be presented by those not nominated by a political party. 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-185 (decided under former Code 1933, § 34A-901).

Nominating petition is necessary only if the municipality's charter or ordinance so requires it, and it must be in the form prescribed by law. 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-185 (decided under former Code 1933, § 34A-901).

- An election superintendent is vested with the authority and discretion to choose a period between the date of the call for the special election and 25 days prior to the special election for candidates to qualify to seek office in a special election. 1986 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 86-33.

- Absent a requirement to the contrary in the procedural rules of the candidate's party, a candidate for a party nomination in a primary is not required to qualify in person. 1976 Op. Att'y Gen. No. U76-23.

RESEARCH REFERENCES

Am. Jur. 2d.

- 26 Am. Jur. 2d, Elections, § 213 et seq.

- 29 C.J.S., Elections, §§ 179, 239 et seq.

- Mandatory or directory character of statutory provision as to time of filing candidate's application or certificate of nomination before primary or election, 72 A.L.R. 290.

Construction and application of statutes and ordinances concerning establishment of residency as condition for running for municipal office, 74 A.L.R.6th 209.