State of Washington v. Jena Dale Brooks (Majority and Concurrence)

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FILED FEBRUARY 1, 2018 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Petitioner, v. JENA DALE BROOKS, Respondent. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 35002-9-III (consolidated with No. 35003-7-III) PUBLISHED OPINION PENNELL, J. — Washington’s traffic code prohibits operating a vehicle on any part of a highway that does not meet the statutory definition of a roadway. Jena Brooks’s car was stopped for violating this provision after it crossed a neutral area separating a highway onramp from an adjacent lane of travel. Because the neutral area does not meet the definition of a roadway, the stop was permissible. The superior court’s ruling to the contrary is therefore reversed. Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks BACKGROUND While merging onto westbound U.S. Route 97 from U.S. Route 2 in Chelan County, Jena Brooks’s car crossed over a portion of Figure 1 the highway designated as a “neutral area.” A neutral area is a paved triangular space separating an entrance or exit ramp from an adjacent lane of highway. The neutral area between Route 97 and its merger with westbound Route 2 is marked on each side by thick white channelizing lines. Figure 1 is a depiction of a neutral area similar to the one crossed by Ms. Brooks. 1 A Washington State Patrol trooper observed Ms. Brooks’s vehicular activity and performed a traffic stop. Ms. Brooks was ultimately arrested for driving on a suspended license and other misdemeanor offenses. During proceedings in district court, Ms. Brooks filed a motion to suppress, arguing her vehicle had been stopped without cause. The motion was denied. Pertinent 1 FED. HIGHWAY ADMIN., U.S. DEP’T OF TRANSP., MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS fig.3B-9, at 360 (2009 ed., rev. May 2012). 2 Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks to this appeal, the district court ruled Ms. Brooks’s merger over the highway’s neutral area constituted “driving with wheels off roadway,” in violation of RCW 46.61.670. 2 Ms. Brooks was subsequently convicted of several misdemeanor offenses after a jury trial. Ms. Brooks successfully appealed the suppression ruling to the superior court. It found Washington’s definition of a roadway ambiguous in the context of a highway’s neutral area. The superior court then invoked the rule of lenity and determined Ms. Brooks should not have been stopped for driving with wheels off the roadway in violation of RCW 46.61.670. The State sought discretionary review from this court. Review was granted on two specific issues: (1) whether the term roadway is ambiguous in the current context, and (2) if the term is ambiguous, whether the rule of lenity is an available tool of statutory construction that might benefit a defendant such as Ms. Brooks. ANALYSIS Discerning the meaning of the term “roadway,” as used in RCW 46.61.670, is a 2 “Driving with wheels off roadway. It shall be unlawful to operate or drive any vehicle or combination of vehicles over or along any pavement or gravel or crushed rock surface on a public highway with one wheel or all of the wheels off the roadway thereof, except as permitted by RCW 46.61.428 or for the purpose of stopping off such roadway, or having stopped thereat, for proceeding back onto the pavement, gravel or crushed rock surface thereof.” RCW 46.61.670. 3 Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks matter of statutory interpretation. As such, our review is de novo. Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). We focus our statutory interpretation analysis on the language used by the legislature. In re Marriage of Schneider, 173 Wn.2d 353, 363, 268 P.3d 215 (2011). Resources such as dictionaries may be used to decipher a statute’s plain meaning. Cornu-Labat v. Hosp. Dist. No. 2, 177 Wn.2d 221, 231, 298 P.3d 741 (2013). However, we will not resort to aides of construction such as legislative history and (perhaps) the rule of lenity unless we first find the legislature’s language truly ambiguous. Timberline Air Serv. Inc. v. Bell HelicopterTextron, Inc., 125 Wn.2d 305, 312, 884 P.2d 920 (1994); State v. Conover, 183 Wn.2d 706, 712, 355 P.3d 1093 (2015). Interpreting the term “roadway” begins with the relevant statutory text. Title 46 RCW defines “roadway” as “that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the sidewalk or shoulder even though such sidewalk or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles.” RCW 46.04.500. The statutory definition of a roadway involves a two-part inquiry. First, we ask whether a given portion of highway meets the triggering definition of a roadway. In other words, is the area improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel? If not, the inquiry ends. The area is not a roadway. But if at least one of the three triggering definitions applies, we go on to ask whether the area is excluded from the scope of a 4 Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks roadway because the area constitutes a sidewalk or shoulder. If neither exclusion applies, then the area in question falls under the legislature’s definition of a roadway. Of the three triggering definitions, highway design is the least indicative of roadway status in the current context. A highway’s neutral area is not a vehicle lane. It is too short to facilitate meaningful travel. And its triangular shape cannot consistently accommodate the size of a vehicle. Rather than being designed for vehicular travel, it is apparent the neutral area is designed as a buffer zone. It keeps vehicles separate so as to facilitate speed adjustment and, in the context of a highway onramp, safe vehicle merging. National standards set by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways confirm our observations about the apparent design purpose of a highway’s neutral area. FED. HIGHWAY ADMIN., U.S. DEP’T OF TRANSP., MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS (2009 ed., rev. May 2012) (MUTCD). 3 The MUTCD refers to the neutral area as an “island.” MUTCD, § 3I.02, at 430. As such, it is an area intended for vehicle “separation.” 3 The MUTCD is the national standard for traffic control signals on public highways and has been adopted by Washington’s secretary of transportation. RCW 47.36.020; WAC 468-95-010. Therefore, it is an appropriate guide to interpreting the meaning of traffic control devices, such as pavement markings, used on public highways within our state. The complete MUTCD is available online at https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs/2009r1r2/mutcd2009r1r2edition.pdf. 5 Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks MUTCD, § 1A.13(03)(98), at 15. Although a neutral area may be designated either by a wide or double solid white channelizing line (MUTCD, §§ 1A.13(03)(29), at 12, 1A.13(03)(124), at 17), the two options carry no substantive significance. Like a double white line, a solid white line can serve as an indicator that crossing is prohibited. MUTCD, § 3A.06(01)(B) at 348. 4 The whole point of a neutral area is to exclude vehicles and promote orderly and efficient traffic flow. MUTCD, §§ 3B.05(06), at 370, 3I.02(02), at 430. Ms. Brooks claims the neutral area meets the first triggering roadway definition— improvement for vehicular travel—because the area is paved. We disagree. Although the neutral area is an improved piece of land, it is not improved for purposes of vehicular travel. As noted, the purpose of the neutral area is to provide a safe space between vehicles. The MUTCD contemplates using a variety of improvements to alert drivers to the presence of the neutral area. At the very least, the improvements must include pavement and solid white lines. MUTCD, §§ 1A.13(03)(29), at 12, 1A.13(03)(124), at 17. But additional options may also be used, such as internal crosshatching, reflective 4 A solid white line indicates crossing is discouraged, rather than prohibited, when used as a lane line marking. MUTCD, §§ 3B.04(20), at 362, 3B.05, at 370. However, the lines demarking a neutral area are channelizing lines, not lane lines. MUTCD, § 1A.13(03)(124), at 17. Channelizing lines designate the presence of an island, not a lane of travel. MUTCD, § 1A.13(03)(29), at 12. 6 Nos. 35002-9-III; 35003-7-III State v. Brooks marks, or rumble strips. MUTCD, § 3B.05(10), at 371, ch. 3I, at 430-31. These improvements do not exist for the purpose of facilitating travel. Quite the opposite. The purpose of a marked and improved neutral area is to make drivers aware of the buffer zone and keep vehicles out so traffic can merge or exit safely and efficiently. Pavement is not, in and of itself, a sufficient indicator that an area has been improved for vehicular travel. In the context of highway construction, pavement can serve a variety of purposes. In addition to allowing for heightened visibility of traffic control markings, pavement can help with drainage and structural integrity. While paving constitutes an improvement to the natural landscape, it is not necessarily an improvement for purposes of vehicular travel. Because a highway’s paved neutral area does not amount to an improvement for purposes of vehicular travel, the mere existence of pavement does not qualify the area as a roadway. With respect to the third triggering definition of a roadway—regular use—there is no evidence vehicles regularly violate the intended purposes of neutral areas and use the space for vehicular travel. Unlike a highway shoulder, which can provide a safe passage for small vehicles such as bicycles, the neutral area is not regularly amenable to safe vehicular travel. See Clerk’s Papers at 59 (noting safety hazards of crossing the neutral area). Some neutral areas may be used for toll collection or pedestrian refuge. MUTCD, § 1A.13(03)(98), at 15. But we find no indication of any regular, acceptable use of 7 Nos. 35002-9-111; 35003-7-111 State v. Brooks neutral areas by vehicles involved in travel. Because the neutral area is neither designed, improved, nor regularly used for vehicular travel, it does not meet any of the three triggering definitions of a roadway. Our inquiry, therefore, ends here. We need not address whether the neutral area should be excluded as a shoulder or whether the rule of lenity is applicable in the context of Washington's traffic code. CONCLUSION In crossing over the neutral area between Route 97 and Route 2, Ms. Brooks failed to maintain her vehicle wheels on an area of the highway meeting the statutory definition of a roadway. A vehicle stop was therefore permitted under Washington's wheels off roadway statute, RCW 46.61.670. The superior court's order on appeal from the district court is reversed. Pennell, J. I CONCUR: Siddoway, J. 8 ·@ No. 35002-9-III (consolidated with No. 35003-7-III LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.C.J. (concurring) — I agree with the majority that the trooper had reasonable suspicion to stop Ms. Brooks. But I disagree with the majority that driving in the middle of the roadway amounts to “driving with wheels off roadway.” I therefore concur. A. OUR GRANT OF REVIEW INCLUDES WHETHER CROSSING THE NEUTRAL AREA VIOLATES RCW 46.61.050 The majority asserts that we granted discretionary review of only two issues. I disagree. The State sought discretionary review of five issues. The first was, “Did the superior court err as a matter of law when it decided that crossing [the neutral area] does not violate RCW 46.61.050 (failure to obey traffic control device)?” Mot. for Discr. Review at 1. Our commissioner issued a written ruling. The ruling notes that the superior court determined that Ms. Brooks did not violate either RCW 46.61.050 (failure to obey traffic control devices) or RCW 46.61.670 (driving with wheels off roadway). The ruling then discusses the ambiguity of whether the neutral area is a shoulder and, therefore, excluded from the definition of “roadway,” and whether the rule of lenity applies to resolve this ambiguity in favor of Ms. Brooks. After concluding that the ambiguity and the No. 35002-9-III; No. 35003-7-III State v. Brooks - concurring application of the rule of lenity are issues of public importance, the ruling states: “Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED . . . the State’s motion for discretionary review is granted.” Commissioner’s Ruling, State v. Brooks, No. 35002-9-III, at 4 (Wash. Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2017). There is no language within the order that limits the scope of review to only two issues. The State briefed all five issues contained within its motion for discretionary review. Ms. Brooks took the position in her responsive brief that discretionary review was limited to two issues. Nevertheless, she responded to each of the five issues. During oral argument, this panel asked questions concerning RCW 46.61.050, and both parties answered our questions. There is no reason to limit our review to only two issues when our commissioner’s order did not. It is therefore appropriate to review whether crossing the neutral area violates RCW 46.61.050. B. CROSSING THE WIDE SOLID LINES THAT BORDER THE NEUTRAL AREA VIOLATES RCW 46.61.050 The superior court analyzed the 2009 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) and concluded that crossing the wide solid lines was discouraged rather than prohibited. I disagree. RCW 46.61.050(1) requires drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians to obey traffic control devices. RCW 46.04.611 defines “traffic-control devices” as “all signs, signals, markings and devices . . . placed or erected . . . for the purpose of regulating, warning or 2 No. 35002-9-III; No. 35003-7-III State v. Brooks - concurring guiding traffic.” Here, the white channelizing lines crossed by Ms. Brooks were wide solid lines. Such markings constitute traffic control devices. The MUTCD sets forth the functions of longitudinal markings. FED. HIGHWAY ADMIN., U.S. DEP’T OF TRANSP., MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS (2009 ed., rev. May 2012). According to section 3A.06.01(B) of the MUTCD, “A solid line discourages or prohibits crossing (depending on the specific application).” Just below that section, section 3A.06.03 clarifies, “The width of the line indicates the degree of emphasis.” For this reason, crossing a wide solid line is prohibited. C. DRIVING THROUGH THE NEUTRAL AREA IS NOT DRIVING WITH WHEELS OFF ROADWAY RCW 46.04.500 defines “roadway” as “that portion of a highway improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the sidewalk or shoulder even though such sidewalk or shoulder is used by persons riding bicycles.” The majority acknowledges that the paved neutral area is an improved area of the highway, but concludes that the area is not improved for vehicular travel. The majority concludes that the neutral area is not improved for vehicular travel because the purpose of the neutral area “is to make drivers aware of the buffer zone and keep vehicles out . . . .” Majority at 7. Drivers are made aware of the buffer zone and to keep vehicles out because the buffer zone is bounded by wide solid lines instead of, for instance, narrow broken lines. 3 No. 35002-9-III; No. 35003-7-III State v. Brooks - concurring Narrow broken lines would permit vehicles to cross through the neutral area. Because it is the longitudinal markings that tell drivers to keep out of the buffer zone, the statute that controls our analysis is RCW 46.61.050(1) (failure to obey traffic control devices), not RCW 46.61.670 (driving with wheels off roadway). But because the majority reaches the correct result, I concur. Lawrence-Berrey, A.C.J. 4

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