Baty v. Futrell (Opinion)
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The trial court abused its discretion in concluding that Plaintiff’s expert report did not represent a good-faith effort to meet the requirements of the Texas Medical Liability Act and in dismissing Plaintiff’s health care liability claims.
Plaintiff sued Defendants, a certified registered nurse anesthetist and his employer, asserting medical malpractice claims relating to the nurse’s administration before cataract surgery. The trial court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss, finding that Plaintiff’s expert report was deficient with respect to the elements of standards of care, breach of standards of care, and causation. The court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the report satisfied the good faith effort the Act requires.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS No. 16-0164 BARBARA BATY, PETITIONER, v. OLGA FUTRELL, CRNA, AND COMPLETE ANESTHESIA CARE, P.C., RESPONDENTS ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS Argued October 11, 2017 JUSTICE LEHRMANN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF JUSTICE HECHT, JUSTICE GREEN, JUSTICE GUZMAN, JUSTICE BOYD, and JUSTICE DEVINE joined. JUSTICE JOHNSON filed a dissenting opinion, in which JUSTICE BROWN joined. JUSTICE BLACKLOCK did not participate in the decision. The issue in this case, which involves medical-malpractice claims against a certified registered nurse anesthetist and his employer relating to the nurse’s administration of anesthesia before cataract surgery, is the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s expert report under the Texas Medical Liability Act. The trial court and court of appeals concluded the report was deficient, resulting in the claims’ dismissal. We disagree and reverse the court of appeals’ judgment. I. Background Barbara Baty underwent cataract surgery on her left eye. Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) Olga Futrell administered the anesthesia for the procedure by means of a retrobulbar block, which involves using a needle to inject anesthetic into the space behind the globe of the eye. Baty alleges that, during this process, Futrell inserted the needle into Baty’s left optic nerve, causing permanent nerve damage and vision loss in that eye. Baty sued Futrell and his employer, Complete Anesthesia Care, P.C., for negligence and vicarious liability, respectively. Baty served an expert report prepared by Dr. Steven Chalfin in support of her claims. The defendants filed objections to the report, and the trial court entered an agreed order finding the report deficient and granting Baty an extension of time to cure it. Baty then served Dr. Chalfin’s amended report, which states in relevant part: Dr. [Richard] Kemp performed phacoemulsification cataract extraction, left eye, with implantation of an intraocular lens . . . . The surgery was performed under retrobulbar anesthesia administered by Olga Futrell, CRNA. Of note, the initial block attempt produced inadequate akinesia and anesthesia, so a second retrobulbar block attempt was performed. This is significant because complications such as globe penetration and optic nerve injury are more common when blocks require augmentation (additional needle sticks). This is due to the fact that the initial injection volume can distort the anatomy of the orbital structures, and lead to injury by the needle on the subsequent attempt. For this reason, many Ophthalmic surgeons augment an inadequate block by using a blunt cannula inserted via a conjunctival incision, rather than a needle. .... . . . [A] clinical exam and the imaging studies, done in the immediate postoperative period, showed a completely normal retina and optic nerve head. This absolutely rules out any of the other subsequently postulated causes of poor vision such as a cilioretinal artery occlusion [or] anterior ischemic optic neuropathy . . . . .... 2 In summary, the history, clinical findings, and temporal course in Mrs. Baty’s case indicate that she suffered an injury to the left optic nerve during the retrobulbar block administered by Olga Futrell, CRNA. While several other tentative diagnoses were raised by physicians who saw the patient in consultation, these diagnoses were ruled out by the clinical examination or ancillary studies. . . . .... STANDARD OF CARE In evaluating and providing medical care for a patient such as Mrs. Baty, the standard of care for an ordinarily prudent practitioner such as a [sic] MD or CRNA requires: 1. Adequate preoperative assessment of the patient; 2. Adequate communication with the patient and/or the patient’s family; 3. Performance of only procedures for which adequate training and level of competence has been achieved; 4. Performance of such procedures at the level of competence and skill required to minimize risk to the patient; 5. In the case of retrobulbar anesthetic blocks, administering the block in the proper manner to preclude injuring the delicate structures of the orbit, including the globe and optic nerve. BREACH OF STANDARD OF CARE In this case, Olga Futrell, CRNA breached the standard of care and was negligent in the following ways: 1. Failing to apply the required level of training and competence, based on sound anatomical principles, in the techniques of regional ophthalmic anesthesia including retrobulbar block; 2. Failing to ensure that the retrobulbar block anesthesia was performed on Mrs. Baty with sufficient competence and skill to avoid damaging her optic nerve; 3. Irreparably damaging Mrs. Baty’s left optic nerve during the administration of the retrobulbar block by sticking it with the retrobulbar needle. It is my opinion that Olga Futrell, CRNA failed to meet the standard of care and that the above mentioned omissions and failures constitute substandard and negligent medical care. 3 CAUSATION It is also my opinion that the negligent and substandard medical care mentioned above contributed to the injury, loss of vision, and requirement for additional follow up medical care for Mrs. Baty. This negligence was a proximate cause of Mrs. Baty’s injuries as follows: 1. Injury to the left optic nerve during the retrobulbar block by sticking it with the retrobulbar needle; 2. Permanent loss of visual acuity in the left eye; 3. Permanent central scotoma in the left eye; 4. Permanent loss of stereopsis (fine depth perception)[;] 5. Requirement for additional ophthalmic medical care, beyond the routine postoperative course of cataract surgery. In my opinion, the patient’s prognosis is as follows: It is certain to a reasonable medical probability that Mrs. Baty will never achieve the potential visual and functional improvement offered by uncomplicated cataract extraction. The outcome should have been different for the following reasons: (1) the patient underwent successful cataract surgery in the right eye, by the same surgeon, in 2009. (2) Had appropriate care and skill been used during the retrobulbar block, the patient would not have suffered injury to her optic nerve. Absent this injury, the surgery would have had a successful outcome. (Internal citations omitted). The defendants objected to this report as well and moved to dismiss Baty’s claims. The trial court granted both defendants’ motions to dismiss, finding the report “deficient with respect to the elements of standards of care, breach of standards of care, and causation.” A divided court of appeals affirmed, holding the report is inadequate as to the standard-of-care element because it is silent as to “what an ordinarily prudent CRNA should have done in this instance” and is therefore conclusory. ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. App.—Waco 2015) (mem. op.) (emphasis omitted). We granted Baty’s petition for review. 4 II. Discussion A. Statutory Framework In reviewing a medical expert report’s sufficiency, we begin with a discussion of the Texas Medical Liability Act’s pertinent provisions and our decision in American Transitional Care Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873 (Tex. 2001). The Act requires a claimant to serve an expert report early in the proceedings on each party against whom a health care liability claim is asserted. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(a).1 We have explained that “eliciting an expert’s opinions early in the litigation [is] an obvious place to start in attempting to reduce frivolous lawsuits.” Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 877; see also Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, 392 S.W.3d 625, 631 (Tex. 2013) (“[T]he purpose of evaluating expert reports is to deter frivolous claims, not to dispose of claims regardless of their merits.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). In line with that purpose, if the claimant fails to timely serve an expert report, then on the affected health care provider’s motion the trial court must dismiss the pertinent health care liability claim with prejudice and award attorney’s fees. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(b).2 However, if the motion challenges the adequacy of an otherwise timely report, the court may grant the motion “only if it appears to the court, after hearing, that the report does not represent an objective good faith effort to comply with the [Act’s] definition of an expert report.” Id. § 74.351(l). In turn, the Act defines “expert report” as 1 When Baty filed suit in 2012, the Act required service of the report within 120 days of the date the plaintiff’s original petition was filed. Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 875, amended by Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590. The current version, which took effect in 2013, requires service within 120 days of the date the defendant’s original answer is filed. Act of May 22, 2013, 83d Leg., R.S., ch. 870, § 2, 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 2217, 2217 (codified at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(a)). The deadline is not at issue in this case. 2 If a report is not timely served “because elements of the report are found deficient, the court may grant one 30-day extension to the claimant in order to cure the deficiency.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.351(c). 5 a written report by an expert[3] that provides a fair summary of the expert’s opinions as of the date of the report regarding applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the physician or health care provider failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed. Id. § 74.351(r)(6). In Palacios, we elaborated on the standard governing whether a report qualifies as a goodfaith effort to comply with the statutory requirements. 46 S.W.3d at 875. The claims against the hospital in that case arose after a patient, who had severe brain damage and had been prescribed bed restraints, fell from his hospital bed. Id. at 876. The expert report cited the nursing notes, which documented that the patient’s restraints were on ten minutes before the fall and that he was found on the floor with his restraints on but not tied to the bed. Id. at 879. The report stated that the patient “had a habit of trying to undo his restraints and precautions to prevent his fall were not properly utilized.” Id. The trial court concluded that the report was insufficient and granted the hospital’s motion to dismiss. Id. at 876. Addressing the proper standard of review, we concluded that a trial court’s decision to dismiss a case based on an inadequate expert report is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. at 878.4 We then explained that the report “need not marshal all the plaintiff’s proof,” id., but it “must discuss the standard of care, breach, and causation with sufficient specificity to inform the defendant of the conduct the plaintiff has called into question and to provide a basis for 3 Dr. Chalfin’s qualifications as an expert under the Act have never been questioned. 4 Citing the dissent in the court of appeals, Baty summarily argues that a de novo standard of review should apply. See ___ S.W.3d at ___ (Davis, J., dissenting). Baty did not present this as an issue in her petition, and we see no reason to depart from the well-established abuse-of-discretion standard recognized in Palacios and reiterated in subsequent cases. E.g., Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. 2006); Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002). 6 the trial court to conclude that the claims have merit,” id. at 875. We concluded that the report at issue contained “conclusory statements” that did not “put the defendant or the trial court on notice of the conduct complained of”—i.e., whether the hospital should have “monitored [the patient] more closely, restrained him more securely, or done something else entirely.” Id. at 880. In light of the absence of information about what the hospital should have done differently, we held the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the report did not qualify as “a good-faith effort to provide a fair summary of the standard of care and how it was breached.” Id. In applying the Palacios framework, we have confirmed that a report’s adequacy does not depend on the use of “any particular ‘magic words,’” so long as it contains sufficient information “within the document’s four corners” to fulfill Palacios’s two-part mandate: (1) informing the defendant of the specific conduct called into question and (2) providing a basis for the trial court to conclude the claims have merit. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52–53 (Tex. 2002). And we have explained that courts must view the report in its entirety, rather than isolating specific portions or sections, to determine whether it includes such information. See Van Ness v. ETMC First Physicians, 461 S.W.3d 140, 144 (Tex. 2015); see also Austin Heart, P.A. v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276, 282 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.) (“The form of the report and the location of the information in the report are not dispositive.”). With this framework in mind, we turn to Dr. Chalfin’s report. B. Analysis 1. Standard of Care The substance of Baty’s malpractice claim is that Futrell’s negligence in administering the retrobulbar anesthetic block caused permanent nerve damage and vision loss in her left eye. In 7 evaluating the sufficiency of Dr. Chalfin’s expert report in support of this claim,5 particularly with respect to the standard-of-care element, three statements in different sections of the report are especially pertinent: “[C]omplications such as globe penetration and optic nerve injury are more common when blocks require augmentation (additional needle sticks),” as was the case here, because “the initial injection volume can distort the anatomy of the orbital structures, and lead to injury by the needle on the subsequent attempt. For this reason, many Ophthalmic surgeons augment an inadequate block by using a blunt cannula inserted via a conjunctival incision, rather than a needle.” The standard of care for an ordinarily prudent CRNA administering a retrobulbar block requires “administering the block in the proper manner to preclude injuring the delicate structures of the orbit, including the globe and optic nerve.” Futrell breached the standard of care and was negligent in “[f]ailing to ensure that the retrobulbar block anesthesia was performed on Mrs. Baty with sufficient competence and skill to avoid damaging her optic nerve” and in “[i]rreparably damaging Mrs. Baty’s left optic nerve during the administration of the retrobulbar block by sticking it with the retrobulbar needle.” Baty argues that Dr. Chalfin’s report, taken as a whole, provides enough information regarding his opinions on the elements of her claim to comply with the Act. Baty describes the report as articulating: “(1) the standard of care (do not puncture the optic nerve with the 5 Because Baty brought vicarious-liability claims against Futrell’s employer, the report is sufficient to implicate the employer’s conduct so long as it meets the statutory standards as to Futrell. Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts, 392 S.W.3d 625, 632 (Tex. 2013). 8 [retrobulbar] needle); (2) breach of the standard of care (puncturing the optic nerve with the needle); and (3) causation (puncturing the optic nerve damaged the optic nerve and caused permanent vision loss to the eye).” She asserts the report is not rendered conclusory by the fact that the standard of care in this case “is fairly basic,” i.e., “do not stick the optic nerve with the anesthesia needle.” The defendants respond that Baty mischaracterizes the report’s description of the standard of care. They note that the stated standard of care is merely to administer the block in the “proper manner,” with no description of what the “proper manner” entails. Thus, they contend, Dr. Chalfin’s report uses the same sort of conclusory and unsupported language we held insufficient in Palacios. We agree with the defendants that the report’s statement that the block should be administered “in the proper manner” in order to avoid injuring the eye, by itself, is on par with the expert’s conclusory opinion in Palacios that unspecified “precautions to prevent [the patient’s] fall were not properly utilized.” 46 S.W.3d at 879–80;6 cf. Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. 2006) (holding that a passing reference to the fact that the patient’s case was “discussed” with the defendant physician “does not identify with specificity any action or inaction by [the defendant] that breached the applicable standard of care”). Similarly, in Lawton v. Joaquin, on which the defendants rely, the inadequate expert report stated that the standard of care applicable to a surgeon conducting an abdominoplasty required preservation of a sufficient blood supply to the abdominal wall, but failed to explain “how a surgeon goes about preserving a sufficient blood 6 The Fourteenth Court of Appeals held similarly in Kingwood Pines Hospital, LLC v. Gomez, in which a minor patient who was admitted to the hospital for a psychiatric evaluation was allegedly molested by another patient. 362 S.W.3d 740, 743 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.). The court held that the expert report’s conclusory description of the hospital’s standard of care, which included providing a safe environment, supervising patients, and preventing harm to patients, did not indicate what an ordinarily prudent provider would do under the circumstances. Id. at 749. 9 supply” or how the defendant physician failed to do so. No. 04-13-00613-CV, 2014 WL 783340, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 26, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.). None of these statements provide the requisite “specific information about what the defendant should have done differently.” Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 880. But viewing the report at issue here in its entirety, we agree with Baty that the standard of care described by Dr. Chalfin encompasses a more specific directive. See Van Ness, 461 S.W.3d at 144. After explaining that the inadequate initial block attempt increased the risk of optic nerve injury and that the block should be administered in the proper manner to preclude such injury, Dr. Chalfin opines that Futrell breached the standard by “sticking [the optic nerve] with the retrobulbar needle” “during the administration of the retrobulbar block.” If “sticking [the optic nerve] with the retrobulbar needle” is a breach of the standard of care—which, in turn, requires administering the block in the proper manner—then the “proper manner” necessarily encompasses not sticking the optic nerve with the retrobulbar needle. Unlike Palacios, in which we refused to infer from the report that the hospital’s untaken “precautions to prevent [the patient’s] fall” included tying the restraints to the bed more securely, here we need not infer anything; the report expressly references the “specific conduct the plaintiff has called into question.” Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879.7 The court of appeals nevertheless concluded that more was required than merely stating that Futrell should not have inserted the retrobulbar needle into the optic nerve. ___ S.W.3d at ___. The court faulted the report for failing to “specify what actions, procedures, or treatment was 7 In Palacios, we implied that a sufficient report as to standard of care could have included, for example, a statement that the hospital should have “monitored [the patient] more closely” or “restrained him more securely.” 46 S.W.3d at 880. We did not indicate that any further specificity was required. 10 either required or should have been performed or provided by Futrell while administering the retrobulbar block” in order to avoid inserting a needle into the optic nerve. Id. at ___ (emphasis omitted). Similarly, the defendants complain of “the absence of specific information about an ordinarily prudent CRNA’s duties as to this procedure and this patient, about what the CRNA should have done differently, and about what care was expected from the CRNA but not provided.” As to this claim and this report, we disagree that more detail was required. Dr. Chalfin does not simply state in the report that he knows the standard of care and concludes that it was not met. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 880; see also Scoresby v. Santillan, 346 S.W.3d 546, 556 (Tex. 2011) (“No particular words or formality are required, but bare conclusions will not suffice.” (internal citations omitted)). Nor, as the dissent suggests, does he improperly equate negligence with a bad or unsuccessful result. See Tex. W. Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams, 371 S.W.3d 171, 197 (Tex. 2012) (noting “the long-recognized principle that a physician who exercises ordinary care . . . is not liable to a patient for a bad outcome”).8 That is, he does not opine that Futrell was negligent merely because the cataract surgery was unsuccessful or because Baty suffered permanent nerve damage or vision loss. Inserting the needle into the optic nerve is not a result, good or bad; it is conduct that allegedly caused a bad result in this case. And it is this specific conduct that Dr. Chalfin opines falls below the standard of care. 8 Relatedly, the Act requires the inclusion of the following jury instruction following a trial on a health care liability claim: A finding of negligence may not be based solely on evidence of a bad result to the claimant in question, but a bad result may be considered by you, along with other evidence, in determining the issue of negligence. You are the sole judges of the weight, if any, to be given to this kind of evidence. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 74.303(e)(2). 11 Both Baty and the defendants cite Garza v. DeLeon in support of their respective positions. No. 13-13-00342-CV, 2013 WL 6730177 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Dec. 19, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). Although the opinion is not binding, we find the court of appeals’ discussion helpful in this case. In Garza, a child’s parents brought a health care liability claim against the doctor who performed an elective circumcision on their son. Id. at *1. They alleged that the doctor’s negligence in performing the procedure, including overuse of an electrocautery device to stop excessive bleeding, caused two urethrocutaneous fistulas, which are holes between the urethra and the skin of the penis. Id. The plaintiffs’ expert report stated that the standard of care was “to perform the circumcision by removing an appropriate amount of foreskin without excessive bleeding and without injury to the urethra.” Id. at *3. More specifically, the report stated that the physician “must avoid incising the urethra with a cutting agent, or with a suture placed for hemostasis,” and that “fistulas may result from . . . either accidental crushing of the urethra by the circumcision clamp, or from a stitch placed in the underside of the penis to control excessive bleeding,” as well as “by incising the urethra with the scalpel or electrocautery device.” Id. (alteration in original). The report also stated that the doctor breached the standard of care by “removing too much skin, cutting into the urethra or crushing the urethra—or all three.” Id. The doctor challenged the report, arguing it was “nothing but an extended conclusory statement” that did not specifically explain what actions were required to avoid injury while performing a circumcision, as it did not describe how much foreskin should have been removed or how electrocautery should have been used to avoid damaging the urethra. Id. The court of appeals concluded that such detail was not required at the expert-report stage, which precedes full litigation of the claim on its merits. Id. at *4; see also Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879 (confirming 12 that “the report does not have to meet the same requirements as the evidence offered in a summaryjudgment proceeding or at trial”). The court ultimately held that the report was sufficient because it “states the actions [the doctor] was supposed to avoid doing when conducting the surgery: cutting into the urethra with either a scalpel or an electrocautery tool, crushing the urethra with the circumcision clamp, or puncturing the urethra with a suture.” Garza, 2013 WL 6730177, at *4. The Garza court’s conclusion is sound and in line with our precedent. And Dr. Chalfin’s report is sufficient for the same reason: it states a specific action—sticking the optic nerve with the retrobulbar needle—Futrell was supposed to avoid doing when administering the retrobulbar block. Further, the report highlights the known increased risk associated with the procedure following the initial inadequate block attempt, noting an alternative procedure that may be employed in that situation. The report’s express reference to an alternative method provides some indication of what Futrell should have done differently.9 Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 880. Additional detail is simply not required at this stage of the proceedings.10 Of course, the expert report’s assertion that the standard of care requires or prohibits a particular action does not conclusively establish that fact. The parties to a medical-malpractice case may—and often do—disagree over what the standard of care in fact requires. Although Dr. Chalfin opines that the standard of care absolutely prohibits inserting the needle into the optic nerve, Futrell may present expert testimony that such conduct, while perhaps disfavored and 9 Although the report describes the blunt-cannula procedure as one used by “many Ophthalmic surgeons,” as opposed to CRNAs, the significance of this portion of the report is its recognition that less risky alternatives exist. 10 For example, the report could have stated that the CRNA should “exercise great care when inserting the needle not to stick the optic nerve” and that Futrell failed to exercise such care. Arguably, this provides an additional degree of specificity, but we fail to see how it adds anything of substance, particularly in light of the purposes the report is intended to serve. 13 discouraged, does not always and necessarily constitute a breach of the standard of care and will do so only if accompanied by other specific conduct. Such a controverting opinion would create a fact issue on the standard of care, but it does not negate the fact that Dr. Chalfin has identified what he believes the standard of care prohibits. Because his report identifies the “conduct being called into question”—inserting the needle into the optic nerve—and provides the trial court a basis to conclude Baty’s claims have merit, it satisfies the good-faith effort the statute requires. 2. Breach and Causation Although the court of appeals did not address the report’s sufficiency as to breach and causation, the parties argued those issues here, and we will address them in the interest of judicial economy. Pedernal Energy, LLC v. Bruington Eng’g, Ltd., ___ S.W.3d ___, ___ (Tex. 2017). The report’s sufficiency as to the breach element is tied to its sufficiency as to standard of care. For the reasons discussed, the report adequately explains that Futrell breached the standard of care by “sticking [the left optic nerve] with the retrobulbar needle” during the administration of the retrobulbar block. We also hold that the report represents a good-faith effort to summarize the causal relationship between Futrell’s failure to meet the applicable standard of care and Baty’s injury. Bowie Mem’l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 53. Dr. Chalfin concludes that the optic nerve was injured during the administration of the retrobulbar block, again, based on the specific conduct of sticking the optic nerve with the retrobulbar needle. He also notes that other postulated causes of Baty’s vision loss were ruled out by subsequent examination or ancillary studies, and that Baty had previously undergone successful cataract surgery on her right eye. The defendants contend that, because the report does not adequately explain what steps Futrell should have followed to avoid 14 the injury, the report similarly does not explain how Futrell’s failure to follow those steps caused Baty’s injury. We reject the premise of this argument for the reasons discussed and therefore reject the otherwise unsupported conclusion. The report sufficiently addresses causation. III. Conclusion We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in concluding Dr. Chalfin’s expert report does not represent a good-faith effort to meet the Medical Liability Act’s requirements and in dismissing Baty’s health care liability claims. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings. ________________________________ Debra H. Lehrmann Justice OPINION DELIVERED: February 2, 2018 15
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