C. Belinda Kay v. C., John David
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
___________
No. 22334
___________
BELINDA KAY C.,
Plaintiff Below, Appellant,
v.
JOHN DAVID C.,
Defendant Below, Appellee
_______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh County
Honorable Robert A. Burnside, Jr., Judge
Civil Action No. 91-D-872-B
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
_______________________________________________________
Submitted: January 17, 1995
Filed: February 17, 1995
H. L. Kirkpatrick, III
Ashworth & Kirkpatrick
Beckley, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellant
John David Cobb, Pro Se
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUDGE FOX sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
"The court may provide for the custody of minor children
of the parties, subject to such rights of visitation, both in and
out of the residence of the custodial parent or other person or
persons having custody, as may be appropriate under the
circumstances." W.Va. Code § 48-2-15(b)(1), in part.
Per Curiam:
In this domestic case, the appellant, Brenda Kay C.,
claims that the Circuit Court of Raleigh County erred in granting
the appellee, her former husband, John David C., unsupervised
visitation with the parties' two children. The appellant claims
that the appellee has exhibited violent behavior toward the
children and that, under the circumstances, the trial court should
have required that any visitation with the children be supervised.
We agree and, therefore, remand this matter to the circuit court
with directions that visitation be at least minimally supervised.
The marriage of the parties in this matter was turbulent,
and during it each obtained violence-related warrants against the
other. At length, they were divorced. At one time during the
pendency of the divorce proceeding, over twenty warrants and cross-
warrants were on file in the Magistrate Court of Raleigh County
involving the parties or members of their respective families.
In the divorce decree entered on March 9, 1992, the
appellant was awarded custody of the parties' two infant sons, who
were then seven and four years of age. The appellee was granted
visitation, but, in accordance with an agreement between the
parties, the court required the visitation to be limited and
supervised, in that it was to be conducted at the home of the children's maternal grandmother between 12:00 o'clock noon and 6:00
o'clock p.m. on Saturdays.
Only one supervised visitation was conducted at the
children's grandmother's house. That session ended after the
appellee became involved in a physical altercation with the
appellant's mother, the children's maternal grandmother. As a
result of the altercation, police were summoned to the scene.
After the incident, the appellee complained that he had
been denied appropriate visitation with the children. A hearing
was conducted on the question before a family law master, and the
family law master directed that other arrangements be made to
afford the appellee reasonable, controlled visitation.
Subsequently, visitations were scheduled at Pinecrest
Hospital in Beckley, West Virginia, and the appellant hired an off-
duty social worker, who was employed by the West Virginia
Department of Human Resources as a member of its Child Protection
Agency, to supervise. Two visitation sessions were conducted, but
the Pinecrest Hospital administration refused to allow further
sessions because during the second visitation, the police were
called by the social worker, who apparently felt that the appellee
was attempting to remove one, or both, of the children from the
hospital premises.
The appellee complained about the denial of further
visitation, and the question was addressed at a hearing conducted
on December 22, 1992. At that hearing, the appellant testified
that the appellee had behaved violently toward the parties' two
children and had spanked the older child so hard that he had
"whelps" and bruises all over his back. She also said that the
appellee would regularly "holler" and curse at the children. She
indicated that the children were terrified of the appellee and that
upon coming into contact with him, the older child would become
physically ill.
In spite of the appellant's testimony, the family law
master, at the conclusion of the hearing, recommended that the
appellee be afforded unsupervised visitation during specified
periods. The circuit court subsequently adopted this
recommendation.
West Virginia Code § 48-2-15 governs the circumstances
under which a circuit court may in a divorce proceeding grant an
noncustodial parent child visitation rights. West Virginia Code
§ 48-2-15(b)(1), the section specifically dealing with visitation,
provides, in relevant part:
The court may provide for the custody of minor
children of the parties, subject to such
rights of visitation, both in and out of the
residence of the custodial parent or other
person or persons having custody, as may be
appropriate under the circumstances.
In Mary D. v. Watt, 190 W.Va. 341, 438 S.E.2d 521 (1992),
this Court concluded that W.Va. Code § 48-2-15(b)(1) is
sufficiently broad to allow, and in fact contemplates, that a trial
court may order supervised visitation under appropriate
circumstances. See also, Sherry L.H. v. Hey, 187 W.Va. 353, 419 S.E.2d 17 (1992).
In the Mary D. case, the Court stated:
[W]here supervised visitation is permitted, it
is of paramount importance that the child's
best interests be served by not only what the
court deems is in his or [sic] best interests,
but also, that the child feels safe when such
visitation is exercised by the noncustodial
parent. Accordingly, the person who
supervises such visitation must be one with
whom the child is comfortable and feels safe.
It is not enough that the person who is
appointed to supervise visitation is in the
best interests of the child from the court's
standpoint, which would merely assure that no
further abuse will occur during such
visitation. Rather, the fears of the child
must be allayed as well so that the child may
be protected not only from further physical
harm, but also further psychological harm.
190 W.Va. at 349, 438 S.E.2d at 529.
Although the Mary D. case dealt with sexual abuse,
implicit in a reading of it is this Court's view that where the
physical welfare of a child is involved, whether because of the
sexual propensities of a parent or because of the parent's
propensity to violence, supervision is appropriate and may be
necessary to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child.
Further, there can be no doubt that W.Va. Code § 48-2-15(b)(1) is sufficiently broad to authorize a trial court to place supervisory
restrictions on child visitation where there is substantial
evidence that a party entitled to visitation might demonstrate
violent behavior toward a child.
Of course, the Mary D. case indicates that the best
interests of the child must be the determining factor in assessing
how supervision should be conducted. This proposition is in
accordance with this Court's general rule that:
"In a contest involving the custody of an
infant the welfare of the child is the polar
star by which the discretion of the court will
be guided." Syllabus Point 1, Holstein v.
Holstein, 152 W.Va. 119, 160 S.E.2d 177
(1968).
Syllabus, Taylor v. Taylor, 168 W.Va. 519, 285 S.E.2d 150 (1981).
In the case presently before the Court, there was
substantial evidence indicating that the appellee had on occasion
demonstrated violent propensities and some evidence that his
violence had, at least, disturbed his children. Although a portion
of this evidence came from parties who might be considered to be
biased in favor of the appellant, included in the record is the
apparently disinterested testimony of Charles Lilly, a lieutenant
with the Raleigh County Sheriff's Department. He testified that on
one occasion he had been hurriedly summoned to the home of a
neighbor, Mrs. Bower, where the appellee had apparently just caused
a disturbance. When he got to the house, he could see the
appellant on the porch "crying, screaming, she had blood on her," the clear implication of his testimony being that the appellee had
assaulted or otherwise seriously disturbed her. When he went
inside, he found the man who is currently married to the appellant.
He had been assaulted. Further: "The children were crying. Mrs.
Bower was crying and upset." When asked whether the children might
have been injured, Lieutenant Lilly responded:
One of the children, I'm not sure which one
because, like I say, that's the first -- and I
could have possibly saw them again since then,
I don't really know. I don't remember. One
of them seemed to have had a -- was crying a
lot and was complaining of his face hurting.
When asked whether he had observed any kind of mark or injury on
the child, Lieutenant Lilly responded, "Just a red place."
While this Court feels that continuing contact by an
infant child with a noncustodial parent is important to the welfare
of the child, it is also important that a court, in authorizing
visitation, prescribe such supervisory requirements as are
necessary to ensure that the visitation will not be detrimental to
the child's welfare.
Given the evidence in the present case of the previous
violent propensities of the appellee, as well as the evidence that
those propensities had had some impact upon the parties' children,
this Court believes that the trial court erred in authorizing
visitation with the appellee without imposing some restrictions on
the visitation.
Obviously, the previous visitation arrangements were
unsatisfactory. This may have been due, in part, to the choice of
supervisors, that is, the appellant's mother in the first instance
and a social worker hired by the appellant in the second.
Apparently these arrangements provoked, at least to some degree,
the appellee.
Rather clearly, implicit in the idea of visitation is the
concept that a child be allowed to develop some sort of personal
bond with the parent he is visiting. The presence of the
appellant's representatives in the previous visitation arrangements
may have interfered with the development of that bonding process.
In view of this, the Court believes that an arrangement
should be devised by the trial court in which a wholly impartial
supervisor is present to monitor future visitation between the
appellant's former husband and the infant children. The Court also
believes that the impartial supervisor should be directed to
refrain, insofar as it is consistent with the welfare of the
children, from interfering with the bonding process between the
appellant's former husband and the children.
Under W.Va. Code § 48-2-15(b)(1), a trial court has
rather broad discretion in setting the conditions of visitation,
and, as indicated in Mary D. v. Watt, included within this
discretion is the discretion to determine whether the parties involved in the visitation situation require counseling or
treatment.
It is rather clear to this Court that the trial court is
in a better position to assess the conditions surrounding the
parties in the present case. While, as previously indicated, the
Court believes that the trial court erred in failing to require
supervision, and while the Court finds that the trial court should
provide for a neutral supervisor, the Court also believes that the
trial court should determine the other conditions to be placed upon
the required supervision. At the very least, the trial court
should consider whether counseling and treatment are appropriate
for the parties.
Implicit in what the Court has said in this opinion is
its belief that child visitation with a noncustodial parent is a
circumstance which normally will promote the welfare of a child.
At the heart of any such visitation is the emotional bonding which
can develop between the noncustodial parent and the child. Insofar
as it is consistent with the welfare of the children, a trial
court, in ordering any sort of supervision of visitation, should
take such steps as would promote the bonding between the
noncustodial parent and child. If after a period of time there is
evidence of bonding, and if the noncustodial parent demonstrates a
clear ability to control the propensities which necessitated
supervision, then it would be appropriate for the trial court to diminish gradually the degree of supervision required with the
ultimate goal of providing unsupervised visitation.
For the reasons stated, this Court believes that the
trial court erred in directing that the appellant's former husband
be awarded nonsupervised visitation with his children. The Court
believes that the circuit court's ruling should be reversed and
this case should be remanded with directions that the trial court
grant visitation only in accordance with the principles enunciated
herein.
Reversed and remanded
with directions.
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