State v. Starr

754 P.2d 618 (1988)

91 Or.App. 267

STATE of Oregon, Appellant, v. Michael Tony STARR, Respondent.

86P-3157; CA A41493.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Argued and Submitted April 29, 1987.

Decided May 18, 1988.

Terry Ann Leggert, Asst. Atty. Gen., Salem, argued the cause for appellant. With her on the brief were Dave Frohnmayer, Atty. Gen., and Virginia L. Linder, Sol. Gen., Salem.

*619 Lawrence J. Hall, Salem, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Gary D. Babcock, Public Defender, Salem.

Before RICHARDSON, P.J., and NEWMAN and DEITS, JJ.

DEITS, Judge.

Defendant is charged with driving while suspended. ORS 811.175. The state appeals the court's order granting defendant's pretrial motion to suppress all evidence gained as a result of an allegedly unlawful stop. We affirm.

At approximately 3 a.m., Oregon State Police Officer Lushenka observed what appeared to be an abandoned car parked on the shoulder of Highway 22. He parked his police car behind it and checked the license number through the MVD computer to determine whether it was stolen; it was not. Defendant, who had been asleep, got out and stood by the car. Lushenka approached him and asked for his driver's license. Defendant testified that he gave his license to Lushenka, who kept it for five to ten minutes, and that he then drove away. Lushenka was not available to testify. His written report states, "I contacted him, and requested an ODL which he produced, and identified him as Mr. Starr." The report indicates that he did not run a MVD check until after defendant left. When he learned that defendant's license was suspended, he pursued him, stopped him about a mile away and arrested him for driving while suspended.

The trial court concluded that it was an unlawful stop when the officer first asked defendant for his driver's license, because he did not have a reasonable suspicion that defendant had committed a crime and did not observe defendant commit a traffic infraction. The court held that the information obtained as a result of that stop, including defendant's identity, be suppressed. The court also held that, because the information which formed the basis for reasonable suspicion for the second stop was obtained as a result of a direct and unbroken sequence of circumstances stemming from the first improper stop, all evidence gained from the second stop should also be suppressed.

The state argues that the first encounter between defendant and Lushenka was not a stop. There are three generally recognized types of encounters between police and a citizen: (1) an arrest based on probable cause; (2) a "stop" or temporary restraint of a person based on reasonable suspicion that the person had committed a crime, ORS 131.615(1), or based on the commission of a traffic infraction or violation in the officer's presence, ORS 810.410; ORS 153.110(3); ORS 133.072; and (3) mere conversation, which requires no justification. State v. Painter, 296 Or. 422, 676 P.2d 309 (1984); State v. Warner, 284 Or. 147, 161, 585 P.2d 681 (1978). A stop occurs when a police officer restrains a person's liberty by physical force or a show of authority. State v. Warner, supra, 284 Or. at 162, 585 P.2d 681. A person is "restrained" when, in view of all the circumstances, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968); State v. Spenst, 62 Or. App. 755, 662 P.2d 5, rev. den. 295 Or. 447, 668 P.2d 383 (1983).

The question of whether a stop occurred must be determined in the light of the particular facts of each case. State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493, 624 P.2d 99 (1981). The state contends that the officer's request for identification does not transform the encounter into a stop. Although a request for identification may not transform an encounter into a stop, Lushenka requested and retained defendant's license. This constituted a show of authority sufficient to lead a reasonable person to believe that he was not free to leave. See State v. Painter, supra; State v. Horton, 86 Or. App. 199, 738 P.2d 609 (1987). Lushenka's action constituted an unlawful stop in violation of ORS 131.615. The trial court was correct in suppressing all the evidence.

The state also argues that, even if the officer's initial encounter with defendant was an illegal stop, suppression of defendant's identity, the suspension information and the subsequent stop was improper. The state contends that the officer was *620 entitled to know defendant's name from the first encounter and that defendant had no right to withhold it. Defendant's identity, the state argues, gave the officer an independent source of information from which he would inevitably here discovered the status of defendant's driver's license. The problem with the state's argument is that defendant's identity was obtained as a result of the unlawful stop. Whether Lushenka could have obtained his identity through mere conversation is speculative. Under the circumstances, he did not have authority to compel defendant to do anything, including giving his name. State v. Messer, 71 Or. App. 506, 692 P.2d 713 (1984).

The state relies on State v. Brown, 47 Or. App. 201, 613 P.2d 1107 (1980), in which we held that a second arrest for driving while suspended was proper, even though it was based on an officer's knowledge of the defendant's suspended license gained three weeks earlier from an illegal stop. We held that the second arrest was not subject to the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine, because the officer would inevitably have gained the suspension information from an independent source, the Motor Vehicles Division. State v. Brown, supra, 47 Or. App. at 204, 613 P.2d 1107. However, Brown is distinguishable, because the defendant there did not argue that his identity should be suppressed.

Affirmed.