State of WV ex rel. Affiliated Const. v. Viewig (concurring)
Annotate this Case
No. 26364 - SER Affiliated Construction Trades Foundation v.
William F. Vieweg, Commissioner,
et al
Workman, Justice, concurring :
A Rotting Carp
This entire case reminds me of the old
saying that "There's something rotten in Denmark." Well, there is definitely
something rotten in West Virginia, and I am outraged not only by the aspects of the
history of this case that the record permits us to get our teeth into, but perhaps even
more so by various hidden agendas that smellSee
footnote 1 1 to the high heavens, but which we can't get our teeth into on
this record. Because of the lack of factual development, I am limited in my ability to
pull back the curtains so as to cast light upon the shrouded plans, conduct, and actions
surrounding the entire process from inception to date. Indeed, a review of the available
documents, most of which are only here as a result of being requested by this Court,
suggests that anybody who is not confused, doesn't really understand what's going
on. Nevertheless, even the sparse documentation available casts an odor not unlike that of
a dead and rotting carp. This opinion will neither win friends nor influence people on
either side of the philosophical aisle, but these are things that need to be said.
That I have voted with the majority
should not be taken as an opinion that the dismissal of the underlying lawsuits was a wise
or even proper course of action.See footnote 2 2
Nor should it be taken as agreement with anything that either of the last two
Commissioners or the Performance Council have done in this entire issue. Moreover, the
decision of the Court that neither prohibition nor mandamus is appropriate should not be
construed as limiting the possibilities for bringing a lawsuit for breach of fiduciary
responsibility, violations of open government requirements, violations of ethics
requirements, or any other potential causes of action. In fact, as I shall make clear, I
believe there should be a full and complete factual exposition of what occurred here so
that the chips can fall where they may.
The reason I join the majority is that
the law is absolutely clear that neither prohibition nor mandamus is available to order
the Commissioner to dismiss the lawsuits. The Commissioner is a statutory animal, created,
molded, and maintained by legislative authority. West Virginia Code § 21A-2-6 (1996)
provides that the Commissioner "is the executive and administrative head of the
bureau and has the power and duty to. . . exercise general supervision. . . , [s]upervise
fiscal affairs and responsibilities. . . , [i]nvoke any legal or special remedy. . . ,
[e]xercise any other power necessary to standardize administration, expedite bureau
business, and assure the establishment of fair rules and promote the efficiency of the
service[.]" West Virginia Code § 23-1-1(a) (1996) provides that the Commissioner
"has the sole responsibility for the administration of this chapter except for such
matters as are entrusted to the compensation programs performance council. . . ."
West Virginia Code § 21A-2-1 (1996) further defines the Commissioner's role, indicating
that the Commissioner "shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, and shall hold his office subject to the will and pleasure of the
governor." Thus, the Commissioner's powers, duties, and limitations have been broadly
delineated by statute and have been created exclusively by statute.
A mandate by this Court that the
Commissioner must obtain court approval for dismissals of civil actions would be an
improper intrusion by this Court into the legislative arena. "Courts are not free to
read into the language what is not there. . . ." State ex rel. Frazier v. Meadows,
193 W. Va. 20, 24, 454 S.E.2d 65, 69 (1994).
It is not the province of courts to revise
the work of the Legislature and supply what, in their opinion, are omissions of provisions
necessary to make a statutory system or plan wise and expedient. If that could be done in
one case it could be done in all, and the courts would become legislative, as well as
judicial, tribunals, a result positively forbidden by the Constitution of the state.
In re Application for License to Practice Law, 67 W.Va. 213, 231, 67 S.E. 597,
604-05 (1910).
In Boyd v. Merritt, 177 W. Va.
472, 354 S.E.2d 106 (1986), we explained that "[t]his Court does not sit as a
superlegislature, commissioned to pass upon the political, social, economic, or scientific
merits of statutes pertaining to proper subjects of legislation. It is the duty of the
legislature to consider facts, establish policy, and embody that policy in
legislation." Id. at 474, 354 S.E.2d at 108. Similarly, in Randolph County
Board of Education v. Adams, 196 W.Va. 9, 467 S.E.2d 150 (1995), we stated:
When acting within its legitimate
constitutional sphere, judicial deference given to both the West Virginia Legislature and
administrative bodies has been confirmed. See Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax
Dept. of W. Va., 195 W.Va. 573, 466 S.E.2d 424 (1995). The practice of deferring to
rationally based legislative enactments is a paradigm of judicial restraint.
Id. at 24, 467 S.E.2d at 165.
One local newspaper
recently ran an editorial to the effect that the Commissioner should not be allowed to
drop the lawsuits. I was intrigued by the newspaper's comment that "We leave the
complex legal details to the State Supreme Court, but, we hope they find a sound
reason" to prevent the lawsuits' dismissal. Well, the devil is in the details. The
fact is that the complex legal "details" involve the doctrine of the separation
of powers and a whole history of legal precedent, and they to me are not just niceties
that can be overlooked.
Fiduciary Duty
I concur with the majority
that there is a fiduciary duty on the part of the Commissioner and members of the
Performance Council to protect the financial integrity of the Workers Compensation Fund.
Because there is a fiduciary duty, the Petitioners may have the right to bring a breach of
fiduciary duty suit against the Commissioner and the Performance Council. Before
addressing that possibility in more depth, however, there are other matters that need to
be addressed.
$3 1/2 Million Down the Drain
The waste of $3 1/2
million of West Virginia taxpayers money is a sorry saga that ought to be examined
closely. These "fee arrangements" (if one can be so charitable as to call them
that) initially entered into by the previous administrationSee footnote 3 3 are shocking to the conscience. But the
current administration,See footnote 4 4 which
now uses the contract for these absurd and excessive legal fees and expenses and the $3
1/2 million of state funds already spent thereunder as one of the primary bases for
seeking the dismissal of the lawsuits, fails to point out that these contracts are
cancellable by the State upon thirty days notice. Why didn't the Commissioner cancel the
contracts and pursue these lawsuits either through the Attorney General's Office, through
in-house counsel, or through contingency contracts with private lawyers, any of which
would have cost the state only reasonable expenses unless there was recovery? Only when
recovery was had would the contingency fees be taken from the sums recovered.
In fact, it seems that the outcome
for the State is rather like that of Alice's situation in Wonderland-less or nothing.
'Take some more tea,' the March
Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
'I've had nothing yet,' Alice replied in
an offended tone, 'so I can't take
more.'
'You mean you can't take less,'
said
the Hatter: 'it's very easy to take more
than nothing.'
Here, the State got less or nothing while
the lawyers got more. The old proverb that a lawyer's opinion is worth nothing unless paid
for has been extended to the maximum of absurdity in this case. The State has paid legal
fees of $1,891,500See footnote 5 5 to
the firms of Fredeking & Fredeking and Galloway & Associates for "litigation
recommendations."
A brief recitation of how the State
came to pay nearly $2 million for the thoughts of Fredeking and Galloway is instructive.
The process of providing full employment status for several lawyers appears to have been
initiated by a solicitation letter from R. R. Fredeking, II, to John H. Kozak, Director of
Legal Services Division, Bureau of Employment Programs. Mr. Fredeking, in a letter dated
April 7, 1995, announced that he would like to meet with Mr. Kozak and then Commissioner
Richardson to discuss a plan to collect delinquent premiums owed the Fund by the coal
industry. Mr. Fredeking pitched his access to a "comprehensive coal ownership and
control database" available to identify links to entities who may be legally
responsible for payment in addition to a nominal employer. It appears that shortly
thereafter, Mr. Fredeking and Mr. Kozak met and discussed contracts. On May 12, 1995, Mr.
Fredeking submitted a proposed agreement to Commissioner Richardson for the collection of
delinquent worker's compensation accounts due from the coal industry.
By June of 1995, Commissioner
Richardson must have contacted Attorney General Darrell V. McGraw, Jr., regarding the
matter. In a letter dated June 8, 1995, to Commissioner Richardson, Managing Deputy
Attorney General Deborah L. McHenry indicated that a meeting was scheduled regarding the
collection of unpaid worker's compensation premiums. Ms. McHenry noted that the Attorney
General requested written documentation outlining the extent of the problem with respect
to unpaid premiums including the special legal theories involved and a proposal as to the
functional structure, goals and objectives regarding collections work. Finally, Ms.
McHenry requested that the Attorney General be advised as to who had been involved in the
development of the Bureau proposal.
On June 12, 1995, Commissioner
Richardson wrote to Attorney General McGraw stating that he had concluded that there is a
reasonable probability that several of the larger employers in the mineral extracting
industry have engaged in a pattern and practice of behavior to circumvent the payment of
justly due premium taxes to the Fund. In particular, we have reason to believe that these
employers operated mines and other facilities through captive companies and through vastly
under capitalized companies knowing such companies could not operate under the laws of
this State, including the requirements to pay premium taxes due to Worker's Compensation
Fund and remain viable entities. Other schemes also appear to have been used.
Commissioner Richardson indicated that as part of his fiduciary capacity on behalf
of the Fund, he wanted to pursue actions against these larger employers.
Commissioner Richardson indicated that
he had discussed litigation with Mr. L. Thomas Galloway, Esquire, of the law firm of
Galloway & Associates of Washington, D.C. It was stated that Mr.Galloway had compiled
an extensive proprietary database of information on the inner workings of the coal
industry and that the database was not available anywhere else in the country.
Commissioner Richardson sought the consideration and approval of the appointment of Mr.
Galloway and other attorneys as special assistant attorney generals to work on these
litigation matters by use of a contingency fee mechanism.
On July 7, 1995, Mr. Fredeking
forwarded a contingent fee proposal of Mr. Fredeking and Mr. Galloway to collect the
Worker's Compensation Fund debt. On July 31, 1995, the Attorney General appointed several
attorneys including Mr. Galloway as special assistant attorneys general to the litigation
team for the prosecution of causes of action to recover unpaid worker's compensation
premiums. Interestingly, the appointment letter provided that:
it is contemplated that you will
advance all expenses necessary to commence and maintain these actions. Your fee shall be
subject to the approval of the court and shall not exceed the proper reasonable and
customary fee rate which is equal to one- third (33-1/3%) of recovery for those cases
which are filed in any circuit court and the fee not to exceed 20% of any premiums which
are recovered due to any administrative action which is undertaken.
Apparently, this appointment letter was not
satisfactory. The documentation, as well as public newspaper accounts at the time,
indicate a disagreement between the Attorney General and Commissioner Richardson regarding
the lawyers to be appointed as well as the terms of appointment. Mr. Galloway declined
appointment under the fee terms outlined by the Attorney General. During the month of
August 1995, the Attorney General requested information so that the project of attempting
to recover the delinquencies could proceed.
On August 21, 1995, the Attorney
General's Office informed Commissioner Richardson that none of the attorney's fees to be
paid are to paid from the monies received for the Fund, or from any other State fund.
Rather, said fees will be separately awarded by the Court against the delinquent employers
to be paid from the delinquent employers' own fund, not from their delinquent
premiums. All fees are required to be approved by the Court as customary, reasonable and
proper.
It appears that no agreement was reached
between Attorney General McGraw and Commissioner Richardson. On December 29, 1995, the
Attorney General's Office informed Mr. Kozak of the impropriety of the Bureau approving
any contract for legal services on the basis that the Bureau had no authority to enter
into a contract for legal services. Apparently, the administration promptly went to the
legislature seeking statutory authority for bypassing the Attorney General and for hiring
outside counsel on this matter. Pursuant to the enrolled committee substitute for House
Bill 4862, effective March 7, 1996, W.Va. Code § 21A-2-6 (17), was amended to authorize
the Commissioner of the Bureau of Employment Programs, with the approval of the
Compensation Programs Performance Council, to retain counsel outside the Attorney
General's Office.
The Compensation Programs Performance Council immediately published an attorney solicitation and on June 21, 1996, approved the hiring of attorneys (including Mr. Galloway and Mr. Fredeking) to represent the Bureau in the collections litigation. The representation agreement provided that the law firms of Fredeking & Fredeking and Galloway & Associates would receive a flat fee of $5,200 for computer use and attorney related work for each recommendation made, as to each employer, regarding whether administrative and/or judicial action should be taken against one or more entities. An addendum to the agreement provided for a reduced legal fee of $2,340 for each recommendation made in 1998. To date, the Fredeking and Galloway firms have been paid $1,891,500 for their recommendations. Attorney's fees of this sort represent an absolutely outrageous "boondoggle." See footnote 6 6
Moreover, the agreement provided for a
contingent fee to be approved by a court or an administrative law judge in an amount no
less than 20% of the recovery. This was in addition to the $5200 for every litigation
memorandum! Further, and unbelievably, the Bureau agreed to pay the cost for consultation
for screening, coding, storage and retrieval of documents and transcripts; microfilm
readers; reproduction costs; mailing costs; telephone costs; paralegals based outside West
Virginia; consulting experts; Lexis and Westlaw Research; and, ownership and control
tracking and other computer related expenses not to exceed $5,000 per month.
Interestingly, it appears that the contract had a one-year term and has been annually
renewed by virtue of a change order approved through the State of West Virginia Purchasing
Division. It appears that by virtue of purchase order no. BEP979 the representation
agreement was extended for an additional year beginning July 1, 1999, and ending June 30,
2000. The Bureau Division Head, Ed Burdette, and Commissioner Vieweg signed the
justification for the continuation of the coal litigation project on April 27, 1999. Now,
four years after inception, some $3.4 million lighter and less than two months after
renewing the representation agreement, Commissioner Vieweg, in his capacity as the
fiduciary of the Fund, abandons this project with respect to the major big coal companies.
We are left to wonder what the State has achieved. The record does not reflect whether the
payment of over $1.8 million for "recommendations" resulted in the collection,
through an administrative process or otherwise, of one penny of worker's compensation
premiums.
Backroom Deals
While I recognize that legislative
matters generally involve negotiation and compromise by competing interest groups, a
review of the record in this matter, together with oral arguments of this case, have left
me with the clear impression that something is "rotten in Denmark." This entire
matter is a landmine of hidden agendas. While there is no written agreement regarding a
"deal" whereby the coal industry agreed to an increase in premium rates in
return for the dismissal of the lawsuits at issue, all entities involved dance gingerly
around this issue of a deal.
The Performance Council vote to drop 25
major coal companies from the lawsuits seeking to collect the unpaid premiums and interest
came almost simultaneously with Governor Cecil Underwood's signing of a new Worker's
Compensation Fund Bill making it easier for injured workers to qualify for permanent total
disability benefits. It is extremely troubling that the Performance Council discussed the
decision to dismiss the lawsuits in a secret executive sessionSee footnote 7 7 letting a few large coal companies
off-the-hook from huge potential liabilities after closed-door meetings, while regularly
suing small business people and sole proprietors. Such action appears to violate all
notions of open, fair and accessible government and leaves the public with no confidence
in the operation of government.
Performance Council
The conduct of the labor
representatives on the Performance Council is troubling. If representations made to this
Court are accurate, these individuals do not consult with the labor organizations they
represent. If this is the case, the legislature should reconsider whether the Performance
Council is functioning as intended. In any event, the fact that these individuals have not
truly represented the viewpoints of their affiliated organizations leads to an environment
that promotes "brokered deals" that are then "broken." This Court has
been provided only with the shattered remnants and is unable to put the pieces together in
a proceeding where there has been no factual development.
UbiJus, ibi remediation, (or For Every Wrong, There is a Remedy)
As law students, we learn that in the
law, for every wrong there is a remedy. Because this Court cannot properly give relief by
prohibition or mandamus, we cannot untangle the web that has been woven.
The fiduciary duties of the
Commissioner are of great magnitude, and they are not diminished by our judicial restraint
in this case. By declining to grant the requested mandamus, we do not disregard the
fiduciary duty; we simply find that the existence of the fiduciary duty in the context of
the record presently before us does not compel the conclusion that the Commissioner had a
mandatory, non-discretionary duty to continue to pursue the underlying lawsuits.
Although this Court has not previously
identified precisely the elements of a cause of action for a breach of a fiduciary duty,
courts have held that the elements of such a cause of action are the existence of the
fiduciary relationship, its breach, and damage proximately caused by that breach. Pierce
v. Lyman,, 3 Cal. Rptr. 2d 236, 240 (1991). "A cause of action for breach of
fiduciary duty requires proof of fraud, breach of trust, or an action outside the limits
of the fiduciary's authority." Gerdes v. Estate of Cush, 953 F.2d 201, 205
(5th Cir. 1992).
Thus, there may well be a cause of
action for the alleged breach of a fiduciary duty. Such a lawsuit would entail a complete
and thorough exposition of the facts at the heart of this issue. The people of West
Virginia deserve the facts. They deserve to find out how and why the present and former
administrations have spent three and one-half million dollars of their tax money for
nothing, and what closed-door meetings and/or deals were held to decide the issues at the
heart of this dispute.
Will the Commissioner really dismiss
these lawsuits without further explanation in view of this fiduciary duty?
If he does, will a lawsuit(s) for
breach of fiduciary duty be brought against the Commissioner and the Performance Council?
Will the people of West Virginia really
know the truth?
Stay tuned.
Footnote: 1 1One of the dissenters states "the majority seems to miss what must be so readily apparent to thousands of West Virginians - this deal just doesn't pass the smell test." The majority did not miss the smell. Unfortunately, whether this series of transactions passes the "smell test" is not the legal standard by which this Court determines whether to grant extraordinary relief in mandamus.
Footnote: 2 2These lawsuits were all based on substantially the same legal theory. It would have
been very simple for the Commissioner to have brought one test case, gotten a clear legal ruling on the theory of recovery, and if he prevailed, pursued the other claims under a contingency fee contract.
Footnote: 3 3Governor Gaston Caperton, Workers Compensation Commissioner, Andrew
Richardson, and the Performance Council, which has had the same membership continuously since its creation in 1993.
Footnote: 4 4Governor Cecil Underwood, Commissioner Vieweg and the Performance Council.
Footnote: 5 5The entire tab to the taxpayers totals almost $3 1/2 million, when other litigation expenses are included.
Footnote: 6 6 Indeed, it appears that these payments for recommendations bolster the Attorney
General's argument that the potential for harm and damage to the State when the power to coordinate the State's legal services is stripped from the Attorney General is immense.
Footnote: 7 7Although the issue of the closed-door discussion was not raised in a manner which placed the issue properly before us, the parties argued the propriety of closing the Performance Council meeting on March 12, 1999. Discussions regarding pending litigation without an attorney present do not appear to be proper subjects of closed executive sessions pursuant to the Open Governmental Proceedings Act, West Virginia Code §§ 6-9A-1 to 7 (1993 and Supp. 1998) (hereinafter the "Act"). See W. Va. Code § 6-9A-4. We recently addressed whether a public meeting otherwise required to be open under the Act, could be closed because an agency attorney was present in Peters v. Wood County Commission, No. 25354 (filed July 14, 1999), ___ W.Va.___, ___S.E.2d.__ (1999). In Peters we held that privileged communications between a public body subject to the Act and its attorney are exempted from the Act, as long as the statutory requirements of the Act are met. Syl. Pt. 5, Peters, ___, W.Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d. at ___.
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