State of WV v. Hardesty
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
___________
No. 22593
___________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,
v.
LINDA HARDESTY,
Defendant Below, Appellant
_______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Preston County
Honorable Robert Halbritter, Judge
Criminal Action No. 93-F-52
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
_______________________________________________________
Submitted: May 30, 1995
Filed: July 18, 1995
Virginia Jackson Hopkins
Prosecuting Attorney
Kingwood, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellee
William L. Frame
Wilson, Frame, Benninger & Metheny
Morgantown, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellant
JUDGE FOX delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUDGE FOX, sitting by temporary assignment.
JUSTICE CLECKLEY concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. Concurrent sentencing does not cure violations of constitutional double
jeopardy provisions prohibiting multiple punishments for the same offense.
2. "The following factors are normally considered under a totality of
circumstances test to determine whether one or two conspiracies are involved: (1) time; (2)
persons acting as co-conspirators; (3) the statutory offenses charged in the indictments; (4)
the overt acts charged by the government or any other description of the offenses charged
which indicate the nature and the scope of the activity which the government sought to
punish in each case; and (5) places where the events alleged as part of the conspiracy took
place. These factors are guidelines only. The essence of the determination is whether there
is one agreement to commit two crimes, or more than one agreement, each with a separate
object." Syllabus point 8, State v. Johnson, 179 W.Va. 619, 371 S.E.2d 340 (1988).
3. Audio and video tape recording transcripts provided to a jury as an aid
while the actual tapes are being seen or heard are not themselves evidence, should not be
admitted into evidence, and should not be furnished to the jury during deliberations. Audio
and video tape recording transcripts are demonstrative aids for the understanding of
evidence; they should be so marked and identified; and the court should instruct the jury
regarding the purpose and limited use of the transcripts.
Fox, Judge:See footnote 1
This appeal from the Circuit Court of Preston County, West Virginia, brings
before the Court two issues arising from a trial in which the appellant, Linda Hardesty, was
convicted of eight criminal offenses relating to the possession and delivery of a controlled
substance. The appellant contends she received multiple punishments for the same offense,
in violation of the double jeopardy provisions of the West Virginia and United States
Constitutions. She also contends the circuit court erred in rulings relating to the admission
into evidence of a written transcript of audio tape recordings made by police.
In July 1993, a confidential informant with the Tygart Valley Drug and
Narcotics Task Force (Task Force) began working in the Kingwood, West Virginia, area.
On 12 July 1993, the informant paid a visit to The Office Bar in Kingwood, an establishment
operated by the appellant. After striking up a conversation with the appellant, the informant
indicated his desire to purchase "four hits of acid."See footnote 2 The appellant left the bar and went upstairs to the apartment where she lived with her daughter and her daughter's boyfriend,
Chris Shrout. After a brief interval, the appellant returned with the LSD. She and the
informant left the bar, and the informant paid her and received the LSD on the sidewalk in
front of the bar.
On 13 July 1993, the informant returned to The Office Bar, spoke with the
appellant, and asked to purchase four more hits of LSD. Using an intercom system, the
appellant called upstairs and placed the informant's order. Chris Shrout subsequently came
downstairs, and the informant gave Shrout money and received the LSD there in the bar.
Later the same day, while working on an unrelated case, the informant noticed
Shrout standing on the street in front of The Office Bar. The informant asked Shrout if he
had any LSD left, and Shrout said he had three hits left. The informant left, returned to the
Task Force members, and asked if they wanted a "buy" of the remaining LSD. Members of
the Task Force instructed the informant "to get the rest of it off the street." The informant
returned and parked his car in a space in front of the bar. The appellant emerged from the
bar, and the informant placed his order. The appellant then went upstairs, returned with the
LSD, and she and the informant consummated their transaction.
The informant wore a "wire" on each of the three occasions he purchased LSD
from the appellant and Chris Shrout. The "wire" consisted of a microphone and a radio
transmitter which transmitted the informant's conversation to Task Force members, who
made audio tape recordings of the transmissions.
In October 1993, the Preston County Prosecuting Attorney brought The Office
Bar cases before the county's grand jury. On 19 October 1993, the grand jury returned a ten-
count indictment against the appellant. Counts 1, 4, and 7 of the indictment charged the
appellant with possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver within 1000 feet
of a public school, in violation of W.Va. Code § 60A-4-401.See footnote 3 Counts 2, 5, and 8 of the indictment charged the appellant with delivery of a controlled substance within 1000 feet of
a public school, in violation of W.Va. Code § 60A-4-401(a)(ii).See footnote 4 Counts 3 and 10,
alternatively, charged the appellant with delivery of an imitation controlled substance in
violation of W.Va. Code § 60A-4-401.See footnote 5 Counts 6 and 9 charged the appellant with
conspiracy to deliver a controlled substance, in violation of W.Va. Code § 61-10-31.See footnote 6
The appellant was arraigned on 29 October 1993 and pleaded not guilty to all
charges. At the arraignment, the prosecutor provided a disclosure, listing as exhibits the
audio tape recordings made by the Task Force of the informant's transactions with the
appellant and Chris Shrout. The disclosure did not reveal the identity of the informant. The
case was scheduled for trial on 5 April 1994.
At trial, a jury convicted the appellant on eight counts of the indictment: three
counts of possession with the intent to deliver LSD within 1000 feet of a public school; three
counts of delivery of LSD within 1000 feet of a public school; and two counts of conspiracy
to commit the crime of delivery of a controlled substance. The jury acquitted the appellant
on the two alternative charges of delivery of an imitation controlled substance. The court
sentenced the appellant to eight concurrent one-to-five-year sentences.See footnote 7
The appellant argues she received multiple punishments for the same offense,
in violation of State and Federal constitutional double jeopardy provisions.See footnote 8 Specifically, she
contends she was punished for eight crimes, but the evidence supported only four substantive crimes, that is, three LSD sales and one continuing conspiracy to sell LSD. The appellant
raised the same contention prior to and at the time of trial. The circuit court agreed, in part,
concluding the three possession with intent to deliver charges and the three delivery charges
were duplicative. In an effort to cure this double jeopardy violation, the court ran the
sentences concurrently, so "there is no multiple punishment for those three counts." The
court rejected the appellant's contention that the two conspiracy charges were duplicate
charges of the same crime.
We agree with the trial court's conclusion that the possession with intent to
deliver counts and the delivery counts were duplicate charges, and that multiple punishments
for these duplicate charges would violate constitutional double jeopardy protections.
However, we do not agree with the trial court's conclusion that the concurrent sentencing
cured violations of double jeopardy provisions prohibiting multiple punishments for the same
offense. Concurrent sentencing does not cure violations of constitutional double jeopardy
provisions prohibiting multiple punishments for the same offense. See State ex rel. Blake
v. Chafin, 183 W.Va. 269, 395 S.E.2d 513 (1990).
In Chafin, this Court explicitly rejected the view known as the "concurrent
sentence rule." Essentially, the concurrent sentence rule holds concurrent sentencing cures
violations of constitutional double jeopardy provisions prohibiting multiple punishments for
the same offense. We reject the concurrent sentence rule because we believe there is a possibility that duplicate convictions adversely affect an inmate's consideration for parole.
This harm is not cured by concurrent sentences. For example, as in this case, we believe
there is a substantial possibility that an inmate with three convictions will receive more
favorable consideration for parole than an inmate with six convictions.
In accord with this view, we conclude the trial court should have stricken the
three duplicate convictions for possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgments of conviction entered against the appellant on counts
1, 4, and 7, charging her with possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance.
We disagree with the appellant's contention that the two conspiracy counts are
duplicate charges of the same crime. The evidence clearly proves that on two occasions, on
two different days, two separate conspiracies occurred and resulted in two distinct drug sale
transactions. Although the conspirators and the type of controlled substance were the same
in each transaction, the two transactions shared no other evidentiary basis. In syllabus point
8 of State v. Johnson, 179 W.Va. 619, 371 S.E.2d 340 (1988), this Court stated:
The following factors are normally considered under a
totality of circumstances test to determine whether one or two
conspiracies are involved: (1) time; (2) persons acting as co-
conspirators; (3) the statutory offenses charged in the
indictments; (4) the overt acts charged by the government or any
other description of the offenses charged which indicate the
nature and the scope of the activity which the government
sought to punish in each case; and (5) places where the events
alleged as part of the conspiracy took place. These factors are guidelines only. The essence of the determination is whether
there is one agreement to commit two crimes, or more than one
agreement, each with a separate object.
The times, means of the conspirators' communications, manner of delivery of the drugs,
places of the delivery of the drugs, and the identity of the conspirator delivering the drugs
differed in each transaction. For these reasons, we conclude the conspirators made two
separate agreements to deliver LSD.
Accordingly, we conclude the appellant's sentencing on the two conspiracy
convictions did not violate the constitutional double jeopardy provisions prohibiting multiple
punishments for the same offense.
The appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence
transcripts of the audio recordings of the drug sale transactions prepared by the police. She
contends the admission of the transcripts "unfairly surprised and prejudiced" her and that the
admission of the transcripts violated Rule 1002 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence,
commonly known as the "best evidence rule."See footnote 9
Utilizing the informant's hidden microphone and radio transmitter, Task Force
members made audio tape recordings of the drug sale transactions between the informant,
the appellant, and Chris Shrout. The resulting audio tapes were of poor quality. Task Force
members electronically enhanced the recordings and, on or about 1 April 1994, Task Force
members and the informant repeatedly listened to the enhanced recordings and prepared
transcripts. On Friday, 1 April 1994, copies of the transcripts were faxed and hand delivered
to the appellant's trial counsel. The appellant's trial began on 5 April 1994.
At the commencement of the trial, the appellant's counsel objected to the State's
intended use of the transcripts. In support of the objection, defense counsel contended
surprise and violation of the best evidence rule. The trial court overruled the objection and
allowed the admission of the transcripts into evidence. The defense requested a cautionary
instruction. The court complied, and gave the instruction each time a tape was played for
the jury.See footnote 10 Each of the three times the tapes were played, the jury was furnished with the transcripts. Although admitted into evidence, the record contains no indication the
transcripts were taken to the jury room during deliberations.
Audio and video tape recording transcripts provided to a jury as an aid while
the actual tapes are being seen or heard are not themselves evidence, should not be admitted
into evidence, and should not be furnished to the jury during deliberations. Audio and video
tape recording transcripts are demonstrative aids for the understanding of evidence; they
should be so marked and identified; and the court should instruct the jury regarding the
purpose and limited use of the transcripts.
To use transcripts [as a tool to assist the jury in listening to a
recording] . . . , the proponent must first authenticate the
transcripts, the court must carefully advise the jury that the
transcripts are only an aid and that the recording itself is the
substantive evidence, and the judge must not allow the
transcripts into the jury room because they are not actually
admitted into evidence . . . .
2 Franklin D. Cleckley, Handbook on Evidence for West Virginia Lawyers 343 (3d ed.
1994).
In United States v. Meredith, 824 F.2d 1418, 1427-28 (4th Cir. 1987), the
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's ruling which allowed the jury to see
a redacted transcript of a taped conversation. In so doing, the court stated:
More than once, we have recognized that the use of transcripts
in helping a jury to listen to a tape is within the trial court's
discretion. (Citations omitted.) In this case, the trial judge
properly exercised his discretion in offering the transcript as a
listening aid. The jury both read the transcript and heard the
tape. The trial court specifically instructed the jury that the tape
and not the transcript was in evidence, and that the transcript
was only to be used as a guide in following the tape. He also
told the jurors that their understanding of the tape, rather than
the transcript, was to govern their deliberations.
In the case at bar, even though the judge admitted the transcripts into evidence during the
trial, they were used only as listening aids.See footnote 11
Because the tape transcripts technically were not evidence, their admission into
evidence did not violate the best evidence rule. Accordingly, we reject the appellant's
contention that the admission of the transcripts into evidence violated the best evidence rule.
The appellant also contends she was surprised by the State's late disclosure of
the transcripts. The State disclosed the existence of the transcripts only four days prior to
trial, on 1 April 1994. And, it was on this date the State furnished copies of the transcripts
to the defense. Citing late disclosure and surprise as grounds, the appellant's counsel objected to the State's intended use of the transcripts. This objection, which was raised at
the beginning of the trial, was overruled by the court.
The appellant fails to specifically establish harm arising from the court's
decision overruling the objection to the transcripts. The appellant's brief contains only
conclusory contentions of prejudice as a result of the late disclosure of the transcripts and
use of the transcripts at trial. The appellant identifies no specific harm arising from the use
of the transcripts or their late disclosure. Conclusory assertions of prejudice are insufficient.
We also note that the appellant did not properly preserve or develop this issue
for appeal. Properly preserving and developing the issue required a motion for a continuance
and a proper record in support of the motion. When the court overruled the objection to the
transcripts, the appellant's counsel should have moved for a continuance. The motion should
have set forth the specific manner in which the defense would have utilized the transcripts
if granted a continuance. And, in support of the motion, the defense should have developed
a record which explored the reasons for the State's belated preparation of the transcripts.
Unfortunately, the record of this case contains no information regarding the reasons the
transcripts were not prepared until four days before trial. Most importantly, the record does
not reveal when the State decided it would prepare transcripts of the tapes. Because of the
appellant's failure to make a motion for a continuance and a proper record on this issue, we conclude the defense waived any error relating to the late disclosure of the transcripts or their
use at trial.
The appellant raises one other issue relating to the audio tape recordings. The
appellant's trial counsel was permitted to listen to the audio tapes but was not furnished
copies of the tapes. Moreover, the appellant was not permitted to listen to the tapes. The
State imposed these restrictions for the purpose of protecting the informant's identity. The
appellant now claims that these restrictions prevented an effective cross examination of Task
Force members regarding their interpretation of the tapes and prevented the development of
a proper explanation of the tapes' numerous unintelligible portions. We do not wholly
dismiss the possible merit in these contentions. However, the factual record runs counter to
the appellant's claims regarding the lack of opportunity for reviewing the tapes. On 29
October 1993, the State disclosed the existence of the tapes. Yet, the appellant's counsel did
not request the tapes until approximately two weeks prior to trial. Consequently, the
appellant assumed any disadvantage resulting from the "late" opportunity for reviewing the
tapes.
The appellant also contends prejudice resulted from the fact that she was not
personally permitted to listen to the tapes. Once again, the appellant failed to properly
preserve or develop this issue for appeal. The record contains no motion in which the
appellant asks the court to order the State to permit her to personally listen to the tapes. More importantly, the record contains no indication the appellant informed the circuit court
that she needed the tapes for the specific purpose of preparing a transcript representing her
version of the conversations recorded on the tapes. In the absence of such a motion
grounded in a specific need for the appellant's personal access to the tapes, and in the
absence of a record exploring the validity of the State's claim of protecting the informant's
identity, this Court lacks the means of addressing this issue.
For the reasons stated, we reverse the judgments of conviction entered against
the appellant on indictment counts 1, 4, and 7, charging her with possession with intent to
deliver a controlled substance. In accord with this result, we remand this case to the circuit
court with directions to strike the aforesaid judgments of conviction. However, the
remaining five concurrent one-to-five-year sentences, three sentences on the convictions for
delivery of LSD and two sentences on the convictions for conspiracy to deliver LSD, are
valid and may be properly executed.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part,
and remanded with directions.
Footnote: 1
Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this Court on 18 November
1994, the Honorable Fred L. Fox, II, Judge of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit, was assigned
to sit as a member of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals commencing 1 January
1995 and continuing through 31 March 1995, because of the physical incapacity of Justice
W. T. Brotherton, Jr. On 14 February 1995 a subsequent administrative order extended this
assignment until further order of said Court. Footnote: 2
"Acid" is the common term that refers to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
"Hit" is common terminology used to refer to a single dosage unit of LSD. West Virginia
Code § 60A-4-401 (1992) prohibits delivery and possession with intent to deliver controlled
substances, and W.Va. Code § 60A-2-204(d)(13) (1992) lists lysergic acid diethylamide as
a Schedule I controlled substance.Footnote: 3
West Virginia Code § 60A-4-401 (1992) provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Except as authorized by this chapter, it is unlawful
for any person to manufacture, deliver, or possess with intent to
manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance.
Any person who violates this subsection with respect to:
* * *
(ii) Any other controlled substance [not contained in (i)]
classified in Schedule I, II or III, is guilty of a felony, and, upon
conviction, may be imprisoned in the penitentiary for not less
than one year nor more than five years, or fined not more than
fifteen thousand dollars, or both [.]
West Virginia Code § 60A-4-406(a)(2) (1992) states:
(a) Notwithstanding any provision of this code, a person
convicted of a felony violation of the provisions of section four
hundred one [§ 60A-4-401] of this article for distribution of a
controlled substance who:
* * *
(2) [i]s eighteen years of age or older and the distribution
upon which the conviction is based occurred in or one, or within
one thousand feet of, the real property comprising a public or
private elementary, vocational or secondary school . . . shall, if
sentenced to the custody of the commissioner of corrections for
service of a sentence of incarceration, be ineligible for parole
for a period of two years.Footnote: 4
See note 3, supra.Footnote: 5
The West Virginia State Police Forensic Laboratory could confirm the
presence of LSD in only one of the speciments submitted. West Virginia Code § 60A-4-
401(b) (1992) states, in pertinent part:
(b) Except as authorized by this chapter, it is unlawful for
any person to create, deliver, or possess with intent to deliver,
a counterfeit substance.Footnote: 6
West Virginia Code § 61-10-31 (1992) states, in pertinent part:
It shall be unlawful for two or more persons to conspire
(1) to commit any offense against the State . . . .Footnote: 7
At the appellant's sentencing, the judge informed her, "[u]nder West Virginia
law you would not be eligible for parole until you would have served at least two years"
(referring to W.Va. Code § 60A-4-406(a)(2)).Footnote: 8
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in part:
"[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb[.]" Section 5 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution states, in part: "No person
shall . . . be twice put in jeopardy of life or liberty for the same offence."Footnote: 9
Rule 1002 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence states:
Requirement of Original. To prove the content of a
writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing,
recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise
provided in these rules or by statute.Footnote: 10
The court gave the following cautionary instruction to the jury each time they
were provided with a transcript of the recordings:
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, . . . the Court gives you
a cautionary instruction that you are going to hear the tape and
at the time you hear the tape you will have a copy of . . . the
transcript to read. What the tape says, what is said on this tape
is your decision. The transcript the Court admits on the basis
that it has been testified to how it was made and that's been
explained to you by the witness. It is not an official transcript.
You determine what was said from the tape. It is your decision
as to what this tape says and you're not bound in any manner by
what is on this transcript. This is simply what others who have
listened to it say that it says. But you as the judge of the facts
decide what is said on this tape and you as the judge of the facts
decide what weight and credit you're going to give to this
evidence, the same as with all other evidence.Footnote: 11
See United States v. Taghipour, 964 F.2d 908 (9th Cir. 1992).
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