Pennsylvania v. Brown (majority)
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On December 9, 2012, appellant/cross-appellee Darnell Brown attended a party after hiding a revolver in the wheel well of a nearby parked automobile. At the party, Brown began arguing with Cory Morton (the victim). Marcus Stokes (co-defendant) retrieved the revolver and handed it to Brown, who fired four shots into the victim, killing him. Dr. Marlon Osbourne of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office performed an autopsy of the victim and prepared a report of his findings. The report concluded the cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds and the manner of death was homicide. At the time of trial, Dr. Osbourne was no longer employed by the Medical Examiner’s Office and he was not called as a witness, but his report of the victim’s autopsy was admitted into evidence. The Commonwealth called Dr. Albert Chu of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office, who had not been present at the autopsy, to provide expert testimony based on portions of the autopsy report as well as autopsy photographs. The issue on appeal before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court centered on the autopsy report, specifically, whether an autopsy report was testimonial in nature, such that the report’s author must appear as a witness subject to cross-examination at a criminal trial for murder when the report is introduced as evidence substantiating the cause of the victim’s death. The Supreme Court held admission of the autopsy report without testimony from its author was error in this case, but the error was harmless, and therefore affirmed.
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[J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA EASTERN DISTRICT SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, Appellant v. DARNELL BROWN, Appellee COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, Appellee v. DARNELL BROWN, Appellant : : : : : : : : : : : : No. 40 EAP 2016 : : : : : : : : : : : : No. 41 EAP 2016 Appeal from the Judgment of Superior Court entered on 05/10/2016 at No. 1165 EDA 2015 (reargument denied 07/13/2016) affirming the Order entered on 03/26/2016 in the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, Philadelphia County at No. CP-51-CR0003322-2013. ARGUED: September 12, 2017 Appeal from the Judgment of Superior Court entered on 05/10/2016 at No. 1165 EDA 2015 (reargument denied 07/13/2016) affirming the Order entered on 03/26/2016 in the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, Philadelphia County at No. CP-51-CR0003322-2013. ARGUED: September 12, 2017 Justice Dougherty delivers the Opinion of the Court with respect to Sections I through IV(A) and announces the Judgment of the Court with respect to Sections IV(B) through VI. Justices Baer and Todd join the Opinion in full. Chief Justice Saylor, Justice Donohue, Justice Wecht and Justice Mundy join only Sections I through IV(A) and do not join Sections IV(B) through VI. OPINION JUSTICE DOUGHERTY DECIDED: JUNE 1, 2018 In these consolidated discretionary cross-appeals we consider whether an autopsy report is testimonial in nature, such that the report’s author must appear as a witness subject to cross-examination at a criminal trial for murder when the report is introduced as evidence substantiating the cause of the victim’s death. We hold admission of the autopsy report without testimony from its author was error in this case, but the error was harmless, and therefore affirm. I. Background On December 9, 2012, appellant/cross-appellee Darnell Brown attended a party on the 2600 block of Stanley Street in Philadelphia, after hiding a revolver in the wheel well of a nearby parked automobile. At the party, Brown began arguing with Cory Morton (the victim). Marcus Stokes (co-defendant) retrieved the revolver and handed it to Brown, who fired four shots into the victim, killing him. Dr. Marlon Osbourne of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office performed an autopsy of the victim and prepared a report of his findings. The report detailed, among other things, the existence of four gunshot wounds, both penetrating and perforating, that struck the ribs, heart, left lung and left shoulder of the victim. The report noted three of the bullets entered the front of the victim’s body while one entered his back and the report described the paths of the bullets.1 The report noted there was no soot, stippling or muzzle imprints around any of the gunshot wounds. The report concluded the cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds and the manner of death was homicide. The report stated the paths of the two bullets entering the victim’s chest were right to left, front to back and downward, the path of the bullet entering the victim’s shoulder was front to back and slightly downward, and the path of the bullet entering the victim’s back was right to left, back to front and upward. 1 [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 2 At the time of trial, Dr. Osbourne was no longer employed by the Medical Examiner’s Office and he was not called as a witness, but his report of the victim’s autopsy was admitted into evidence. The Commonwealth called Dr. Albert Chu of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner’s Office, who had not been present at the autopsy, to provide expert testimony based on portions of the autopsy report as well as autopsy photographs. Counsel for both defendants objected to the admission of the autopsy report and Dr. Chu’s testimony, apparently on the basis of Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647 (2011),2 arguing the report constituted testimonial evidence, and its admission through Dr. Chu violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution.3 The trial court overruled the objection. Co-defendant’s counsel objected “[o]n the basis of the United States Supreme Court case whose name I always forget from four or five years ago, long German name, unless the second expert participated in the examination or the findings of the first expert, then according to that case, he is barred from testifying, and that’s the objection I would make unless on his preliminary testimony he says not only did I look [the autopsy report] over, but I assisted or whatever. But if he just looked it over and he is testifying from the other man’s conclusion, then I would move that it be barred.” N.T., 11/5/14, at 100-01. Brown’s counsel joined in the objection. Bullcoming, discussed in more detail infra, prohibits the prosecution from introducing into evidence a forensic lab report containing a “testimonial” certification through the “surrogate” in-court testimony of an analyst who had not signed the certification or performed or observed the test reported in the certification. 564 U.S. at 652. 2 3 In pertinent part, the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The right to confrontation “applies to witnesses against the accused — in other words, those who bear testimony. Testimony, in turn, is typically a solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004) (internal quotations, citation, and brackets omitted). Forensic or scientific reports can be functionally identical to live incourt testimony, accomplishing precisely what a witness does on direct examination. Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 310-11 (2009). Such a report is “testimonial” if its primary purpose is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to a later criminal prosecution. Commonwealth v. Yohe, 79 A.3d 520, 531 (Pa. 2013), citing Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). A report has this primary purpose if it is created or prepared under circumstances which would lead an objective witness [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 3 Dr. Chu explained to the jury the difference between penetrating and perforating gunshot wounds and the distance parameters of gun barrel to body for gunshot wounds that leave no stippling, soot or other residue marks. Although Dr. Chu could not state the order in which the wounds were received, he testified, based on the victim’s injuries as detailed in the report, death would have been rapid but not instantaneous. Dr. Chu testified the wounds were consistent with a scenario in which someone shot the victim from a distance of six to eight feet while facing him, and then shot the victim in the back after the victim turned away. He further testified the victim could have walked a few feet before collapsing. Dr. Chu testified, in his expert opinion, the cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds and the manner of death was homicide. He testified he was not “merely repeating Dr. Osbourne’s opinion from the report[,]” but that he, through his medical experience and training “also h[e]ld this opinion” regarding the manner and cause of death within a reasonable degree of medical and scientific certainty. N.T., 11/5/14, at 130. The jury convicted Brown of third-degree murder and related offenses, and the court sentenced him to an aggregate term of twenty-five to fifty years’ imprisonment. Brown appealed, arguing the trial court erred by permitting Dr. Chu to testify about the victim's cause and manner of death based on Dr. Osbourne’s autopsy report. The Superior Court affirmed Brown’s judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Brown, 139 A.3d 208 (Pa. Super. 2016). However, the court first determined the trial court erred in allowing admission of the autopsy report in the absence of Dr. Osbourne’s testimony: reasonably to believe the report would be available for use at a later trial. Id., 79 A.3d at 531 n.11, citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-52. A “testimonial report” is inadmissible absent a showing the analyst was unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the analyst. Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 311, citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 54. Thus, under Bullcoming, the Sixth Amendment precludes the admission of a testimonial lab report through “surrogate” in-court testimony only. Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 652. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 4 [W]e hold that an autopsy report that is prepared because of a sudden, violent, or suspicious death or a death that is the result of other than natural causes, is testimonial. Such an autopsy report is prepared to prove a fact, i.e., the victim’s cause and manner of death, that an objective observer would reasonably believe could later be used in a criminal prosecution. As such[,] autopsy reports are testimonial and the author of the autopsy report is required to testify at trial in order to satisfy the Confrontation Clause. In this case, Dr. Osbourne did not testify and [Brown] did not have a chance to cross-examine him prior to trial. Accordingly, [Brown’s] Confrontation Clause rights were violated by the admission of the autopsy report in this case. 139 A.3d at 216-17 (footnote omitted). The court also concluded that some of Dr. Chu’s testimony was “similar in nature to the surrogate testimony that the Court rejected in Bullcoming” and the admission of those portions of Dr. Chu’s testimony “outlining the conclusions Dr. Osbourne drew as a result of the autopsy . . . [and] which relayed Dr. Osbourne’s opinions regarding the cause and manner of [the victim’s] death violated the Confrontation Clause.” Id. at 219 n.20. Nevertheless, the panel concluded any error was harmless because “[t]his is not a case where the cause of death was seriously at issue.” Id. at 220. Moreover, the court opined Dr. Chu’s testimony which offered independent conclusions that were based in part on otherwise inadmissible facts or data was proper under Pennsylvania law, including under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 703.4 Id. at 21819. 4 Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 703 provides: An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. If experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. Pa.R.E. 703. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 5 This Court granted the petitions for allowance of appeal filed by both the Commonwealth and Brown.5 II. Arguments A. Commonwealth’s Appeal The Commonwealth contends Brown’s rights under the Confrontation Clause were not implicated by the admission of the autopsy report and Dr. Chu’s testimony. The Commonwealth acknowledges the Confrontation Clause guarantees the opportunity to confront those who testify against a defendant. In the Commonwealth’s view, however, autopsy reports are non-testimonial in nature and thus are “‘exempted . . . from Confrontation Clause scrutiny altogether.’” Commonwealth’s Brief at 16, quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004) (ellipsis supplied by Commonwealth). The Commonwealth argues that, under the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), and Bullcoming, both of which were relied upon by this Court in Commonwealth v. Yohe, 79 A.3d 520 (Pa. 2013), the test for whether a forensic report is testimonial is the “primary purpose” test, which The Commonwealth’s appeal is docketed at 40 EAP 2016, and Brown’s appeal is docketed at 41 EAP 2016. 5 The Commonwealth presents one question: “Did the Superior Court err when it rejected binding Confrontation Clause authority and held as a matter of first impression that autopsy reports are testimonial?” Commonwealth’s Brief at 10. Brown presents two questions: “I. Because an autopsy report constitutes testimonial hearsay, does use of that report by another expert as the basis for his own opinion violate the Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right of Confrontation? II. Because Rule 703 allows an expert to use inadmissible evidence to form an opinion but does not allow that inadmissible evidence to be used for its truth, did not the Superior Court err in concluding that Rule 703 permitted the testimony in this case where the testifying expert’s opinion has relevance and probative value only if the report he relied on is true?” Brown’s Brief at 4 (emphasis in original). [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 6 examines whether the report “was created ‘under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the [report] would be available for use at a later trial, and was plainly created for [an evidentiary] purpose.’” Commonwealth’s Brief at 20, quoting Yohe, 79 A.3d at 537 (emphasis deleted). The Commonwealth argues that most autopsies in Pennsylvania are not plainly created for evidentiary availability at a later trial, and thus the Superior Court improperly determined the primary purpose test was satisfied. The Commonwealth supports its position by referencing provisions in the County Code, 16 P.S. §1237(a)(1)-(11), and Vital Statistics Law, 35 P.S. §450.503, which require coroners to produce autopsy reports for statistical and other purposes independent of any criminal investigation.6 The Commonwealth argues “[t]he statutory, statistical, and scientific reasons for creating autopsy reports make them substantially different from the [certificates of] narcotics analyses in Melendez-Diaz and the BAC reports in Bullcoming and Yohe.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 26. The Commonwealth asserts narcotics analyses certificates and BAC reports are created “for one reason — use in a criminal prosecution[,]” and thus are more properly categorized as testimonial. Id. Because autopsy reports are created for many different reasons, and are not primarily created for use in a criminal prosecution, autopsy reports “are not testimonial under the primary purpose test” and thus do not implicate Confrontation Clause concerns. Id. at 27. The Commonwealth additionally contends autopsy reports “are not testimonial under the more narrowly-focused test used by the Williams plurality” which “limited the scope of testimonial forensic documents to those that are ‘made for the purpose[ ] of proving [the] guilt[ of] a particular criminal defendant at trial’ under circumstances in which 6 The Philadelphia County Code transfers all duties performed by the Coroner to the Office of the Medical Examiner. PHILADELPHIA CODE §2-102(2)-(4). [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 7 the authors of the document would know that their contents would be ‘incriminating.’” Id., quoting Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50, 84 (2012) (Alito, J., Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court) (emphasis supplied by Commonwealth).7 In addition, the Commonwealth notes that thirteen states as well as the First and Second Circuit Courts of Appeal have concluded autopsy reports are not testimonial because they are not created solely for an evidentiary purpose. See id. at 30-31 and n.3 (citations omitted). Brown responds an autopsy report is testimonial, and thus subject to Sixth Amendment protections, because Pennsylvania law requires an autopsy report in any case of sudden, violent, or suspicious death, as occurred here. Brown’s Brief at 13, citing 35 P.S. §450.503 (“The local registrar . . . or other person having knowledge of the death . . . shall refer to the coroner the following cases: . . . (3) where the circumstances suggest that the death was sudden or violent or suspicious in nature or was the result of other than natural causes[.]”). The purpose of such a report, Brown asserts, is to set forth whether sufficient reason exists for the examiner conducting the autopsy to conclude a sudden, violent or suspicious death was the result of a criminal act. Id., citing 16 P.S. §1237(b) (“The purpose of the investigation shall be to determine the cause of any such death and to determine whether there is sufficient reason for the coroner to believe that any such death may have resulted from criminal acts or criminal neglect of persons other than the deceased.”). Moreover, Brown notes Pennsylvania law requires cooperation between the coroner and the prosecutor. Id., citing 16 P.S. §1242 (“the coroner shall, so much as may be practicable, consult and advise with the district attorney”). Brown maintains an autopsy report falls squarely within that category of forensic reports functionally identical to live in-court testimony subject to cross-examination under 7 Williams resulted in four opinions, none of which garnered a majority for its legal rationale; the various expressions are discussed infra. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 8 Melendez-Diaz. Brown also contends that even if some autopsy reports are generated for other purposes, the autopsy report in this case was clearly generated for the primary purpose of gathering evidence in the investigation of a sudden, violent and suspicious death by other than natural causes. The gravamen of Brown’s argument is any autopsy report thus generated is presumptively testimonial because, among other things, it is “made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the [report] would be available for use at a later trial[,]” and the report “‘was plainly created for an evidentiary purpose.’” Brown’s Brief at 14, quoting Yohe, 79 A.3d at 537 (internal quotations and citation omitted). B. Brown’s Appeal Brown presents two issues. First, he claims that because an autopsy report is testimonial, “the introduction of such a report at trial may occur only when the testifying witness is the person who prepared the report, observed the examination from which the report arose, or actively supervised its preparation and completion and is subject to crossexamination.” Brown’s Brief at 15, citing Yohe, 79 A.3d at 539. Therefore, according to Brown, “[w]here the person testifying neither authored the report nor participated in or supervised the examination and the author is not produced at trial for cross-examination, use of the autopsy report violates the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 12-13, citing MelendezDiaz, 557 U.S. at 310-311. Brown argues the constitutional analysis of a testimonial report is no different “when an expert reads the report and makes it the basis for her/his ‘new’ conclusion.” Id. at 16. Brown claims the “factual description of the body’s condition and the results of the examination [contained in the autopsy report] neither require nor permit any independent analysis or application of expertise[,]” id. at 17, and where a surrogate medical examiner merely “parrots” the findings of the examiner who conducted the autopsy, such “parroting” violates the Confrontation Clause. Id. at 17-18, quoting [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 9 State v. Bass, 132 A.3d 1207, 1226-27 (N.J. 2016). “In sum, whether the in-court expert repeats another expert’s testimonial report or adopts it into his/her own verbiage by making it the basis of the conclusions relayed in the courtroom, the result is the same — a violation of the Sixth Amendment right of Confrontation. Id at 18, citing Bullcoming generally; Bass, supra; State v. Smith, 367 P.3d 420, 432 (N.M. 2016). Second, Brown claims Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 703 does not permit an expert to offer an opinion based upon “testimonial hearsay.” Brown’s Brief at 18. Brown concedes under the Rule “[i]f experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they [the facts or data] need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted.” Id. at 18-19, quoting Pa.R.E. 703. Nevertheless, Brown argues, “‘the underlying information is not admissible for its truth or substance, but only to inform the jury of the foundation for the opinion.’” Id. at 18-19, quoting 1-703 Ohlbaum on the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence §03.07 (2016). Relying on various federal decisions interpreting Federal Rule of Evidence 703 and academic commentary, Brown asserts that “[w]here that [underlying] inadmissible information is testimonial hearsay, however, [Rule] 703 must bow to the right of Confrontation[.]” Id. at 19, 20-21, citing United States v. Rios, 830 F.3d 403 (6th Cir. 2016); United States v. Garcia, 793 F.3d 1194 (10th Cir. 2015); Mike’s Train House, Inc. v. Lionel, LLC, 472 F.3d 398 (6th Cir. 2006).8 Finally, Brown insists this issue was “directly” before the United 8 The Comment to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 703 explains the Rule differs somewhat from its federal counterpart: This rule is identical to the first two sentences of F.R.E. 703. It does not include the third sentence of the Federal Rule that provides that the facts and data that are the bases for the expert’s opinion are not admissible unless their probative value substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. This is inconsistent with Pennsylvania law which requires that the facts and data that are the bases for the expert’s opinion must be disclosed to the trier of fact. See Pa.R.E. 705 [(“If an expert states an opinion the expert must state the facts or data on which the opinion is based.”)] [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 10 States Supreme Court in Williams, and asserts “[a]t least five of the nine Justices agreed that [F.R.E.] 703 does not permit expert testimony based on testimonial hearsay where it has relevance only if true.” Brown’s Brief at 21. The Commonwealth responds that “expert opinion testimony based on information provided by persons not in court has never been held to violate the Confrontation Clause.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 33, citing Commonwealth v. Baumhammers, 960 A.2d 59, 95 n.28 (Pa. 2008). The Commonwealth further asserts decisions of this Court have upheld the precise evidentiary practice that occurred here, claiming Pennsylvania law holds “[a]n expert witness ‘who did not perform an autopsy may testify as to cause of death as long as the testifying expert is qualified and sufficiently informed.’” Id., quoting Commonwealth v. Ali, 10 A.3d 282, 306 (Pa. 2010) (citing Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 570 A.2d 532 (Pa.Super. 1990) (in homicide cases, testifying pathologists may base their opinions on facts contained in autopsy reports authored by others)). The Commonwealth additionally notes the High Court’s OAJC in Williams states it has “‘long been accepted that an expert witness may voice an opinion based on facts concerning the events at issue in a particular case even if the expert lacks [ ] first-hand knowledge of those facts.’” Id. at 36, quoting Williams, 567 U.S. at 67. According to the Commonwealth, because Dr. Chu’s expert testimony was based on otherwise inadmissible facts upon which he relied to reach his independent conclusions, his expert opinion testimony did not offend the Confrontation Clause. With respect to Brown’s arguments relying on Rule 703, the Commonwealth posits the issue is waived because Brown never relied on Rule 703 as a basis for his Cmnt. to Pa.R.E. 703. The Comment to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 705 further explains “[w]hen an expert testifies about the underlying facts and data that support the expert’s opinion and the evidence would be otherwise inadmissible, the trial judge upon request must, or on the judge’s own initiative may, instruct the jury to consider the facts and data only to explain the basis for the expert’s opinion, and not as substantive evidence.” Cmnt. to Pa.R.E. 705. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 11 objection to Dr. Osbourne’s report or the testimony of Dr. Chu, and in any event, the prosecution was required under Pennsylvania evidentiary rules to present the evidence upon which Dr. Chu’s opinion was based. Id. at 39-43. As to the portion of Dr. Chu’s testimony that referenced Dr. Osbourne’s conclusions or opinions, the Commonwealth asserts any “passing reference to Dr. Osbourne’s cumulative opinion about cause and manner of death and the admission of his autopsy report into evidence was at most harmless error.” Id. at 37. III. Confrontation Clause and Testimonial Evidence Whether the admission and use of the autopsy report in this case — without accompanying testimony from its author — violated Brown’s rights under the Confrontation Clause is a question of law, for which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See Yohe, 79 A.3d at 530. Prior to Crawford, the United States Supreme Court was of the view the Confrontation Clause did not bar the admission of out-of-court statements that fell within a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay rule or that bore a particularized guarantee of trustworthiness. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 40, citing Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980) (Confrontation Clause does not bar admission of unavailable witness’s statement against criminal defendant if statement bears adequate indicia of reliability — to meet adequate indicia of reliability test, evidence must either fall within a firmly rooted hearsay exception or bear particularized guarantee of trustworthiness). In Crawford, however, the Court sought to align its Confrontation Clause analysis with the original intent of the framers who, according to the Court, were concerned about abuses of the civil-law mode of criminal procedure; in particular, the Court referenced the introduction into evidence of ex parte examinations such as the confession of Sir Walter [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 12 Raleigh’s alleged accomplice in Raleigh’s trial for treason. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 50. The Crawford Court determined the historical record supported the proposition the framers would not have permitted the admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial, and held that such statements could be admitted “only where the declarant is unavailable, and only where the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Id. at 59. Ultimately, the Crawford Court held the playing of a taperecorded statement at trial, in which the criminal defendant’s wife who did not testify on the grounds of marital privilege described to police the circumstances of the defendant’s stabbing a victim, violated the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. Subsequent to Crawford, the Court held statements to police are “testimonial,” and thus subject to Confrontation Clause restraints, when their “primary purpose” is to establish or prove past events for purposes of proof at a criminal trial: Without attempting to produce an exhaustive classification of all conceivable statements—or even all conceivable statements in response to police interrogation—as either testimonial or nontestimonial, it suffices to … hold as follows: Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. at 822. After Davis, the High Court considered a number of cases in which the challenged statements or affidavits took the form of scientific or forensic reports or certificates. In Melendez-Diaz, the Court considered a Massachusetts trial court’s admission into evidence at a criminal trial for drug trafficking of certificates reporting the forensic analysis of the composition and quantity of substances seized from the defendant. 557 U.S. 305. As required by Massachusetts law, the certificates were sworn to before a notary public [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 13 and were offered into evidence at trial as prima facie evidence the substance seized was a specific quantity of cocaine. Id. at 308. The defendant objected on the basis of Crawford, claiming the analyst who prepared the certificates was required to testify if the certificates were to be admitted into evidence. The objection was overruled, the defendant was convicted of cocaine distribution and his conviction was upheld on appeal. The High Court granted certiorari to determine whether the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. The Court held “[t]he ‘certificates’ are functionally identical to live, in-court testimony, doing ‘precisely what a witness does on direct examination,’” and thus were “testimonial” in nature. Id. at 310-11, quoting Davis, 547 U.S. at 830. Moreover, the Court held admission of the certificates of analysis without the author’s live testimony violated the Confrontation Clause because the certificates fell into the “core class of testimonial statements” identified in Crawford. Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 310. Significantly, the certificates of analysis were “‘made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial,’” and under Massachusetts law, the “sole purpose” of the certificates was to provide evidence about the composition and quantity of the analyzed substance. Id. at 311, quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52. The Court rejected the state’s argument the certificates were admissible without supporting testimony because they simply reflected “the resul[t] of neutral, scientific testing”; the Court held this argument was “little more than an invitation to return to our overruled decision in Roberts, . . . which held that evidence with ‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness’ was admissible notwithstanding the Confrontation Clause.” Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 317, quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. at 66. The Court reiterated, “To be sure, the Clause’s ultimate goal is to ensure reliability of evidence, [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 14 but it is a procedural rather than a substantive guarantee. It commands, not that evidence be reliable, but that reliability be assessed in a particular manner: by testing in the crucible of cross-examination. . . .” Id., quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 61-62. In Bullcoming, decided two years after Melendez-Diaz, the High Court reviewed the admissibility of a BAC report authored and signed by a non-testifying analyst. The report was introduced at trial for the substantive purpose of proving the truth of the matter asserted by its out-of-court author, namely, that the defendant had a BAC level of 0.21, which was the central question at the defendant’s trial, and was dispositive of his guilt. The report was introduced through the testimony of a surrogate analyst. The New Mexico Supreme Court held the surrogate’s testimony was adequate to satisfy the requirements of the Confrontation Clause. The issue before the High Court was “whether the Confrontation Clause permits the prosecution to introduce a forensic laboratory report containing a testimonial certification — made for the purpose of proving a particular fact — through the in-court testimony of a scientist who did not sign the certification or perform or observe the test reported in the certification.” Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 652. The High Court ruled the Confrontation Clause precludes such practice, holding “the Clause does not tolerate dispensing with confrontation simply because the court believes that questioning one witness about another’s testimonial statements provides a fair enough opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 662. New Mexico argued the “affirmations” of the surrogate analyst were nontestimonial because they were not “adversarial” or “inquisitorial” but simply observations of an independent scientist made according to a non-adversarial public duty, and thus, the Confrontation Clause was not implicated. Id. at 664. The Court summarily noted it is inescapable “Melendez-Diaz le[aves] no room for that argument[.]” Id. at 663. In concurrence, Justice Sotomayor, who provided the fifth vote for the majority decision to [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 15 hold Bullcoming’s Sixth Amendment rights were violated, wrote separately to highlight 1) why she viewed the BAC report at issue to be “testimonial — specifically because its ‘primary purpose’ is evidentiary,” and 2) “to emphasize the limited reach of the Court’s opinion.” Id. at 668 (Sotomayor, J. concurring). Justice Sotomayor noted the BAC report had a primary purpose of creating an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony and opined the formality of the BAC report “further suggests its evidentiary purpose.” Id. at 670 (Sotomayor, J. concurring), citing Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 366 (2011) (formality/informality can shed light on whether particular statement has primary purpose of use at trial). Noting Bullcoming was materially indistinguishable from the facts considered in Melendez-Diaz, Justice Sotomayor then highlighted “some of the factual circumstances that this case does not present.” Id. at 672 (emphasis in original). Among other things, Justice Sotomayor explained Bullcoming was not a case “in which an expert witness was asked for his independent opinion about underlying testimonial reports that were not themselves admitted into evidence.” Id. at 673, citing F.R.E. 703 (facts or data of a type upon which experts in the field would reasonably rely in forming an opinion need not be admissible in order for expert’s opinion based on the facts and data to be admitted). Shortly after Bullcoming, the High Court decided Williams v. Illinois, supra, a divided opinion in which the Court sought to further refine its articulation of the primary purpose test under the alternate factual scenario envisioned only hypothetically in Bullcoming by Justice Sotomayor. Williams involved a rape prosecution in which an expert testified she obtained a DNA profile report from an independent lab based on a semen specimen taken from a vaginal swab of the victim. The lab report was not introduced into evidence. The expert testified she compared the DNA profile contained in the lab report to the defendant’s recorded DNA profile and concluded it was a match. The defendant challenged the expert’s testimony which relied upon the lab report on the [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 16 basis the report’s admission without testimony from its author violated the Confrontation Clause. The plurality opinion, authored by Justice Alito, joined by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Kennedy and Justice Breyer, relied in part on F.R.E. 703 and held, “[o]ut-of-court statements that are related by the expert solely for the purpose of explaining the assumptions on which that opinion rests are not offered for their truth and thus fall outside the scope of the Confrontation Clause.” Williams, 567 U.S. at 58. Alternatively, the plurality applied the primary purpose test to conclude the underlying lab report was itself non-testimonial, and thus beyond the reach of the Confrontation Clause, because the report did not identify the defendant, was not inherently inculpatory, and was created “before any suspect was identified.” Id. The plurality opined the “report is very different from the sort of extrajudicial statements, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, and confessions, that the Confrontation Clause was originally understood to reach.” Id. The report “was sought not for the purpose of obtaining evidence to be used against petitioner, who was not even under suspicion at the time, but for the purpose of finding a rapist who was on the loose.” Id. The plurality thus opined the lab report differed from the certificates of analysis and BAC reports in Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming, which were created for the sole purpose of providing evidence against a particular defendant and were used to establish the truth of the matter asserted. The plurality concluded the defendant’s Sixth Amendment confrontation right was not violated and explained: This conclusion is entirely consistent with Bullcoming and Melendez-Diaz. In those cases, the forensic reports were introduced into evidence, and there is no question that this was done for the purpose of proving the truth of what they asserted: in Bullcoming that the defendant’s blood alcohol level exceeded the legal limit and in Melendez-Diaz that the substance in question contained cocaine. Nothing comparable happened here. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 17 Id. at 79.9 In a dissenting opinion, Justice Kagan, joined by Justice Scalia, Justice Ginsberg and Justice Sotomayor, maintained “[u]nder our Confrontation Clause precedents, this is an open-and-shut case.” Williams, 567 U.S. at 119 (Kagan, J. dissenting). Citing Crawford, Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming, the dissent maintained the independent lab analyst who prepared the DNA profile report, to which the defendant’s DNA sample was compared, was a witness against the defendant whom the defendant had a right to confront. The dissent offered “‘[o]ur precedent[s] cannot sensibly be read any other way.’” Id. at 125, quoting Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 663. Turning to our own jurisprudence, this Court addressed whether the admission of a toxicology report in a DUI case violated the defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause in Yohe. The defendant’s blood sample was tested three times by several analysts from one lab using two different methods, as per routine lab practice. Dr. Blum, a toxicologist, and the assistant lab director responsible for the lab’s quality assurance controls, received the raw data from the analysts who performed the tests, reviewed the demographic information, verified the appropriate tests were conducted, evaluated the chain of custody, and compared the individual test results to arrive at a BAC result which he set forth in a toxicology report summarizing the test results. Yohe, 79 A.3d at 523-24. Dr. Blum signed the report electronically, certifying its content and his own participatory role in reviewing the data and ensuring its accuracy. Id. at 524. At Yohe’s trial, the report showing his BAC to be .159 was admitted into evidence through Dr. Blum’s expert 9Justice Thomas authored a concurrence which agreed the lab report was non-testimonial and thus beyond the reach of the Confrontation Clause, but on a rationale other than that offered by the plurality. In Justice Thomas’s view, the lab report “lacked the requisite ‘formality and solemnity’ to be considered ‘testimonial’ for purposes of the Confrontation Clause.” Williams, 567 U.S. at 104 (Thomas, J., concurring) (citations omitted). No other Justice joined the concurrence. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 18 testimony. Yohe objected to the admission of the report and to Dr. Blum’s testimony on the basis they violated his right to confrontation because the specific lab technicians who actually performed the tests did not testify. The objections were overruled, and Yohe was convicted of DUI and sentenced. On post-sentence motions, however, the trial court held the toxicology report was a testimonial statement requiring production at trial of the analysts who actually performed the underlying tests so that the defendant could confront them. Id. at 525-26. The Commonwealth appealed to the Superior Court, arguing Dr. Blum was in fact the analyst who derived the actual BAC result from his comparison of the readings of the underlying tests conducted under differing methods. The Superior Court agreed Dr. Blum (rather than the original lab technicians) was the witness the defendant had a right to confront, and reversed the grant of a new trial. On appeal, this Court analyzed the relevant precedent from the High Court, viewing “with caution” the “fragmented” decision in Williams where there was no single rationale to explain the result which garnered a majority. 79 A.3d at 536. This Court noted the narrowest ground for the decision in Williams was the conclusion that the DNA profile report from the independent lab was not testimonial. However, four Justices disagreed with that conclusion and the remaining Justices could not agree about why the report was not testimonial. Thus, this Court considered whether Dr. Blum’s toxicology report was testimonial by comparing it to “the facts of the testimonial statements considered in Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming[,]” id. at 537, and easily concluded the toxicology report was testimonial. Id. The Court then considered whether Dr. Blum was the appropriate analyst to appear at trial for purposes of protecting Yohe’s rights under the Confrontation Clause. The Court noted Dr. Blum had extensive supervisory involvement in utilizing the information supplied by his subordinates and highlighted his unique role as the only individual who engaged in the critical comparative analysis of the [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 19 results of the various tests performed to determine the defendant’s actual BAC. Id. at 540. The Court surmised the facts distinguished the case from Bullcoming where the surrogate witness had no opinion concerning the defendant’s BAC, “[r]ather the testifying witness merely read the analyst’s report into evidence and offered no independent opinion about the defendant’s blood alcohol levels.” Id. at 541, citing Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 662. Thus, the Yohe Court determined the defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause were not violated because the “author” of the toxicology report was the analyst who testified at trial and was available for cross-examination. Id. IV. Autopsy Report and Harmless Error A. We now consider whether the challenged autopsy report — presented without accompanying testimony by its author Dr. Osbourne — was testimonial in nature such that Brown’s Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him was violated by its admission at trial. We recognize cases from a number of jurisdictions hold autopsy reports are non-testimonial because they are not created primarily for presentation in a criminal trial and thus, the admission of the report without the supporting testimony of its author in criminal trials does not raise Confrontation Clause concerns. Pennsylvania law requires the preparation of autopsy reports in all cases of sudden, violent, and suspicious deaths, or deaths by other than natural causes, and in such cases, the autopsy and subsequent report are designed to determine whether the death occurred as the result of a criminal act. See 35 P.S. §450.503; see also 16 P.S. §1237. Moreover, the law requires the coroner or medical examiner charged with conducting and reporting the results of such autopsies to consult and advise the local district attorney to the extent practicable. See 16 P.S. §1242. Accordingly, we determine the primary purpose for preparation of an [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 20 autopsy report under these circumstances is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to a later criminal prosecution and that any person creating the report would reasonably believe it would be available for use at a later criminal trial. Thus, we conclude the autopsy report in this case was testimonial.10 See Crawford, supra; Melendez-Diaz, supra; Bullcoming, supra; Yohe, supra. Because the autopsy report prepared by Dr. Osbourne was testimonial in nature, under the Crawford, Melendez-Diaz, Bullcoming and Yohe precedents, the report could properly be introduced into evidence without Dr. Osbourne’s accompanying testimony only if Dr. Osbourne was unavailable and Brown “had a prior opportunity to crossexamine” him. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59. There is no dispute Brown had no prior opportunity to cross-examine Dr. Osbourne. Accordingly, we determine the admission of Dr. Osbourne’s report into evidence at Brown’s trial was error. B. We now consider the Commonwealth’s argument the error was harmless. This Court has long held “[w]here a trial error violates the federal constitution, this Court, at a minimum, must employ the federal harmless error rule.” Commonwealth v. Story, 383 A.2d 155, 162 (Pa. 1978), citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 21 (1967). A constitutional error cannot be found harmless unless an appellate court is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless. Id. However, “[i]f there is a reasonable possibility that the error may have contributed to the verdict, it is not harmless.” Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 839 A.2d 202, 214 (Pa. 2003). The We disagree with the Commonwealth’s assertion the report was non-testimonial because it did not identify anyone as a perpetrator of a crime. This argument is based on the plurality decision in Williams which concluded for a statement to be testimonial it must inculpate a particular individual. As noted above, the OAJC view in Williams did not garner a majority and is not precedential. 10 [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 21 Commonwealth bears the burden of establishing harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 215. This Court will find harmless error where: (1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was de minimis; (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have contributed to the verdict. Commonwealth v. Young, 748 A.2d 166, 193 (Pa. 1999) (citation omitted). Here, the Superior Court concluded the error was harmless without specifically engaging in the analysis described in Young. Instead, the court held the error was harmless simply because there was no “serious” dispute regarding the victim’s cause of death. Brown, 139 A.3d at 220 (admission of report harmless error because the victim was shot several times in chest, cause of death was not “seriously at issue[,]” and “extensive expert testimony was not necessary under the specific facts of this case”). Nevertheless, our own application of the Young test reveals that admission of the autopsy report in this case was harmless error. Specifically, as will be more thoroughly explained infra, we conclude the erroneously admitted autopsy report was merely cumulative of Dr. Chu’s independent opinion regarding the cause of death which was properly admissible. V. Dr. Chu’s Testimony Dr. Chu was accepted at trial as an expert forensic pathologist upon stipulation of the parties and following voir dire of his qualifications before the jury. The jury was informed Dr. Chu had performed thousands of autopsies, but had no role in the autopsy [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 22 of the victim in this matter other than his review of the autopsy photographs and the autopsy report prepared by Dr. Osbourne. Dr. Chu testified that he relied upon both the descriptions of the wounds in the report as well as the autopsy photographs in reaching his independent opinion regarding the cause of death. Dr. Chu testified he concluded “[b]etween reviewing the photographs and the report” the victim sustained four gunshot wounds. N.T. 11/5/14, at 123. Moreover, Dr. Chu used an exhibit at trial to show the jury where the bullets entered the victim’s body. Id. at 124. We recognize that in Bullcoming, the High Court unquestionably held the right to confrontation is violated when the analyst who writes a report is not made available for cross-examination even if the report is wholly reliable. Bullcoming, 564 U.S. at 661, citing Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 319. The testimony of a surrogate analyst is insufficient to vindicate the right to confrontation in such circumstances because cross-examination of the surrogate cannot expose any lapses or infirmities in the testing process or protocol employed by the analyst who authored the report. Id. at 662. Significantly, for purposes of our present analysis, the Bullcoming Court noted no argument was presented in that case that the surrogate analyst had “any ‘independent opinion’ concerning Bullcoming’s BAC.” Id. Here, Dr. Chu testified his opinion four gunshot wounds caused the victim’s death was his own independent opinion. Additionally, unlike Bullcoming, this is not a case where a surrogate witness simply read a testimonial report authored by another into the record. In addition to the autopsy report, Dr. Chu also examined autopsy photographs to support his own independent opinion as to the cause of death. Brown concedes the photographs were admissible evidence upon which Dr. Chu could properly rely to inform his opinion. Brown’s Brief at [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 23 17 n.8. There is no Confrontation Clause concern over the opinions Dr. Chu expressed based on his own review of the autopsy photographs because the photos were not testimonial statements of an unavailable witness. Thus, Dr. Chu, a medical examiner with many years’ experience, reached an independent opinion regarding the cause of death in part by examining data other than Dr. Osbourne’s autopsy report. 11 Nevertheless, it is clear Dr. Chu relied, in part, on the facts contained in the report, such as the number and location of the bullet wounds and their trajectories through the victim’s body as well as the report’s descriptions of the internal damage caused by the projectiles to offer his independent conclusion regarding the cause of death and to state whether the wounds were consistent with the particular factual scenarios this case presented.12 Justice Donohue questions the “independent” nature of Dr. Chu’s opinion, asserting his testimony was based almost exclusively on the accuracy of Dr. Osbourne’s testing and analysis. Slip op. at 5 (Donohue, J. Concurring). Justice Donohue concurrently questions the pertinence of the photos to inform Dr. Chu’s opinion because there was no testimony to establish “how, if at all, they [the photos] factored into Dr. Chu’s ‘independent testimony’ as to the cause of the victim’s death.” Slip op. at 4 (Donohue, J. Concurring). Given Dr. Chu’s unimpeached testimony he utilized the photos to aid his conclusion the victim sustained four gunshot wounds that caused his death, any weakness in that testimony was certainly ground for cross-examination. In any event, we plainly acknowledge Dr. Chu’s partial reliance on Dr. Osbourne’s findings. We stress that Dr. Chu reviewed contemporaneous photos of the autopsy, which assisted him in evaluating Dr. Osbourne’s findings, and permitted Dr. Chu to arrive at an independent opinion regarding the cause of death. While other additional and more comprehensive methods of contemporaneous recording of the autopsy procedure were not employed in this instance (such as video and/or audio), we cannot conclude the photos provided insufficient non-hearsay facts upon which Dr. Chu could rely to form an independent opinion regarding the cause of death. 11 12 For example, Dr. Chu was asked his opinion regarding, among other things, whether the wounds to the victim, as set forth in the autopsy report, would have caused instantaneous death. Dr. Chu testified death would have been rapid but not instantaneous, and the injuries would be consistent with a scenario in which the victim walked a few feet before collapsing. N.T. 11/5/14, at 128. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 24 The autopsy report itself was inadmissible absent Dr. Osbourne’s testimony. However, had the autopsy report not been introduced into evidence at trial, Pa.R.E. 703 and 705 would arguably permit precisely the type of expert opinion testimony given by Dr. Chu, which was based in part on the otherwise inadmissible facts and data contained in the report upon which experts in the field of forensic pathology would reasonably rely in forming an opinion. Pa.R.E. 703; see also Ali, 10 A.3d at 306 (“[A] medical expert who did not perform the autopsy may testify as to cause of death as long as the testifying expert is qualified and sufficiently informed[.]”) (citation omitted). In any event, we decline to decide Brown’s Rule 703-based claims challenging the admissibility of Dr. Chu’s testimony because, as the Commonwealth correctly points out, Brown never relied on Rule 703 as a basis for his objections to Dr. Chu’s testimony or to the admissibility of the autopsy report at trial, and because discussion of the Rule is unnecessary as we decide the Confrontation Clause issue and affirm the Superior Court’s judgment on other grounds. See Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697, 729 (Pa. 2015) (issue waived on appeal in absence of contemporaneous, specific objection at trial); see also Robinson Twp. v. Commonwealth, 83 A.3d 901, 987 (Pa. 2013) (constitutional claim presents question of law over which Court’s review is plenary and de novo; this Court not constrained by intermediate court’s reasoning but may affirm on any grounds if judgment supported by record).13 13 Justice Donohue contends we improperly decline to discuss the applicability of Rule 703 and disagrees Brown waived any claims relating to Rule 703. Slip op. at 7, n.2 (Donohue, J. Concurring). Moreover, Justice Donohue opines we fail to explain our position pointing out Rule 703 might apply (in conjunction with application of Rule 705, see n.8, supra) had the autopsy report not been introduced. Here, the inadmissible autopsy report was admitted into evidence, and we stress our holding that Dr. Chu could [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 25 Accordingly, we determine the factual scenario here differs from the factual scenario present in Bullcoming where the substitute analyst who testified at trial had no independent opinion regarding the defendant’s BAC. Here Dr. Chu formed an independent conclusion and testified to that conclusion based on his own review of both the otherwise inadmissible facts and data contained in the report and the data provided by the autopsy photographs. Because Dr. Chu properly formed an independent opinion, and was available to be cross-examined regarding the basis of that opinion, we conclude there was no Confrontation Clause violation with respect to his opinion regarding the cause of death. Additionally, Dr. Chu’s testimony was sufficient to satisfy the Commonwealth’s evidentiary burden regarding the victim’s cause of death. The Superior Court, however, also determined to the extent Dr. Chu acted as a surrogate for Dr. Osbourne and expressed Dr. Osbourne’s opinion regarding the cause of death, Dr. Chu’s testimony was similar to the surrogate testimony rejected by the Court in Bullcoming as violating the Confrontation Clause. Brown, 139 A.3d 219-20 n.20. Specifically, the jury heard, through Dr. Chu, that Dr. Osbourne had also concluded the victim’s cause of death was four gunshot wounds. We determine any error that arose from Dr. Chu’s testimony revealing Dr. Osbourne’s opinion as contained in the report was properly offer an independent opinion is based not on Rule 703, but on our analysis of relevant Confrontation Clause jurisprudence which, as explained supra, permitted Dr. Chu to form an independent opinion based on his review of admissible facts that supplemented the autopsy report. Moreover, the parties and the trial court did not raise or address the potential applicability of Rule 703 below. The potential applicability of Rule 703 was discussed in the first instance by the Superior Court sua sponte, which resulted in discussion of the issue for the first time by Brown in this appeal. Because we decide the matter on other preserved grounds, we decline to conduct a merits analysis of the issue challenging the applicability of Rule 703. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 26 harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because Dr. Chu’s independent opinion testimony satisfied the Confrontation Clause and the Commonwealth’s evidentiary burden of proof. See Young, 748 A.2d at 193 (error harmless where erroneously admitted evidence merely cumulative of other untainted evidence substantially similar to erroneously admitted evidence).14 VI. Conclusion We hold Dr. Osbourne’s autopsy report, which concluded the victim died from multiple gunshot wounds, was testimonial in nature, and its admission into evidence without Dr. Osbourne’s testimony, and in the absence of any prior opportunity to crossexamine Dr. Osbourne, violated Brown’s constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him. However, we also hold the error was harmless. The autopsy report did not prejudice Brown, as the report was cumulative of properly admitted independent opinion testimony regarding the cause of death offered by Dr. Chu. Dr. Chu, an expert pathologist who testified at trial, did not participate in the victim’s autopsy, but pursuant to his review of the inadmissible autopsy report and properly admissible autopsy photos, expressed 14 Justice Donohue and Justice Mundy would conclude the error was harmless based on eyewitness testimony establishing the victim was shot several times before he died. Slip op. at 13-14 (Donohue, J. Concurring), Slip op. at 3, (Mundy, J. Concurring), citing Commonwealth v. Ilgenfritz, 353 A.2d 387 (Pa. 1976), Commonwealth v. Gilman, 401 A.2d 335 (Pa. 1979) (plurality), and Commonwealth v. Vandivner, 962 A.2d 1170 (Pa. 2009). However, none of those cases raised a Confrontation Clause issue; in each case the medical examiner who performed the autopsy testified at trial and all three cases concerned not the admissibility of the medical examiner’s testimony, but whether the examiner’s testimony sufficiently established the cause of death to a reasonable degree of medical certainty. We have great hesitation equating an eyewitness’s lay testimony observing a victim was shot with expert medical testimony stating the cause of death, even in cases where the cause of death appears obvious. In any event, here, there is no need to rely on the testimony of lay witnesses because Dr. Chu’s independent expert testimony was sufficient to prove the victim’s cause of death. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 27 his independent expert opinion the cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds. This was permissible under the Confrontation Clause. We note our ruling regarding the basis for an expert’s independent opinion is fact-dependent. Each case involving this particular challenge to the Confrontation Clause must be based on its unique circumstances, as different facts regarding the nature of the opinion offered and the type of data relied upon by the testifying witness could result in a finding of prohibited surrogacy. Order affirmed. Justices Baer and Todd join the opinion in full. Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Donohue, Wecht, and Mundy join Sections I through IV(A) of the opinion. Justice Donohue files a concurring opinion, joined by Chief Justice Saylor and Justice Wecht. Justice Mundy files a concurring opinion. [J-54A-2017 and J-54B-2017] - 28
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