Pinter v. Village of Stetsonville
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The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the court of appeals affirming the circuit court's grant of summary judgment dismissing Plaintiff's claims against the Village of Stetsonville for negligence and private nuisance after wastewater backed up into Plaintiff's basement, holding that the Village was immune from suit for negligence and that, as to Plaintiff's private nuisance claim, no genuine issue of material fact existed as to causation.
Specifically, the Court held (1) the court of appeals did not err in determining that the Village was immune from suit for negligence pursuant to Wis. Stat. 893.80(4); and (2) under the facts of this case, the court of appeals did not err in affirming the grant of summary judgment on the private nuisance claim on the grounds that Plaintiff did not present expert testimony with regard to causation.
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2019 WI 74 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: COMPLETE TITLE: OF WISCONSIN 2017AP1593 Alan W. Pinter, Plaintiff-Appellant-Petitioner, v. Village of Stetsonville, Defendant-Respondent. REVIEW OF DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS Reported at 382 Wis. 2d 272,915 N.W.2d 730 (2018 – unpublished) OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: February 11, 2019 SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: Circuit Taylor Ann Knox-Bauer JUSTICES: CONCURRED: DISSENTED: June 20, 2019 DALLET, J. dissents, joined by R.G. BRADLEY, J. and KELLY, J. (opinion filed). NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiff-appellant-petitioner, there were briefs filed by William A. Grunewald, Adam V. Marshall, and Jensen, Scott, Grunewald & Shiffler, S.C., Medford. There was an oral argument by William A. Grunewald and Adam V. Marshall. For he defendant-respondent, there was a brief filed by Fred L. Morris, Ryan J. Steffes, and Weld Riley, S.C., Eau Claire. There was an oral argument by Ryan Steffes. An amicus curiae brief was filed on behalf of League of Wisconsin Municipalities by Claire Silverman, Maria Davis, and League of Wisconsin Municipalities. 2019 WI 74 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 2017AP1593 (L.C. No. 2015CV44) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT Alan W. Pinter, FILED Plaintiff-Appellant-Petitioner, v. JUN 20, 2019 Village of Stetsonville, Sheila T. Reiff Clerk of Supreme Court Defendant-Respondent. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 seeks ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. review affirming the of an unpublished circuit court's Affirmed. The petitioner, Alan Pinter, court grant of of appeals decision summary judgment dismissing his claims against the Village of Stetsonville for negligence and private nuisance.1 Pinter sued the Village after wastewater backed up into his basement. 1 Pinter v. Vill. of Stetsonville, No. 2017AP1593, unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2018) (affirming judgment of circuit court for Taylor County, Ann Knox-Bauer, Judge). No. ¶2 He asserts that the court of appeals 2017AP1593 erred in determining that the Village is immune from suit for negligence pursuant to Wis. Stat. (2015-16).2 § 893.80(4) Further, he contends that the court of appeals erred in affirming the grant of summary judgment on his private nuisance claim on the grounds that he did not present expert testimony with regard to causation. ¶3 Specifically, Pinter argues that the Village's oral policy to pump water out of a lift station when it reached a certain level created a ministerial duty to act. He further contends that expert testimony is not required to establish the requisite causation to maintain his private nuisance claim. ¶4 We conclude that the oral policy in question here does not rise to the level of a ministerial duty. "rule of thumb" is not "absolute, certain The proffered and imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the time, mode, and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion." of Wis. Sys., 72 See Lister v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Wis. 2d 282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976). Because such a task is discretionary, the Village is immune from suit for negligence. ¶5 granted Further, we conclude that the circuit court properly summary judgment to the 2 Village on Pinter's private All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2015-16 version unless otherwise indicated. 2 No. nuisance claim. 2017AP1593 Pursuant to the facts of this case, expert testimony was required to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to causation. ¶6 Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals. I ¶7 The Village of Stetsonville owns and operates a wastewater disposal system that serves approximately 500 people. The system is primarily gravity fed, but wastewater is pumped at two lift stations——the north lift station and the main lift station. ¶8 for the There is a separate storm sewer system in the Village collection of storm water. Although the wastewater system is designed to be closed and separate from the storm water system, storm water Village employees infiltration into testified the that wastewater there disposal may be system because of cracks in the pipes and because drain tile and sump pumps from older homes in the Village may improperly drain into the wastewater disposal system. ¶9 The main wastewater lift station contains a concrete pit approximately 20 feet deep. On one side wall of the pit are 12 ladder-like rungs that extend down the length of the pit, which an employee can use to climb inside the lift station for cleaning and maintenance. ¶10 When the wastewater reaches a certain level in the pit, a pump lifts the wastewater through a pipe up to a point where it can then flow downhill to the water treatment facility. 3 No. If the wastewater reaches another higher level, an 2017AP1593 alarm is triggered. ¶11 The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) generally prohibits pumping untreated wastewater into a public waterway.3 However, a municipality can legally justify bypassing the water treatment facility if it can demonstrate that: (1) the bypass was unavoidable to prevent loss of life, personal injury, or severe property damage; (2) there were no feasible alternatives to the bypass; and (3) the bypass was reported to the DNR by the municipality.4 ¶12 Testimony in this case indicated that, in addition to allowing employees access to the bottom of the pit, the ladderlike rungs on the side of the pit served an additional purpose, although there was some discrepancy regarding the specifics of that purpose. Namely, Village employees used the height of the rungs as a guide for determining when to bypass the wastewater disposal system and pump wastewater directly into a nearby ditch so as to avoid the backup of wastewater into the basements of nearby homes. ¶13 how the There are some discrepancies in the record regarding rungs were used to determine bypassing the water treatment facility. the appropriateness of For example, according to the deposition testimony of David Duellman, the Director of 3 See Wis. Admin. Code § NR 205.07(1)(u). 4 See § NR 205.07(1)(u)3. 4 No. 2017AP1593 Public Works for the Village, the "rule of thumb" was that when the wastewater reached the fourth rung from the top of the pit in the main lift station, the bypass pump would be set in place. If the water level continued to rise, or if it continued to rain, an employee would start the pump, bypassing the treatment facility and instead pumping the untreated wastewater directly into a ditch. ¶14 Another Village employee, Chad Smith, testified differently. Specifically, Smith testified in his deposition that sixth "at the portable pump. ¶15 rung we should be setting in place the If it gets to the fourth rung, we bypass." The "rule of thumb" focusing on the fourth rung was created by Mike Danen, a former director of public works for the Village. It was not written down,5 nor was it ever formally enacted by the Village Board.6 orally among Village employees. Instead, it was communicated Danen passed the "rule of thumb" on to Duellman, and Duellman passed it on to Smith. 5 There is no operator's manual for the Village's wastewater disposal system. 6 However, Village President Gregory Brunner testified that he was aware of the "rule of thumb." 5 No. ¶16 2017AP1593 Alan Pinter lives near the main lift station. During the past two decades, Pinter's home has experienced wastewater backups on multiple occasions.7 ¶17 On September 10, 2014, during a heavy rainstorm, Smith received a high level alarm for both lift stations. Because Smith received the alarm for the north lift station first, he called Black River Transport, a septic hauling company, to transport wastewater from the north lift station to the water treatment facility. ¶18 Meanwhile, Pinter told Duellman, who was stationed at the main lift station, that the floor drain in his basement was "gargling." bypass pump. wait for Accordingly, he urged Duellman to use the portable However, Duellman told Pinter that he wanted to Black River Transport to arrive at the main lift station so that he could avoid pumping the untreated wastewater directly into the ditch.8 Pinter offered to help set up the bypass pump, but when Duellman declined the offer, Pinter left for work. 7 Pinter testified that wastewater backed up into his home twice between the time he purchased his home in 2011 and September 10, 2014. Jack Poirier, the previous homeowner, testified that he experienced wastewater backups in his basement between 1998 and 2011. According to Poirier, the Village paid him for the damage to his property and assured him that new procedures would be put into place to prevent the backup from reoccurring. 8 Based on the record, it appears that Duellman was trying to avoid the paperwork associated with reporting bypass events to the DNR as required by Wis. Admin. Code § NR 205.07(1)(u)3. 6 No. ¶19 Within minutes of arriving at work, 2017AP1593 Pinter's wife called and told him that wastewater was backing up into their basement. Pinter returned to the main lift station and told Duellman about the flooding. Duellman called Smith and asked him to have Black River Transport come to the main lift station and begin pumping. Duellman told Smith that the wastewater had reached the second rung from the top, the highest Duellman had ever seen it. ¶20 The truck from Black River Transport left the north lift station and went to the water treatment facility. After emptying its load there, the truck arrived at the main lift station and began pumping. Once the truck became full, it went to the water treatment facility to again empty its load. Before the truck made it to the treatment facility, however, the main lift station had taken on a significant amount of water. Pinter yelled from his house that wastewater was still overflowing into his basement. ¶21 bypass At this pump, basement. but point, Smith wastewater decided continued to to use flow the portable into Pinter's The wastewater eventually receded, leaving a black and grey residue. ¶22 Pinter brought suit against the Village, causes of action for negligence and private nuisance. alleging Moving for summary judgment, the Village asserted that it was entitled to governmental immunity pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4).9 9 It Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4) provides: (continued) 7 No. further asserted that Pinter failed to demonstrate 2017AP1593 that any failure to repair the piping in the system was a legal cause of the sewage backup, and that expert testimony would be necessary to establish causation. ¶23 Village. The circuit court granted summary judgment to the It determined first that no exception to governmental immunity applied. Specifically, it stated that "[t]here is no case law to support the plaintiff's assertion that the Village's 'rule of thumb' created a ministerial duty such that there was no room for exercise of discretion by the employees." As a result, the circuit court dismissed Pinter's negligence cause of action. ¶24 Further, the circuit court determined that "[t]he allegations that the Village failed to maintain the sewer system and thus caused the sewage back up into plaintiff's home are not supported by any evidence." The reason for this determination was that "[t]he statements made by Village employees are their personal assumptions as to the cause or suspected cause of the problem, but this is not sufficient proof or explanation as to No suit may be brought against any volunteer fire company organized under ch. 213, political corporation, governmental subdivision or any agency thereof for the intentional torts of its officers, officials, agents or employees nor may any suit be brought against such corporation, subdivision or agency or volunteer fire company or against its officers, officials, agents or employees for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial or quasi-judicial functions. 8 No. 2017AP1593 link the Village's alleged lack of maintenance to the back up of sewage in plaintiff's home." Accordingly, the circuit court also dismissed Pinter's cause of action for private nuisance. ¶25 The concluding immunity court that under of the Wis. appeals Village Stat. affirmed was the entitled § 893.80(4) circuit to because court, governmental the Village's fourth rung "rule of thumb" did not create a ministerial duty. Pinter slip v. Vill. op., ¶25 of Stetsonville, (Wis. Ct. App. No. Apr. 2017AP1593, 10, 2018). unpublished It further determined that the known and compelling danger exception to governmental immunity does not apply because the Village took one or more precautionary measures to respond to the alleged danger. Id., ¶29. As to the private nuisance claim, the court of appeals reasoned that because Pinter did not present expert testimony, he failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact that the negligent failure to maintain the wastewater disposal system was the legal cause of his damages. Id., ¶¶45-46. II ¶26 We are called upon to review the court of appeals' determination that the circuit court properly granted summary judgment to the Village. independently, court. applying We review a grant of summary judgment the same methodology as the circuit Shugarts v. Mohr, 2018 WI 27, ¶17, 380 Wis. 2d 512, 909 N.W.2d 402. Summary judgment is appropriate where there exists no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 9 Id. No. ¶27 2017AP1593 In our review, we examine whether the ministerial duty exception to governmental immunity applies. Whether an exception to immunity applies to undisputed facts presents a question of law. Pries v. McMillon, 2010 WI 63, ¶19, 326 Wis. 2d 37, 784 N.W.2d 648 (citation omitted). ¶28 Our review also requires us to interpret Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4). law. Statutory interpretation is likewise a question of This court reviews questions of law independently of the determinations appeals. rendered by the circuit court and court of Horizon Bank, Nat'l Ass'n v. Marshalls Point Retreat LLC, 2018 WI 19, ¶28, 380 Wis. 2d 60, 908 N.W.2d 797 (citation omitted). III ¶29 We begin by setting forth the statutory text and legal principles of governmental immunity that drive our analysis. Subsequently, we apply those principles to the negligence cause of action asserted in this case. Finally, we address the necessity of expert testimony to establish that infiltration of water from outside sources caused the backup in Pinter's basement. A ¶30 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.80(4), the governmental immunity statute, provides: No suit may be brought against any volunteer fire company organized under ch. 213, political corporation, governmental subdivision or any agency thereof for the intentional torts of its officers, officials, agents or employees nor may any suit be brought against such corporation, subdivision or 10 No. 2017AP1593 agency or volunteer fire company or against its officers, officials, agents or employees for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial or quasi-judicial functions. ¶31 the This court has consistently interpreted "acts done in exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial or quasi-judicial functions" to include any acts that involve the exercise of Wis. 2d 503, discretion. 511-12, 259 See, e.g., N.W.2d 537 Lifer (1977). v. Raymond, However, 80 "[t]he rule of immunity is subject to exceptions, which seek to balance the rights of injured parties to seek compensation with the need for public freely." ¶32 which officers and employees to perform their duties Pries, 326 Wis. 2d 37, ¶21 (citation omitted). Indeed, there is case no law has immunity identified against four situations liability: (1) in the performance of ministerial duties imposed by law; (2) known and compelling dangers that give rise to ministerial duties on the part of public officers or employees; (3) acts involving medical discretion; and (4) acts that 11 are malicious, willful, and No. intentional.10 2017AP1593 Willow Creek Ranch, L.L.C. v. Town of Shelby, 2000 WI 56, ¶26, 235 Wis. 2d 409, 611 N.W.2d 693. ¶33 The doctrine of governmental immunity "is founded upon policy considerations that strike a balance between 'the need of public officers to perform their functions freely right of an aggrieved party to seek redress.'" [and] the Kierstyn v. Racine Unified Sch. Dist., 228 Wis. 2d 81, ¶14, 596 N.W.2d 417 (1999) (quoting Lister, 72 Wis. 2d at 300). "Those policy considerations focus largely on the protection of the public purse against legal action and on the restraint of public officials through political rather than judicial means." Id. Such concerns include: (1) The danger of influencing public officers in the performance of their functions by the threat of [a] lawsuit; (2) the deterrent effect which the threat of personal liability might have on those who are considering entering public service; (3) the drain on valuable time caused by such actions; (4) the unfairness of subjecting officials to personal liability for the acts of their subordinates; and (5) 10 Although some case law indicates that ministerial duty and known danger are separate exceptions to governmental immunity, we have also described the known danger exception as "a narrow judicially-created exception that arises only when there exists a danger that is known and compelling enough to give rise to a ministerial duty on the part of a municipality or its officers." Lodl v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 2002 WI 71, ¶4, 253 Wis. 2d 323, 646 N.W.2d 314 (emphasis added). Subsequent case law has explained that "[t]he two exceptions overlap to an extent, inasmuch as they both require the identification of a ministerial duty." Pries v. McMillon, 2010 WI 63, ¶24, 326 Wis. 2d 37, 784 N.W.2d 648. In this case, we need not address the doctrinal question of whether the known danger exception is collapsed into the ministerial duty exception. 12 No. 2017AP1593 the feeling that the ballot and removal procedures are more appropriate methods of dealing with misconduct in public office. Lister, 72 Wis. 2d at 299. ¶34 It is through the lens of this precedent and framework that we address the issues presented in this case. Instead of following our established case law, the dissent latches onto an interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4) that would create a sea change in the law of governmental immunity. 77. See dissent, ¶¶76- The reasons for rejecting such a dramatic reworking of this area of the law were aptly explained by our opinion mere months ago in Engelhardt v. City of New Berlin, 2019 WI 2, ¶¶21-28, 385 Wis. 2d 86, 921 N.W.2d 714. ¶35 In Engelhardt, a majority of this court rejected the same invitation the dissent here accepts. We wrote: Decades of jurisprudence cannot, and should not, be discarded casually. This court follows the doctrine of stare decisis scrupulously because of our abiding respect for the rule of law. The doctrine of stare decisis is vital to the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles. It fosters reliance on judicial decisions and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process. Id., ¶24 (internal quotations and citations omitted). ¶36 Further, decisis is of authoritatively omitted). statute if we observed particular interpreted that the importance a statute. doctrine where Id., a of stare court ¶25 has (citation This is because the legislature is free to change a it believes that we have interpreted 13 the statute No. incorrectly. Id. 2017AP1593 Yet, with regard to Wis. Stat. § 893.80, it has not done so. ¶37 The practical interpretation of Wis. Engelhardt remain true. concerns Stat. § 893.80 with that the we dissent's identified in Adopting the dissent's reasoning "would effectively pull the rug out from under municipalities and other governmental entities that have managed their affairs relying upon our decades-old interpretation of the governmental immunity statute." Id., ¶27. The dissent's approach is "especially jarring to the public and legal community" given that we have rejected its reasoning twice in recent memory——not only in Engelhardt, but also two years prior in Melchert v. Pro Elec. Contractors, N.W.2d 710. ¶38 2017 WI 30, ¶¶53-65, 374 Wis. 2d 439, 892 Engelhardt, 385 Wis. 2d 86, ¶27. In Engelhardt, we concluded our analysis of this issue as follows: It is unwise for a court to frequently call into question existing and long-standing law. Doing so gives the impression that the decision to overturn prior cases is undertaken merely because the composition of the court has changed. When existing law is open to revision in every case, deciding cases becomes a mere exercise of judicial will, with arbitrary and unpredictable results. Id., ¶28 (quotations and citations omitted). apply this court's longstanding jurisprudence in this case. 14 Accordingly, we governmental immunity No. 2017AP1593 B ¶39 We turn next to the ministerial duty exception and its applicability to the negligence cause of action Pinter asserts. ¶40 Pursuant jurisprudence on to this governmental court's immunity, well-established there is no immunity from liability associated with the performance of ministerial duties imposed by law. omitted). We discretionary omitted) while duties long and The performer the liability. ¶41 have performer Pries, 326 Wis. 2d 37, ¶22 (citation recognized ministerial of of a a a distinction duties. discretionary Id. ministerial between (citations duty is shielded duty is exposed to Kierstyn, 228 Wis. 2d 81, ¶17. A duty is ministerial if it is "absolute, certain and imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the time, mode and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion." Pries, 326 Wis. 2d 37, ¶22 (quoting Lister, 72 Wis. 2d at 301). "Stated differently, 'a duty it is regarded as ministerial when has been positively imposed by law, and its performance required at a time and in a manner, or upon conditions which are specifically designated, the duty to perform under the conditions specified not being dependent upon the (citation omitted). the exercise specific officer's judgment or discretion.'" Id. In contrast, a discretionary act "involves of judgment facts." Willow in the Creek (citation omitted). 15 application Ranch, 235 of a rule Wis. 2d 409, to ¶25 No. ¶42 water 2017AP1593 Pinter contends that the "rule of thumb" to pump when reached the fourth rung created a ministerial duty. Specifically, he argues that such an oral policy was clear and definite so as to bind Village employees to act in a certain way when water reached the fourth rung. contends that discretion in the "rule of determining thumb" whether In contrast, the Village requires it is the exercise appropriate to of pump wastewater directly into the ditch. ¶43 We agree with the Village. Specifically, the Village employees did not have a ministerial duty to pump water directly into the Testimony ditch when indicated the that the water reached "rule the of thumb" fourth rung. to bypass when wastewater reached the fourth rung had mixed interpretations. Additionally, it was just that——a "rule of thumb." ¶44 The "rule of thumb" was shared orally, but was not written down, let alone passed by any lawmaking body. Although there could be an oral policy that gives rise to a ministerial duty, the oral policy at issue here does not. ¶45 For a duty to be ministerial, "a public officer must be not only bound to act, but also bound by law to act in a very particular way . . . ." Yao v. Chapman, 2005 WI App 200, ¶29, 287 Wis. 2d 445, 705 N.W.2d 272. At best, the "rule of thumb" here created a signal to "do something" when wastewater reached the fourth rung. What that "something" is constitutes a matter of discretion. ¶46 The discretionary nature of the "rule of thumb" is underscored by the various considerations 16 that go into the No. decision to bypass. 2017AP1593 As the Village's counsel highlighted at oral argument, the decision to bypass involves the consideration of a number of variables, including whether the water level is rising, whether it is still raining, and the viability of using a pump truck. ¶47 Further, our analysis is informed by DNR wastewater treatment regulations. Generally, the DNR prohibits any bypass, which is defined as "the intentional diversion of waste streams from any portion of a sewage treatment facility or a wastewater treatment facility." Wis. Admin. Code §§ NR 205.03(5), 205.07(1)(u). ¶48 An conditions unscheduled are met. bypass Wis. is only Admin. permissible Code § NR if three 205.07(1)(u)3. First, the bypass must have been "unavoidable to prevent loss of life, personal injury, 205.07(1)(u)3.a. alternatives Finally, to the the bypass regulations. ¶49 The or severe Second, there property must bypass . . . ." must be reported be § NR in damage." "no § NR feasible 205.07(1)(u)3.b. accordance with DNR § NR 205.07(1)(u)3.c. first two of these requirements emphasize the discretionary nature of the decision to bypass. Specifically, one a must exercise discretion in determining if bypass is "unavoidable to prevent loss of life, personal injury, or severe property damage." See Wis. Admin. Code § NR 205.07(1)(u)3.a. Second, one cannot determine if there are feasible alternatives without exercising discretion. Indeed, the use of the word "feasible" necessarily implies a certain amount of discretion. 17 No. ¶50 the 2017AP1593 Before the court of appeals, Pinter also argued that known and compelling danger exception to governmental immunity was applicable to allow his negligence cause of action to proceed. See Heuser ex rel. Jacobs v. Cmty. Ins. Corp., 2009 WI App 151, ¶¶28-29, 321 Wis. 2d 729, 774 N.W.2d 653; Cords v. Anderson, 80 Wis. 2d 525, 541-42, 259 N.W.2d 672 (1977). Specifically, he argued that human waste entering his basement created a compelling danger. ¶51 The court of appeals declined to apply the known and compelling danger exception because Pinter failed to demonstrate a necessary element given that the Village took precautionary measures in response to 2017AP1593, unpublished the slip alleged op., danger.11 ¶¶29, 31. Pinter, No. Pinter did not contest the court of appeals' determination that the known and compelling danger exception does not apply in this court, and we do not address the issue further. ¶52 rife with In sum, the decision regarding whether to bypass was discretion. The factors that must be considered before bypass is accomplished, especially in light of the DNR 11 In order for the known and compelling danger exception to apply, a three-step test must be fulfilled. First, something must happen to create a compelling danger. Heuser ex rel. Jacobs v. Cmty. Ins. Corp., 2009 WI App 151, ¶28, 321 Wis. 2d 729, 774 N.W.2d 653. Second, a governmental actor must find out about the danger, making it a known and compelling danger. Id. Third, the governmental actor either addresses the danger and takes one or more precautionary measures, or the actor does nothing and allows the danger to continue. Id. Doing nothing results in a loss of immunity. Id., ¶34. 18 No. 2017AP1593 regulations on the subject, offer a quintessential example of a discretionary task and the antithesis of a ministerial one. Accordingly, we determine that the Village is immune from suit for negligence. IV ¶53 Finally, we turn to address the necessity of expert testimony to establish that infiltration of water from outside sources caused the backup in Pinter's basement. ¶54 Pinter brought two causes of action in his amended complaint: negligence and private nuisance. Pursuant to this court's decision in Milwaukee Metro. Sewerage Dist. v. City of Milwaukee, "a municipality may be immune from nuisance suits depending on the nature of the tortious acts giving rise to the nuisance." 2005 WI 8, ¶8, 277 Wis. 2d 635, 691 N.W.2d 658. It is "immune from suit for nuisance if the nuisance is predicated on negligent acts that are discretionary in nature. A municipality does not enjoy immunity from suit for nuisance when the underlying tortious conduct is negligence and the negligence is comprised of acts performed pursuant to a ministerial duty." Id. In other words, "[w]hether immunity exists for nuisance founded on negligence negligent acts." ¶55 Pinter's depends upon the character of the of two Id., ¶59. complaint distinct characters. alleges negligent acts First, he alleges that the Village was negligent in failing to pump wastewater directly to the ditch. As analyzed above, this is a discretionary decision for which the Village is immune. Accordingly, it is also immune from a 19 No. 2017AP1593 private nuisance cause of action with the underlying negligent act being the failure to pump. ¶56 Second, Pinter See id., ¶8. alleges that maintained its sewer system. the Village negligently Specifically, Pinter alleges that the Village negligently allowed storm water to infiltrate the wastewater disposal system, causing the backup in his basement. ¶57 immunity The from Village a conceded claim that that it it is not negligently entitled maintained wastewater disposal system, causing a private nuisance. to its Because the issue was conceded, it was not briefed or argued. ¶58 forth We observe some dissonance in this concession. above, Pinter determination that has the not known contested the and As set court of appeals' compelling does not allow his negligence claim to proceed. danger exception See supra, ¶51. The character of the acts underlying Pinter's private nuisance cause of action is the same as that underlying the negligence cause of action. Indeed, the amended complaint bases the private nuisance cause of action on the allegations "set forth above" with regard to the negligence cause of action. There is thus some incongruity in concluding that the Village is immune from suit for negligence but not immune from suit for private nuisance based on negligence, when the character of the acts on which the claims are premised is the same. ¶59 because, Nevertheless, we need not address this unbriefed issue assuming without deciding that the private nuisance action can be maintained, Pinter has not raised a genuine issue of material fact as to causation. 20 We reach this conclusion No. 2017AP1593 because he failed to present expert testimony on an issue that is beyond common knowledge and lay comprehension. ¶60 The Village contends that Pinter has not raised a genuine issue of material fact because he did not present expert testimony on the issue of whether the infiltration of storm water was a legal cause of the backup in Pinter's basement. In response, is Pinter contends that no such expert testimony necessary. ¶61 A plaintiff claiming private nuisance must demonstrate that the "actor's conduct is [a] legal cause of the invasion." Wis. Power & Light Co. v. Columbia Cty., 3 Wis. 2d 1, 11, 87 N.W.2d 279 (1958) (citation omitted). This requires a showing that (1) the invasion is intentional and unreasonable or (2) the invasion rules is unintentional governing liability hazardous conduct. Id. and otherwise actionable for negligent, reckless, under or the ultra- Pinter here proceeds under a theory of negligence. ¶62 "A showing of negligence requires proof of causation." Menick v. City of Menasha, 200 Wis. 2d 737, 747, 547 N.W.2d 778 (Ct. App. 1996) (citation omitted). "The party with the burden of proof on an element must establish that there is a genuine issue of fact by submitting evidence facts material to that element." ¶63 Before expert setting forth specific Id. (citations omitted). testimony is held to be required to prove causation, it must be determined that "the matter is not within the realm of ordinary experience and lay comprehension." White v. Leeder, 149 Wis. 2d 948, 960, 440 N.W.2d 557 (1989). 21 No. 2017AP1593 "Expert testimony is often required when unusually complex or esoteric issues are before the jury because it serves to assist the trier of fact." 2010 WI 25, ¶28, Racine Cty. v. Oracular Milwaukee, Inc., 323 Wis. 2d 682, quotations and citations omitted). one of common knowledge or 781 N.W.2d 88 (internal However, if the matter is within the realm experience, expert testimony is not required. of ordinary Id. (citations omitted). ¶64 Expert testimony in the specific context of a municipal sewer system was addressed by the court of appeals in Menick, 200 Wis. 2d 737. In Menick, the court of appeals determined that the municipality was not immune from suit for private system. nuisance based on Id. at 745-46. negligent failure to maintain the However, even though there existed a cause of action in private nuisance, "Menick's failure to offer an expert's opinion defeats her claim." as to the Id. at 745. legal cause of the flooding Specifically, the Menick court concluded: Menick has the burden of proving that the flooding was caused by the negligence of the City. Our review of the record shows that she has failed to provide any expert testimony or to advance any theory of liability supported by specific allegations of negligent actions on the part of the City. Id. at 748. ¶65 Similarly here, Pinter has not presented expert testimony to demonstrate that the Village's failure to maintain the wastewater disposal system caused water from outside sources to infiltrate the system, thereby causing 22 the backup in his No. basement. 2017AP1593 Like the claim at issue in Menick, such a deficiency is fatal to Pinter's nuisance claim. ¶66 As we observed in City of Milwaukee, "a negligence- based nuisance requires proof of causation, which may require expert testimony experience and if falling outside comprehension." 277 the realm of Wis. 2d 635, ordinary ¶64. The nuances and complexities of storm water infiltration into the municipal sewer system at issue in this case are outside the realm of ordinary experience and lay comprehension. ¶67 extent As the court of appeals stated, "[d]etermining to what the backup was caused by infiltration, as opposed to Village employees' failure to bypass, does not fall within the realm of lay knowledge." slip op., ¶45. Pinter, No. 2017AP1593, unpublished Such a determination would require a jury to determine whether water infiltrated the system, if so how much water infiltrated the system, whether the amount was unreasonable, and whether the infiltration contributed to the backup. See id., ¶42. Because these matters are beyond ordinary experience and lay comprehension, expert testimony is required. ¶68 Absent expert testimony, Pinter has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether infiltration by water outside the Village wastewater treatment system caused the wastewater backup in his basement. this case, Pursuant to the facts of expert testimony was required to issue of material fact as to causation. 23 raise a genuine No. ¶69 2017AP1593 In sum, we conclude that the oral policy in question here does not rise to the level of a ministerial duty. The proffered and "rule of thumb" is not "absolute, certain imperative, involving merely the performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the time, mode, and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion." Lister, 72 Wis. 2d at 301. Because such a task is discretionary, the Village is immune from suit for negligence. ¶70 granted Further, we conclude that the circuit court properly summary nuisance claim. judgment to the Village on Pinter's private Pursuant to the facts of this case, expert testimony was required to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to causation. ¶71 Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals. By the Court.—The decision affirmed. 24 of the court of appeals is 2017AP1593.rfd ¶72 REBECCA FRANK DALLET, J. (dissenting). The majority opinion continues to apply a framework for governmental immunity that creates an artificial, impracticable distinction between a ministerial language duty of and discretionary Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4) act. to I apply determine the plain whether the Village of Stetsonville is entitled to governmental immunity on Alan Pinter's negligence claim. adopt a requirement nuisance claim wastewater of arising disposal The majority opinion appears to expert out of system. I testimony in negligent maintenance maintain that every private whether testimony is required is a fact-specific inquiry. of a expert Because I would reverse the court of appeals as to both of Pinter's claims and remand the cause to the circuit court for further proceedings, I respectfully dissent. A. The Village is not entitled to governmental immunity. ¶73 This doctrine of origins, this court in municipal court can 1962 determined governmental abrogate it. that immunity Holytz because has v. Milwaukee, 17 Wis. 2d 26, 39, 115 N.W.2d 618 (1962). court did just that. the judicial City of So this We declared that "henceforward, so far as governmental responsibility for torts is concerned, the rule is liability——the exception is immunity." Id. An exception was created for immunity from tort for a governmental body in the exercise of its "legislative or judicial or quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial functions." Id. at 40. The following year, the legislature codified this exception for governmental immunity by 1 2017AP1593.rfd enacting Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4), which provides, in pertinent part, that "[n]o . . . governmental suit may subdivision be or brought any agency against any thereof . . . or against its officers, officials, agents or employees for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial, or quasi-judicial functions."1 ¶74 this Soon court after began the adoption to of enlarge Wis. the Stat. limited § 893.80(4), exception to governmental immunity with a return to the pre-Holytz judicial classification of "discretionary" whether or "ministerial duty."2 whether functions interpreted this "discretionary." Shelby, Although 2000 WI every government he or employee's she was in court § to 893.80(4) be act was performing ¶25, has 235 some has synonymous See Willow Creek Ranch, 56, act a Legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial or quasi-judicial by the Wis. 2d measure with L.L.C. v. 409, of thus 611 the word Town N.W.2d discretion been of 693. attached, governmental immunity has been granted for acts this court has labeled immunity 1 as "discretionary," for liability but this associated court with what has it afforded deems no "'the The statute was originally enacted as Wis. Stat. § 331.43. 2 A ministerial duty has been defined as one that is "'absolute, certain and imperative . . . and defines the time, mode and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing remains for judgment or discretion.'" Lodl v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 2002 WI 71, ¶25, 253 Wis. 2d 323, 646 Wis. 2d 314 (quoting Lister v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Wis. Sys., 72 Wis. 2d 282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976)). 2 2017AP1593.rfd performance of ministerial duties imposed by law.'" See Legue v. City of Racine, 2014 WI 92, ¶42, 357 Wis. 2d 250, 849 N.W.2d 837 (quoting Brown v. Acuity, 2013 WI 60, ¶42, 348 Wis. 2d 603, 833 N.W.2d 96). ¶75 The determination that an act is discretionary so as to invoke immunity has appeared almost random at times.3 The inconsistent jurisprudence resulting from our engagement in this fiction demonstrates how untethered this court has become from the intent of governmental immunity: "'to ensure that courts refuse to pass judgment on policy decisions in the province of coordinate branches of government, if such a policy decision, consciously Legue, 357 balancing Wis. 2d risks 250, ¶40 and advantages, (emphasis added; took place.'" quoted source omitted). ¶76 In accordance with this framework, Pinter asserts that the Village is not entitled to immunity because the protocol of when to use the portable pump to bypass the wastewater disposal 3 See, e.g., Lodl, 253 Wis. 2d 323, ¶31 (holding that although the statute at issue described the procedures the officer should use in deciding to manually control traffic, the officer had discretion as to when to perform manual traffic control); Scott v. Savers Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2003 WI 60, ¶29, 262 Wis. 2d 127, 663 N.W.2d 715 (holding that a guidance counselor's act of wrongly advising a student that his classes were approved by the NCAA was discretionary, despite the guidance counselor's receipt of clear and unambiguous forms detailing approved and unapproved NCAA courses); Brown v. Acuity, 2013 WI 60, ¶59, 348 Wis. 2d 603, 833 N.W.2d 96 (holding that a firefighter was liable for running through a red stop signal with his emergency lights activated, but without an audible signal, because he violated a clear ministerial duty). 3 2017AP1593.rfd system gave rise to a ministerial duty and left no room for the exercise of discretion. this court return to Rather than employ the judicial labels has layered over the plain text Wis. Stat. of § 893.80(4) § 893.80(4), I would and adhere to this court's stated purpose for the limited exception of governmental immunity. See Engelhardt v. City of New Berlin, 2019 WI 2, ¶75, 385 2d Wis. 86, 921 N.W.2d 714 (Dallet, J., concurring) ("Returning to the text of § 893.80(4) would not only result in coherency in our jurisprudence, it would also allow redress to innocent victims for wrongs committed by the government."); see also Melchert v. Pro Electric Contractors, 2017 WI 30, ¶65, 374 Wis. 2d 439, 892 N.W.2d 710 (R.G. Bradley, J., dissenting) ("Restoring an interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4) properly grounded in that section's text would bring coherence and predictability to our governmental immunity jurisprudence."). ¶77 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.80(4) provides that "[n]o suit may be brought against any . . . governmental subdivision or any agency thereof . . . or against its officers, officials, agents or employees for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial, or quasi-judicial functions." common, ordinary, § 893.80(4) afford and accepted governmental meaning immunity The of the words in only for agents or employees of a governmental entity who are engaged in an act 4 2017AP1593.rfd that, in some sense or degree, resembles making laws or exercising judgments related to government business.4 ¶78 When Village employees reacted to the high wastewater levels at the main lift station on September 10, 2014, they were not making government any laws business or exercising pursuant to any Wis. judgments Stat. related to § 893.80(4). Moreover, they were not making balanced policy decisions for wastewater management on behalf of the Village for which the protection of immunity was intended. said to manner. an have acted in a They therefore cannot be quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial Treating the Village employees' actions in response to emergency as legislative, quasi-legislative, judicial, or quasi-judicial functions protected by immunity is a distortion of the clear statutory language of § 893.80(4) and the purpose of governmental immunity. ¶79 to On the other hand, formal action by the Village Board memorialize or adopt the protocol regarding the proper response to high wastewater levels could qualify as a quasilegislative function of the Village. Had the Village's protocol been memorialized or adopted by the Village Board, followed by 4 The word "legislative" means "[o]f, relating to, or involving lawmaking or the power to enact laws; concerned with making laws." Legislative, Black's Law Dictionary 1039 (10th ed. 2014). The word "judicial" means "[o]f, relating to, or involving a judgment." Judicial, Black's Law Dictionary 974. The word "quasi" means "[s]eemingly but not actually; in some sense or degree; resembling; nearly." Quasi, Black's Law Dictionary 1439. A "function" refers to an "[a]ctivity that is appropriate to a particular business or profession." Function, Black's Law Dictionary 787. 5 2017AP1593.rfd the Village employees on September 10, 2014, yet the backup still occurred, the Village would arguably have immunity against a claim for negligence because their employees acted in accordance with a policy adopted pursuant to a legislative or quasi-legislative function. However, in this case it is undisputed that the protocol was never mandated by the Village and, in any improperly event, granted was summary not followed. judgment The to the circuit Village court on the grounds that the Village was immune from suit under Wis. Stat. § 893.80(4). Since Pinter's negligence claim is not barred by the of doctrine governmental immunity, the cause should be remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings on this claim.5 B. The evidence in the record and inferences from that evidence were sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact on Pinter's private nuisance claim without the need for expert testimony. ¶80 The majority concludes that Pinter did not raise a genuine issue of material fact as to his private nuisance claim because he did not present expert testimony. Majority op., ¶59. To the contrary, I conclude that the evidence in the record and inferences genuine from issue of that evidence material were fact 5 that sufficient the to Village create a negligently I further conclude that the Village is not entitled to governmental immunity on Pinter's private nuisance claim, which the majority opinion assumes without deciding. See majority op., ¶59. 6 2017AP1593.rfd maintained the wastewater disposal system causing a private nuisance, and that expert testimony was not required. ¶81 Whether the Village may be held liable for maintaining a nuisance in its operation of the wastewater disposal system depends upon whether there was underlying negligent conduct on the part of the Village "otherwise actionable under the rules governing liability for negligent . . . conduct." Wisconsin Power & Light Co. v. Columbia Cty., 3 Wis. 2d 1, 11, 87 N.W.2d 279 (1958). To prove liability for negligent conduct, Pinter must therefore prove four elements: (1) the existence of a duty of care on the part of the Village; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a causal connection between the breach of the duty of care and Pinter's injury; and (4) actual damages resulting from the breach. ¶82 Village The disputed negligently issues in maintained this case are the wastewater whether disposal the system and whether that negligence caused the wastewater to back up into Pinter's basement. The Village argues, and the majority opinion agrees, that Pinter did not present the requisite expert testimony to wastewater disposal recognize that prove it system. "[t]he extraordinary one." was negligent However, requirement of in the maintaining majority expert fails testimony is the to an White v. Leeder, 149 Wis. 2d 948, 960, 440 N.W.2d 557 (1989). ¶83 required, In reaching its conclusion that expert testimony is the majority opinion adopts the court of appeals' characterization of the Menick case and thus appears to adopt 7 2017AP1593.rfd the proposition that an expert witness is required as a matter of law to prove a claim for private nuisance arising out of negligent maintenance of a wastewater disposal system.6 Menick v. City of Menasha, 200 Wis. 2d 737, 547 N.W.2d 778 (Ct. App 1996). However, Menick does not stand for this proposition. Menick, the court of appeals relied upon not only In Menick's "fail[ure] to provide any expert testimony" in affirming summary judgment, but also Menick's failure "to advance any theory of liability supported by specific allegations of negligent actions on the part of the City." plaintiff in Menick Id. at 748. proceeded only Unlike in this case, the on a theory of strict liability and there was another potential cause of the sewage backup unrelated rainfall. to Rather the than actions create of a the bright City, line unprecedented rule, Menick supports the conclusion that whether an expert is required to prove causation in a private nuisance claim arising out of negligent maintenance of a wastewater disposal system is factspecific. 6 The court of appeals concluded that according to Menick v. City of Menasha, 200 Wis. 2d 737, 547 N.W.2d 778 (Ct. App 1996), Pinter needed to present expert evidence demonstrating: (1) that water from outside sources in fact infiltrates the wastewater disposal system; (2) when the water infiltrated the system and in what amount; (3) whether that amount of infiltration was unreasonable, given the size of the system; and (4) whether the infiltration contributed to the backup in Pinter's basement. Pinter v. Village of Stetsonville, No. 2017AP1593, unpublished slip op., ¶42 (Wis. Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2018). 8 2017AP1593.rfd ¶84 The majority opinion evidence that Pinter presents. which the storm water gives shrift to the Pinter identifies three ways in allegedly wastewater disposal system: short infiltrated the closed (1) leaky pipes; (2) sump pumps directly pumping into the wastewater disposal system; and (3) drain tiles system. improperly connected to the wastewater disposal Pinter relies upon the testimony of David Duellman, the Director of Public Works for the Village, who testified that the wastewater disposal system is supposed to be a closed system from storm water but that water still infiltrates the system. Duellman testified that there is an eight-inch wastewater treatment line that goes up to the hill north of town and that "we believe that's where a lot of the infiltration is coming from." He further testified that sump pumps are draining into the wastewater disposal system and that some of the older homes have drain tiles disposal system. carefully. that might accumulate into the wastewater Duellman admitted that they watched the rains Moreover, Pinter testified that on October 1, 2014, when he asked why the water comes into his basement, Duellman told him that "they have some broken pipes on the north end that the water filters in from the ditch line" and that the Village did not have the over one hundred thousand dollars needed to fix them. ¶85 Pinter also presented the testimony of the Village President, Gregory Brunner, who testified that the wastewater disposal system had a problem with storm water infiltration if there was "heavy rain." Pinter also points to concessions by 9 2017AP1593.rfd Brunner that: (1) the Village had not enforced its own ordinance that made it illegal to connect a sump pump into the wastewater disposal system; (2) sometime after September 10, 2014, the Village created an inspection schedule to address this issue; and (3) in October 2014, the Village Board of Trustees created a formal policy which called for pumping when the wastewater reached the fourth rung, no questions asked, and that no backups have occurred in Pinter's basement since then. Pinter asserts that the testimony and common sense prove that causation in this case was uncontroverted as a matter of law or, at a minimum, raise a genuine issue of material fact. ¶86 testimony I agree with Pinter that the inferences drawn from the of the Village employees taken in the light most favorable to Pinter, the standard the majority opinion fails to acknowledge, provides a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Village negligently maintained its wastewater disposal system and whether this negligence was a substantial factor in the wastewater backup into Pinter's basement.7 issue is asserts. not nuanced Instead, and water complex, as infiltration, the majority wastewater This opinion disposal system overflows, seepage of wastewater into homes, and related issues are all within the capability of jurors to understand and 7 Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 907.02, experience may qualify someone as an "expert": "a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion." Pinter never raised the issue of whether Duellman's experience qualified him to testify as an expert, and therefore I will not address it. 10 2017AP1593.rfd do not require Pinter's witnesses any specialized described knowledge personal or experiences experience. with and observations of the infiltration of storm water into the closed wastewater disposal system through leaky pipes and improperly connected sump pumps and drain tiles. In addition, these witnesses reported a connection between storm water infiltration and the rising wastewater levels. This testimony, along with the application of common sense, allows the trier of fact to draw its own conclusions without the need for expert testimony. See Tews v. NHI, LLC, 2010 WI 137, ¶42, 330 Wis. 2d 389, 793 N.W.2d 860 (reasoning that "'[o]n summary judgment the court does not decide the issue of fact; it decides whether there is a genuine issue of fact'") (quoted source omitted).8 ¶87 Accordingly, I would reverse the court of appeals as to both of Pinter's claims and remand the cause to the circuit court for further proceedings. ¶88 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent. ¶89 I am authorized to state that Justices REBECCA GRASSL BRADLEY and DANIEL KELLY join this dissent. 8 While I would not require an expert in this case, it does "not close the door to the possibility that expert testimony may later assist the trier of fact." Racine Cty. v. Oracular Milwaukee, Inc., 2010 WI 25, ¶35, 323 Wis. 2d 682, 781 N.W.2d 88. 11 2017AP1593.rfd 1
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