Lockwood v. Lord

LOCKWOOD_V_LORD.93-413; 163 Vt 210; 657 A.2d 555

[Filed 16-Dec-1994]

[Motion for Reargument Denied 26-Jan-1995]

NOTICE:  This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40
as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. 
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Vermont Supreme
Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801 of any errors in
order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press. 


                                    No. 93-413


Adam D. Lockwood b/n/f Daniel D.                Supreme Court
Lockwood, Daniel D. Lockwood and
Katherine R. Lockwood
                                                On Appeal from
     v.                                         Windsor Superior Court


C. Frederick Lord, M.D.,                        September Term, 1994
C. Frederick Lord, M.D., P.C. and
Mountain Orthopedic Associates, Inc.


John P. Meaker, J.

Louis J. Cattani, Woodsville, New Hampshire, and Gavin A. Reid of Reid &
 Balivet, Newbury, for plaintiffs-appellants 

Robert Reis and Lisa Chalidze of Hull, Webber & Reis, Rutland, for
 defendants-appellees 


PRESENT:  Allen, C.J., Gibson, Dooley, Morse and Johnson, JJ.



     JOHNSON, J.  Plaintiffs, Adam Lockwood and his parents, appeal from a
judgment notwithstanding the verdict, entered by the court for defendant Dr.
Lord, after a jury verdict for plaintiffs.  We reverse.  Pursuant to V.R.C.P.
50(c), the trial court conditionally ordered a new trial if the judgment
notwithstanding the verdict were reversed.  We conclude that the grant of a
new trial on the basis of the weight of the evidence was an abuse of the
trial court's discretion. Defendant cross-appeals, claiming that the jury
instructions were improper and that the damages 

 

were unsubstantiated and excessive.  We find that defendant's cross-appeal
regarding improper jury instructions is without merit.  Because the trial
court did not rule on defendant's motion for remittitur, we remand the issue
of damages. 

     Plaintiff, an eleven-year-old boy with cerebral palsy, broke his left
leg on December 13, 1986.  Defendant, the orthopedic surgeon on call at Mt.
Ascutney Hospital, set the fracture and applied a full-length cast to
plaintiff's leg.  Defendant conducted follow-up exams, and on January 20,
1987, replaced the full-length cast with a short leg cast.  When this cast
was removed on February 17, plaintiff was unable to walk, even with the
assistance of a walker. On March 17, defendant evaluated plaintiff's left
foot and observed a severe external rotation. Defendant recommended that
plaintiff have an operation to correct this rotational deformity.  In
September 1987, a tibial osteotomy, performed in Burlington by another
orthopedic surgeon, corrected the rotational deformity.  In August 1988,
plaintiff had a further operation to remove from his leg the hardware
required for the first operation. 

     Plaintiffs sued defendant for medical malpractice.  After a full trial
with expert testimony from both sides, the jury awarded Adam Lockwood
$230,000 and his mother Katherine Lockwood $20,000.  The trial court granted
defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (j.n.o.v.),
concluding that plaintiffs did not introduce sufficient evidence to permit a
jury to conclude that defendant had breached the standard of care proximately
causing the injury.  Believing that the verdict was against the great weight
of the evidence, the court issued a conditional order, pursuant to V.R.C.P.
50(c), granting a new trial if the j.n.o.v. were reversed.  Plaintiffs
appeal, and defendant cross-appeals. 

 

                                  I.

     When reviewing the grant of a j.n.o.v. under V.R.C.P. 50(b), we must
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,
excluding the effect of any modifying evidence.  Silva v. Stevens, 156 Vt.
94, 113, 589 A.2d 852, 856 (1991).  The grant of a j.n.o.v. is improper if
there is any evidence that fairly and reasonably supports the nonmoving
party's claim.  Id., 589 A.2d at 856-57; see Kinzer v. Degler Corp., 145 Vt.
410, 412, 491 A.2d 1017, 1018 (1985) (directed verdict and j.n.o.v. raise
substantially the same legal questions and are therefore treated alike). 
Plaintiffs are entitled to every reasonable inference that may be drawn from
the evidence.  Simblest v. Maynard, 427 F.2d 1, 4 (2d Cir. 1970); 9 C. Wright
& A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure  2528 (1971); see South
Burlington Sch. Dist. v. Calcagni-Frazier-Zajchowski Architects, Inc., 138
Vt. 33, 40, 410 A.2d 1359, 1362 (1980) (in reviewing a motion for a directed
verdict, "plaintiff is entitled to the strongest inferences reasonably
deducible from the most favorable evidence"). 

     The principal issue on appeal is whether plaintiffs introduced
sufficient evidence fairly and reasonably tending to prove that defendant
breached the standard of care proximately causing the injury.  To be
successful in a medical malpractice suit, plaintiffs must prove: 

   (1)  The degree of knowledge or skill possessed or the degree
of care ordinarily exercised by a reasonably skillful, careful, and
prudent health care professional engaged in a similar practice
under the same or similar circumstances whether or not within the
state of Vermont.
   (2)  That the defendant either lacked this degree of knowledge
or skill or failed to exercise this degree of care; and
   (3)  That as a proximate result of this lack of knowledge or skill
or the failure to exercise this degree of care the plaintiff suffered
injuries that would not otherwise have been incurred.

 

12 V.S.A.  1908.  These elements must generally be proved by expert
testimony.  Begin v. Richmond, 150 Vt. 517, 520, 555 A.2d 363, 365 (1988). 
Defendant claims plaintiffs failed to provide sufficient evidence to permit a
jury to find that the requirements of the second and third elements were
satisfied. 

     We first address the element of the breach of the standard of care. 
Defendant argues that plaintiffs' expert relied solely on the result when
concluding that defendant had breached the standard of care.  We agree that a
breach of the standard of care cannot be based solely on a bad medical
result.  Deyo v. Kinley, 152 Vt. 196, 209, 565 A.2d 1286, 1294 (1989).  We
conclude, however, that there was sufficient other evidence to permit a
reasonable jury, drawing reasonable inferences from the evidence introduced,
to conclude that defendant breached the standard of care. 

     Sufficient evidence introduced at trial fairly and reasonably proves
that defendant breached the standard of care by improperly conducting
follow-up exams and/or by improperly setting the fracture of plaintiff's left
leg.  A reasonable jury could have concluded that defendant breached the
standard of care because the x-rays taken were insufficient to determine the
rotational alignment of plaintiff's left leg in the cast.  After a bone is
set in a cast, follow-up exams are scheduled to determine, among other
things, if the rotational alignment of the bone is correct.  If an improper
rotational alignment is diagnosed within a certain "window of opportunity,"
it can easily be corrected.  Dr. Goodman, plaintiffs' expert, testified that
an x-ray and/or a clinical examination is the proper procedure for verifying
rotational alignment. Defendant testified that he used x-rays to verify the
rotational alignment.  Defendant also testified that, in this case, he
thought there had been a three-week window of opportunity to correct any
improper alignment. 

 

     Dr. Goodman testified at length about the x-rays taken in this case.  He
explained that to determine rotational alignment accurately, an x-ray must
include both the joint above and the joint below the fracture.  After
reviewing the x-rays in plaintiff's file, Dr. Goodman testified that he could
not determine anything about the rotation of plaintiff's leg.  Furthermore,
when asked what could have been done to prevent the rotational deformity of
plaintiff's leg, Dr. Goodman testified that in his expert opinion, "there
should have been appropriate clinical [examinations] and/or [x-rays] to be
sure there was no rotary deformity during the care of the treatment of the
fracture."  (Emphasis added.) 

     From this evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiffs
without any modifying evidence, a jury reasonably could have concluded that
the x-rays taken by defendant were improper.  While Dr. Goodman did not
specifically state that the x-rays taken by defendant breached the standard
of care, he implied that they were improper because they were insufficient to
determine rotational deformity.  According to Dr. Goodman's testimony, the
standard for an x-ray used to determine rotational alignment requires the
inclusion of both the joint above and the joint below the fracture.  A jury
reasonably could have concluded that this standard was breached because the
x-rays in plaintiff's file did not include both joints and were therefore
insufficient to determine the rotational alignment of plaintiff's left leg. 
If defendant had taken proper x-rays in the follow-up exam within the
three-week window of opportunity, he would have been able to diagnose the
misalignment and reset the fracture, preventing the subsequent operations. 

     Dr. Goodman's testimony should not be interpreted to conclude that
x-rays must be taken to determine the rotation of every broken bone. 
Instead, the testimony merely asserts that if x- 

 

rays are relied upon to determine rotation, the appropriate x-rays must be
taken.  A reasonable juror in this case could have determined that defendant
did not take proper x-rays, thus breaching the standard of care. 

     A reasonable jury could also have concluded that defendant breached the
standard of care because he improperly set plaintiff's leg at a rotational
deformity of forty-five to fifty degrees. In discussing the standard of care
for setting a fracture, Dr. Goodman testified that a rotation within ten to
fifteen degrees is acceptable.  Katherine Lockwood testified that after the
short cast was removed, plaintiff was unable to walk, even with the help of a
walker, because his foot hung to the left side at a ninety-degree angle. 

     Defendant's notes indicate that on February 17, when the short cast was
removed, he observed that plaintiff had normal rotary alignment.  Defendant
testified that in his opinion the leg did not move while it was in the cast. 
On March 17, defendant's notes indicate he observed that plaintiff had a
forty-five- to fifty-degree rotational deformity of his left foot.  In
reviewing these notes, Dr. Goodman found these observations incomprehensible.
 He thought it was impossible to go from normal alignment to a fifty-degree
rotational deformity within one month without another fracture.  From this
evidence, a reasonable jury could have concluded that defendant's notes for
February 17 were incorrect and that the rotational deformity when the short
cast came off was forty-five to fifty degrees.  Because defendant testified
that the leg did not move while it was in the cast, a reasonable jury could
have determined that the defendant breached the standard of care because he
initially set the fracture at a rotational deformity of forty-five to fifty
degrees. 

     Relying on Smith v. Reitman, 389 F.2d 303 (D.C. Cir. 1967), defendant
argues that 

 

j.n.o.v. is proper because plaintiffs' expert did not provide sufficient
testimony to prove that defendant had breached the standard of care.  In
Smith, the appellate court affirmed the trial court's directed verdict for
the defendant because there was no evidence of negligence.  Id. at 304.  The
plaintiff's expert testified "that he could not state whether the dentist
performing the operation was guilty of negligence and that he could not give
an opinion as to the correctness of the [defendant's] methods because he did
not know what methods were used."  Id.  In contrast, plaintiffs' expert here
was more specific.  He stated that proper x-rays must show both the joint
below and the joint above the fracture to determine rotational alignment, and
strongly implied that defendant's x-rays were inadequate because he could not
determine the rotational alignment from them.  Further, plaintiffs' expert
testified that an acceptable rotation for setting a fracture would be within
ten to fifteen degrees.  Accordingly, a fracture set at forty-five to fifty
degrees would be improper.  Unlike the expert in Smith, the expert here
provided ample evidence to permit a jury to conclude that defendant had used
incorrect methods. 

     Next, we address the element of proximate cause.  Defendant argues that
there was insufficient evidence to permit the jury to conclude that the
breach of the standard of care had proximately caused the injury.  We
disagree.  Defendant testified that there was a three-week window of
opportunity to correct any rotational defects.  Because defendant breached
the standard of care, he was unable to take advantage of the window of
opportunity to correct the deformity.  If defendant had not breached the
standard of care, defendant would have been able to correct the deformity and
plaintiff would not have had to endure traumatic corrective surgery. We
conclude that there was sufficient evidence to permit a jury to find
proximate cause. 

     The weight of the evidence is the province of the jury.  We merely
conclude that viewing 

 

the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, including all
reasonable inferences, there is sufficient evidence that fairly and
reasonably supports a jury verdict that defendant had breached the standard
of care proximately causing the injury. 

                                   II.

     Because we reverse the trial court's j.n.o.v., we must now determine
whether the trial court's conditional order granting a new trial was proper. 
In granting a motion for a new trial, the court may exercise its discretion;
we will reverse the decision only if there has been an abuse of that
discretion.  Corbin v. Dickerson, 155 Vt. 486, 489, 586 A.2d 1104, 1106
(1990).  There are, however, limits to the court's discretion.   Similar to
the discretion we give to the court's ruling, the court must give presumptive
support to the verdict of the jury.  Id. at 490, 586 A.2d  at 1106.  In ruling
on the motion for a new trial, the court must weigh the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury's verdict.  Hardy v. Berisha, 144 Vt. 130, 133,
474 A.2d 93, 95 (1984).  "This is because it is the protected duty of the
jury to render a verdict, and a judge may not disturb that verdict unless it
is clearly wrong."  Id. at 134, 474 A.2d  at 95 (citations omitted).  A
verdict is clearly wrong and unjust if the "jury has disregarded the
reasonable and substantial evidence, or found against it, through passion,
prejudice, or some misconstruction of the matter."  Weeks v. Burnor, 132 Vt.
603, 609, 326 A.2d 138, 141 (1974). 

     We conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the
motion for a new trial because the jury verdict was not clearly wrong.  The
trial court relied on the same reasoning it used in granting the j.n.o.v.  As
demonstrated above, this reasoning is not persuasive.  Above, we ruled that
the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, was
sufficient to support the jury verdict.  The trial court, weighing the
evidence in the light 

 

most favorable to the verdict for plaintiffs, concluded that the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence.  This conclusion is incorrect because the
court did not give proper consideration to the reasonable inferences capable
of being drawn by the jury and did not give presumptive support to the jury's
verdict.  While the evidence may be subject to multiple interpretations, the
trial court may not substitute its own judgment for that of the jury.   The
court's rationale indicates that it did substitute its judgment.  Therefore,
the court abused its discretion in conditionally granting the motion for a
new trial. 

     "In case the motion for a new trial has been conditionally granted and
the [j.n.o.v.] is reversed on appeal, the new trial shall proceed unless the
appellate court has otherwise ordered." V.R.C.P. 50(c)(1).  In this case, we
reverse the trial court's grant of the motion for a new trial. 

                                   III.
     Defendant argues, on cross-appeal, that the jury instructions were
improper.  Defendant requested that the instructions include: 

The result of a physician's treatment is not evidence of
malpractice.  This means that you cannot infer negligence on the
part of Dr. Lord just because there may have been a bad result to
Dr. Lord's treatment of Adam Lockwood.

Instead, the trial court instructed the jury:

   The duty of care does not require a physician to guarantee a
good result.  Thus, if you find that under the circumstances of this
case Doctor Lord met the standard of his profession, then he was
not negligent regardless of the result of the treatment.

     In charging the jury, the court is required to include every material
point raised by the evidence; however, in doing so, the court may select its
own language.  Deyo, 152 Vt. at 206-07, 565 A.2d  at 1295.  While the court's
instruction contains slightly different language than 

 

defendant requested, it accurately conveys the same point of law.  The
instruction by the court clearly states that negligence cannot be based on a
bad result alone. Therefore, the instruction was proper. 

     Defendant further claims that the instructions improperly included a
discussion of increased risk of harm.  Defendant argues that the jury could
have considered increased risk of harm as a separate cause of action -- a
cause of action upon which no evidence was introduced. The
increased-risk-of-harm language, however, was part of the proximate cause
instruction.  It was not included as a separate cause of action.  The
language by the court was an awkward way of differentiating multiple
proximate causes.  If anything, the language made it more difficult for the
jury to establish proximate cause; therefore, the language would likely have
worked in defendant's favor.  We conclude that the jury instructions were
correct because, taken as whole, they conveyed the true spirit of the law and
did not mislead the jury.  State v. Gokey, 136 Vt. 33, 36, 383 A.2d 601, 602
(1978) ("If the charge, taken as a whole and not piecemeal, breathes the true
spirit of the law, and if there is no fair ground to say that the jury has
been misled, then it ought to stand."). 

     Defendant also appeals the amount of the jury verdict, claiming (1) that
the $20,000 for lost income to Katherine Lockwood was supported by
insufficient evidence, and (2) that the $230,000 for pain and suffering to
Adam Lockwood was excessive.  Because the trial court granted j.n.o.v. for
defendant, it did not rule on defendant's motion for remittitur.  Before this
Court can rule on the damages issue, the trial court must rule on defendant's
motion.  Therefore, we remand for the trial court to rule on the motion for
remittitur. 

     Judgment notwithstanding the verdict is reversed; conditional grant of a
new trial is 

 

reversed.  The jury instructions challenged on cross-appeal are affirmed. 
The cause is remanded for a ruling on defendant's motion for remittitur. 

                              FOR THE COURT:



                              _______________________________________
                              Associate Justice