2023 Code of Alabama
Title 27 - Insurance.
Chapter 1 - General Provisions.
Section 27-1-17 - Limitation Periods for Payment of Claims; Overdue Claims; Retroactive Denials, Adjustments, etc.; Penalties.
Section 27-1-17
Limitation periods for payment of claims; overdue claims; retroactive denials, adjustments, etc.; penalties.
(a) Each insurer, health service corporation, and health benefit plan that issues or renews any policy of accident or health insurance providing benefits for medical or hospital expenses for its insured persons shall pay for services rendered by Alabama health care providers within 45 calendar days upon receipt of a clean written claim or 30 calendar days upon receipt of a clean electronic claim. If the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan is denying or pending the claim, the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall, within 45 calendar days for a written claim and 30 calendar days for an electronic claim, notify the health care provider or certificate holder of the reason for denying or pending the claim and what, if any, additional information is required to process the claim. Any undisputed portion of the claim shall be paid in accordance with the foregoing schedule. If the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan fails to provide the notice to the health care provider of the reason for denying or pending the claim, then any such claim, if and when determined to be payable, shall accrue interest at the rate as provided herein, from the date such notice should have been given in accordance with this provision. Upon receipt of the necessary information, the claim must be paid, denied, or otherwise adjudicated within 21 calendar days from the receipt of the requested information. The failure of an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan to comply with the time limits in this section shall not have the effect of requiring coverage for an otherwise non-covered claim. This section shall only apply to payments made on a claims basis and shall not apply to capitation or other forms of periodic payment to providers. For the purposes of this section, an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan domiciled outside of the State of Alabama is deemed to be subject to the provisions of this section if it receives, processes, adjudicates, pays, or denies claims for health care services submitted by or on behalf of patients, insureds, or beneficiaries who reside in the State of Alabama or who receive health care services in the State of Alabama.
(b) As used in this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(1) CLEAN ELECTRONIC CLAIM. The transmission of data for purposes of payment of covered health care expenses that is submitted to an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan which contains substantially all of the required data elements necessary for accurate adjudication, without obtaining additional information from the provider of the service or from a third party, in an electronic data format specified by the insurer's, health service corporation's, or health benefit plan's published filing requirements. In no event shall an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan require that the health care provider submit data elements in excess of those required on the standard electronic health insurance claim format designated by Section 27-1-16 as a condition to the acceptance and processing of an initial claim as a clean claim.
(2) CLEAN WRITTEN CLAIM. A claim for payment of covered health care expenses that is submitted to an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan on the claim form of the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan which contains substantially all of the required data elements necessary for accurate adjudication, without obtaining additional information from the provider of the service or from a third party. In no event shall an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan require that the health care provider submit information or data elements in excess of those required on the standard health insurance claim form designated by Section 27-1-16 as a condition to the acceptance and processing of an initial claim as a clean claim.
(3) COORDINATION OF BENEFITS. The determination of the order in which health care insurers, health maintenance organizations, health service corporations, health benefit plans, or government benefit plans are responsible for claims payments, as defined in Alabama Insurance Department Regulation No. 56, or any successor regulation.
(4) FRAUD. The intentional and deliberate misrepresentation of a material fact or facts by a health care provider made to induce the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan to pay a claim that was not legally payable to that provider. The term fraud, as used in this section, shall not include a good faith interpretation by a health care provider of utilization, medical necessity, coding, and billing requirements of the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan, unless subject provider has been sent a notice in writing by the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan that such interpretation is in error.
(5) INSURER, HEALTH SERVICE CORPORATION, and HEALTH BENEFIT PLAN. Include health care insurers, health maintenance organizations, accident and sickness insurers, fraternal benefit societies, nonprofit hospital service corporations, or nonprofit medical service providers that pay for, purchase, or furnish health care services to patients, insureds, or beneficiaries in this state.
(6) NOTICE or NOTIFY. Where the provider files an electronic claim or where the provider has electronic media available, as used herein, the following terms shall mean:
Notice. In addition to all forms of paper notice, includes electronic notice whereby the insurer, health services corporation, or the health benefit plan makes claims status, eligibility, and payment and remittance advice information which is available to the provider via electronic media.
Notify. In addition to all forms of paper notification, includes the posting or updating of an electronic record or data set with the claims status, eligibility, and payment and remittance advice information which is available to the provider via electronic media.
In all other instances, except where the provider has agreed to accept notice by electronic media, notice shall mean written notice delivered or mailed to the provider.
This provision is intended to be and shall be applied in a manner consistent with the standardized transaction and code set requirements for administrative simplification pursuant to the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA"), Public Law 104-191.
(7) POLICY OF ACCIDENT OR HEALTH INSURANCE. Any individual or group plan, policy, or contract for health care services issued, delivered, issued for delivery, renewed in this state by a health care insurer, health maintenance organization, accident and sickness insurer, fraternal benefit society, nonprofit hospital service corporation, or nonprofit medical service corporation that pays for, purchases, or furnishes health care services to patients, insureds, or beneficiaries in this state.
(c) Any claim which has not been denied with notice, made pending with notice, or paid to the provider by the insurer, health service corporation, or the health benefit plan shall be overdue if the notice or payment is not received by the provider within the time periods specified in subsection (a). No further notice by the provider to the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall be required under this section. If the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan fails to deny or pay a clean written claim or clean electronic claim within the time periods, then the following shall occur: The amount of the overdue claim shall include an interest payment of 1.5 percent per month prorated daily which shall accrue from the date the payment was overdue and which shall be payable at the time that the claim is paid.
(d) The following are exceptions to the requirements of this section:
(1) No insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall be in violation of this section for a claim submitted by a health care provider if any of the following circumstances apply:
a. Failure to comply is caused by a directive from a court or a federal or state agency.
b. The insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan is in liquidation or rehabilitation or is operating in compliance with a court-ordered plan of rehabilitation.
c. Compliance by the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan is rendered impossible due to matters beyond its control which were not caused by such insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan or caused by any third party vendor, agent, or contracting party furnishing services to the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan which are related directly or indirectly to the processing of claims by such insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan.
(2) No insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall be in violation of this section for any claim submitted more than 180 days after the service was rendered.
(3) No insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall be in violation of this section while the claim is pending due to a fraud investigation that has been reported to a state or federal agency, or an external review process.
(e) An insurer, health service corporation, and health benefit plan shall not retroactively deny, adjust, or seek recoupment or refund of a paid claim for health care expenses submitted by a health care provider for any reason, other than fraud or coordination of benefits or for duplicate payments on claims received from the same insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan for the same service, after the expiration of one year from the date that the initial claim was paid or after the expiration of the same period of time that the health care provider is required to submit claims pursuant to a contract between the health care provider and an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan, whichever date occurs first. Retroactive denials, adjustments, recoupments, or refunds based on coordination of benefits shall be governed by subsection (f). Notwithstanding any other provision of law or contract to the contrary, if an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan retroactively denies, adjusts, or seeks recoupment or refund of a paid claim, the health care provider shall have an additional period of six months from the date that the notice required by subsection (g) was received within which to file either a revised claim or a request for reconsideration with additional medical records or information, and the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall process the revised claim or request for reconsideration in accordance with the requirements of subsections (a), (b), and (c), or in accordance with U.S. Department of Labor regulations governing the resolution of claims disputes and time for appeals, if applicable.
(f) An insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall not retroactively deny, adjust, or seek recoupment or refund of a paid claim submitted by a health care provider for reasons related to coordination of benefits with another insurer or entity responsible for payment of the claim after the expiration of 18 months from the date that the original claim was paid. If the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan retroactively denies, adjusts, or seeks recoupment or refund of a paid claim based on coordination of benefits, the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall provide the health care provider with notice specifying the reason for the denial, adjustment, recoupment, or refund. If requested by a health care provider, an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan shall furnish any available information concerning the name and address of the entity determined to be responsible for payment of the denied claim. Notwithstanding any other provision of law or contract to the contrary, if an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan retroactively denies reimbursement for services as a result of coordination of benefits with another insurer, the health care provider shall have an additional six months from the date that the health care provider received the notice specified herein to submit a claim for reimbursement for the service to the insurer, health service corporation, health benefit plan, medical assistance program, government health benefit program, or other entity responsible for payment for the services provided.
(g) An insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan that retroactively denies, adjusts, or seeks recoupment or refund of a paid claim submitted by a health care provider shall give the health care provider notice specifying the reason for the action taken. Any retroactive denials, adjustments, or requests for recoupment or refund of previous payments which are based upon medical necessity determinations, level of service determinations, coding errors, or billing irregularities shall be reconciled to specific claims. A health care provider who disputes or contests the basis for the retroactive denial, adjustment, or request for recoupment or refund on all or any portion of a claim shall notify the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan within 30 days after the provider receives the notice that the retroactive denial, adjustment, or request for recoupment or refund for overpayment is disputed or contested.
(h) Any provision of a contract between a health care provider and an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan that is in conflict with the requirements of this section is unenforceable. The requirements of this section may not be waived between the health care provider and an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan. Nothing in this section shall prevent or preclude an insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan from recovering in the circuit or district courts from a subscriber, enrollee, or beneficiary any amounts paid to a health care provider for benefits to which the subscriber, enrollee, or beneficiary was not entitled under the terms and conditions of the contract of insurance or the coverage agreement if the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan is barred from seeking a retroactive denial, adjustment, or request for recoupment or refund from the health care provider under this section.
(i) The commissioner may assess an administrative fine against any insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan or may suspend or revoke the license or certificate of authority of any insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan after determining that the insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan has violated the requirements of subsections (e), (f), and (g) or has established a pattern of overdue payments and that the contemplated enforcement action would not promote the deterioration of the financial condition of an at-risk insurer, health service corporation, or health benefit plan. Such fine shall be up to one thousand dollars ($1,000) for each violation of the requirement of subsections (e), (f), and (g) or for each day that the claim or claims remained unpaid, not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) per violation. All fines recovered by the Department of Insurance shall be deposited in the General Fund and shall become available for use by the Department of Insurance for administration of the department.
(j) The State Department of Public Health is authorized to adopt regulations implementing those provisions of this section and Sections 27-1-19, 27-21A-23, and 10-4-115 that apply to health maintenance organizations. The commissioner is authorized to adopt such regulations as may be required to implement the provisions of this section and Sections 27-1-19, 27-21A-23, and 10-4-115 that apply to insurers and regulations governing the assessment of administrative fines authorized by this section.
(k) This section shall not apply to claims by the Alabama Medicaid Agency. This section shall also not apply Medicare claims except that Medicare + Choice plans shall be required to comply with any of the provisions of this section that are not in conflict with federal laws or regulations governing such plans.
(Acts 1981, No. 81-371, p. 539; Act 2001-445, p. 595, §1; Act 2001-1060, 4th Sp. Sess., p. 1054, §2; Act 2003-348, p. 896, §1.)
