2019 Connecticut General Statutes
Title 47 - Land and Land Titles
Chapter 828 - Common Interest Ownership Act
Section 47-258 - Lien for assessments and other sums due association. Enforcements.
(a) The association has a statutory lien on a unit for any assessment attributable to that unit or fines imposed against its unit owner. Unless the declaration otherwise provides, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs, other fees, charges, late charges, fines and interest charged pursuant to subdivisions (10), (11) and (12) of subsection (a) of section 47-244 and any other sums due to the association under the declaration, this chapter, or as a result of an administrative, arbitration, mediation or judicial decision, are enforceable in the same manner as unpaid assessments under this section. If an assessment is payable in installments, the full amount of the assessment is a lien from the time the first installment thereof becomes due.
(b) Notwithstanding any provision in the declaration or bylaws to the contrary, a lien under this section is prior to all other liens and encumbrances on a unit except (1) liens and encumbrances recorded before the recordation of the declaration and, in a cooperative, liens and encumbrances which the association creates, assumes or takes subject to, (2) a first or second security interest on the unit recorded before the date on which the assessment sought to be enforced became delinquent, or, in a cooperative, a first or second security interest encumbering only the unit owner's interest and perfected before the date on which the assessment sought to be enforced became delinquent, and (3) liens for real property taxes and other governmental assessments or charges against the unit or cooperative. In all actions brought to foreclose a lien under this section or a security interest described in subdivision (2) of this subsection, the lien is also prior to all security interests described in subdivision (2) of this subsection to the extent of (A) an amount equal to the common expense assessments based on the periodic budget adopted by the association pursuant to subsection (a) of section 47-257 which would have become due in the absence of acceleration during the nine months immediately preceding institution of an action to enforce either the association's lien or a security interest described in subdivision (2) of this subsection, excluding any late fees, interest or fines which may be assessed by the association during the nine-month period, and (B) the association's costs and reasonable attorney's fees in enforcing its lien. A lien for any assessment or fine specified in subsection (a) of this section shall have the priority provided for in this subsection in an amount not to exceed the amount specified in subparagraph (A) of this subsection. This subsection does not affect the priority of mechanics' or materialmen's liens or the priority of liens for other assessments made by the association.
(c) Unless the declaration otherwise provides, if two or more associations have liens for assessments created at any time on the same property, those liens have equal priority.
(d) Recording of the declaration constitutes record notice and perfection of the lien. No further recordation of any claim of lien for assessment under this section is required.
(e) A lien for unpaid assessments is extinguished unless proceedings to enforce the lien are instituted within three years after the full amount of the assessments becomes due; provided, that if an owner of a unit subject to a lien under this section files a petition for relief under the United States Bankruptcy Code, the period of time for instituting proceedings to enforce the association's lien shall be tolled until thirty days after the automatic stay of proceedings under Section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code is lifted.
(f) This section does not prohibit actions against unit owners to recover sums for which subsection (a) of this section creates a lien or prohibit an association from taking a deed in lieu of foreclosure.
(g) A judgment or decree in any action brought under this section shall include costs and reasonable attorney's fees for the prevailing party.
(h) The association on request made in a record shall furnish to a unit owner a statement in recordable form setting forth the amount of unpaid assessments against the unit. The statement shall be furnished within ten business days after receipt of the request and is binding on the association, the executive board and every unit owner.
(i) In a cooperative, on nonpayment of an assessment on a unit, the unit owner may be evicted in the same manner as provided by law in the case of an unlawful holdover by a tenant, and the lien may be foreclosed as provided by this section.
(j) The association's lien may be foreclosed in like manner as a mortgage on real property.
(k) In any action by the association to collect assessments or to foreclose a lien for unpaid assessments, the court may appoint a receiver of the unit owner pursuant to section 52-504 to collect all sums alleged to be due from that unit owner prior to or during the pendency of the action. The court may order the receiver to pay any sums held by the receiver to the association during the pendency of the action to the extent of the association's common expense assessments based on a periodic budget adopted by the association pursuant to subsection (a) of section 47-257.
(l) If a holder of a first or second security interest on a unit forecloses that security interest, the purchaser at the foreclosure sale is not liable for any unpaid assessments against that unit which became due before the sale, other than the assessments which are prior to that security interest under subsection (b) of this section. Any unpaid assessments not satisfied from the proceeds of sale become common expenses collectible from all unit owners, including the purchaser.
(m) (1) An association may not commence an action to foreclose a lien on a unit under this section unless: (A) The unit owner, at the time the action is commenced, owes a sum equal to at least two months of common expense assessments based on the periodic budget last adopted by the association pursuant to subsection (a) of section 47-257; (B) the association has made a demand for payment in a record and has simultaneously provided a copy of such record to the holder of a security interest described in subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section; and (C) the executive board has either voted to commence a foreclosure action specifically against that unit or has adopted a standard policy that provides for foreclosure against that unit.
(2) Not less than sixty days prior to commencing an action to foreclose a lien on a unit under this section, the association shall provide a written notice by first class mail to the holders of all security interests described in subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section, which shall set forth the following: (A) The amount of unpaid common expense assessments owed to the association as of the date of the notice; (B) the amount of any attorney's fees and costs incurred by the association in the enforcement of its lien as of the date of the notice; (C) a statement of the association's intention to foreclose its lien if the amounts set forth in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this subdivision are not paid to the association not later than sixty days after the date on which the notice is provided; (D) the association's contact information, including, but not limited to, (i) the name of the individual acting on behalf of the association with respect to the matter, and (ii) the association's mailing address, telephone number and electronic mail address, if any; and (E) instructions concerning the acceptable means of making payment on the amounts owing to the association as set forth in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this subdivision. Any notice required to be given by the association under this subsection shall be effective when sent.
(3) When providing the written notice required by subdivision (2) of this subsection, the association may rely on the last-recorded security interest of record in identifying the name and mailing address of the holder of that interest, unless the holder of the security interest is the plaintiff in an action pending in the Superior Court to enforce that security interest, in which case the association shall provide the written notice to the attorney appearing on behalf of the holder of the security interest in such action.
(4) The failure of the association to provide the written notice required by subdivisions (2) and (3) of this subsection prior to commencing an action to foreclose its lien shall not affect the priority of its lien for an amount equal to nine months common expense assessments, but the priority amount in such action shall not include any costs or attorney's fees.
(n) Every aspect of a foreclosure, sale or other disposition under this section, including the method, advertising, time, date, place and terms, shall be commercially reasonable.
(P.A. 83-474, S. 59, 96; P.A. 84-472, S. 16, 23; P.A. 89-254, S. 14; P.A. 91-341, S. 15, 19; 91-359, S. 1, 2; P.A. 95-187, S. 22; P.A. 09-225, S. 32; P.A. 10-186, S. 13; P.A. 13-156, S. 1, 2.)
History: P.A. 84-472 amended Subsec. (a) by replacing “due” with “delinquent”, amended Subsec. (b) by adding “or a security interest described in subdivision (2) of this subsection”, deleted former Subsec. (k) prohibiting a unit owner exempting himself from liability for payment of common expenses and reenacted such provision as part of Sec. 47-257, and added new Subsec. (k) re the appointment of a receiver, new Subsec. (l) re the treatment of a statutory lien for assessments in determining if a security interest held by a savings bank is a first lien, and new Subsec. (m) re the liability for unpaid assessments against a unit sold at a foreclosure sale; P.A. 89-254 amended Subsec. (i) by deleting “commercial” before “tenant”; P.A. 91-341 amended Subsec. (b) to provide that the lien has priority to the extent of (A) an amount equal to 12 months’, rather than 6 months’, common expense assessments and (B) the association's court costs and attorney's fees, and to provide that the lien for any assessment or fine specified in Subsec. (a) shall have priority in an amount not to exceed the amount specified in Subpara. (A) of this Subsec.; P.A. 91-359 amended Subsec. (b) by replacing “twelve months” with “six months” in Subpara. (A) and “association's court costs” with “association's costs” in Subpara. (B); P.A. 95-187 amended Subsec. (a) to delete provision specifying that the lien in favor of the association runs “from the time the assessment or fine becomes delinquent” and deleted former Subsec. (l) which had required that statutory lien for assessments be treated as a tax lien for purposes of determining whether a security interest held by a savings bank is a first lien under section 36-99(1)(d)(1), relettering former Subsec. (m) as Subsec. (l); P.A. 09-225 amended Subsec. (a) to substitute “attributable to” for “levied against” re any assessment, add reasonable attorneys' fees and costs and any other sums due the association under the declaration, this chapter or as result of administrative, arbitration, mediation or judicial decision, and substitute “enforceable in the same manner as unpaid assessments” for “enforceable as assessments”, substituted “three years” for “two years” in Subsec. (e), added “against unit owners” re actions in Subsec. (f), substituted “request made in a record” for “written request” in Subsec. (h), and added Subsec. (m) re association's power to commence action to foreclose a lien on a unit and Subsec. (n) re commercially reasonable standard, effective July 1, 2010; P.A. 10-186 made a technical change in Subsec. (l), effective July 1, 2010; P.A. 13-156 amended Subsec. (b) by adding “Notwithstanding any provision in the declaration or bylaws to the contrary,”, by adding “In all actions brought to foreclose a lien under this section or a security interest described in subdivision (2) of this subsection,”, by substituting “nine months” for “six months” re common expense assessment period covered by the lien, by adding provision re exclusion of late fees, interest or fines assessed by association during the 9-month period, and by adding provision re lien priority to include reasonable attorney's fees, effective June 24, 2013, and applicable to all actions pending on and actions filed on or after that date, and amended Subsec. (m) by designating existing provision as new Subdiv. (1), by redesignating existing Subdivs. (1) to (3) as Subparas. (A) to (C), by adding requirement in redesignated Subdiv. (1)(B) that association provide a copy of record to the holder of a security interest and by adding new Subdivs. (2), (3) and (4) re notice requirements for association prior to foreclosing a lien on a unit, effective October 1, 2013, and applicable to all actions filed on or after that date.
Authorizes inclusion of attorney's fees and costs in sums entitled to a priority. 223 C. 610.
Cited. 39 CA 736. Authorizes inclusion of costs of collection as part of the lien and authorizes inclusion of attorney's fees and costs in the sums entitled to priority. 49 CA 694. Although Sec. 47-207 provides that supplemental general principles of law are applicable in interpreting provisions of Common Interest Ownership Act, the common law doctrine of constructive eviction is not a defense to an action against a unit owner under this section. 136 CA 698.
Subsec. (j):
Deficiency judgment rendered pursuant to Sec. 49-14 may be obtained in condominium lien foreclosure actions pursuant to Subsec. 255 C. 379.
