Clayton v. Fleming Co., Inc.

Clayton v. Fleming Co., Inc.
2000 OK 20
1 P.3d 981
71 OBJ 774
Case Number: 90840
Decided: 03/21/2000
Mandate Issued: 04/14/2000
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

ROBERT IRVIN CLAYTON, Petitioner
v.
FLEMING COMPANIES, INC., CIGNA INSURANCE COMPANY and
 THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COURT, Respondents

[1 P.3d 982]
ON CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS, DIVISION IV.

¶0 Claimant sought workers' compensation benefits for alleged accidental back injury. At trial for temporary disability and medical expenses, employer took the position that claimant's difficulties with his lumbar spine were caused by a worsening of a previously adjudicated injury rather than a new and separate injury. The Honorable Richard G. Mason, Judge of the Workers' Compensation Court, found that claimant did not sustain an injury as alleged and denied the claim. Claimant sought three-judge panel review asserting the trial judge failed to decide if he suffered a worsening of a previously adjudicated injury. The panel affirmed the trial judge's order. Claimant commenced this review proceeding. The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the trial judge's order for lack of decretal specificity and remanded with instructions. Employer timely filed a petition for certiorari review.

CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED;
OPINION OF THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS, DIVISION 4, IS VACATED;
ORDER OF THE JUDGE OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COURT
DENYING THE CLAIM AND ORDER OF THE THREE-JUDGE PANEL AFFIRMING THE
 TRIAL JUDGE'S ORDER ARE SUSTAINED.

Rex Brooks, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for petitioner.

John A. McCaleb, R. Dale Kimsey, Fenton, Fenton, Smith, Reneau & Moon, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for respondents.

BOUDREAU, Justice:

¶1 Two questions are presented on certiorari: (1) Was the trial judge's order denying the claim sufficiently definite and certain to allow for meaningful judicial review, and (2) Did the Court of Civil Appeals exceed its authority by mandating a procedure to be followed in all future "cases of this specific nature"? We answer both questions in the affirmative. Accordingly, we vacate the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals, Division 4, and sustain the trial judge's November 6, 1997 order, affirmed by a three-judge panel of the Workers' Compensation Court.

I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶2 Robert Irvin Clayton (claimant) filed a Form 3 in the Workers' Compensation Court (WCC) alleging that he sustained an accidental, work-related injury to his low back on May 1, 1997. Fleming Companies, Inc. (employer) filed a Form 10 denying that claimant sustained an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of his employment. The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing [1 P.3d 983] on claimant's request for temporary disability benefits and medical expenses.

¶3 At the hearing, claimant testified regarding the alleged accidental injury he sustained on May 1, 1997. According to claimant, he was moving computer equipment to a three-level production control display station for employer. The job required claimant to lift the computer monitors to the overhead level and connect the computer cables beneath the lowest level. More than four hours into the job, while claimant was crawling under the display station to connect the cables, he felt a burning pain in his back. At that point, claimant took a break and went to the parking lot to have a cup of coffee and a cigarette in his truck. As he exited his truck, claimant felt a pop and a burning pain in his back. Although his back was hurting, claimant continued working until the computers were reinstalled, and then he was permitted to leave work early. The next day he experienced severe pain in his back and secured medication from his family physician. Claimant did not return to work, and about a week later, he reported the injury to the director of his department. Employer placed claimant on short-term disability leave.

¶4 In support of his claim, claimant also offered a letter and a report from the surgeon who operated on his back in 1992.

¶5 Employer denied that claimant sustained a new injury on May 1, 1997. Instead, employer argued at the hearing that claimant suffered a worsening of his 1990 injury and contended that claimant should have filed a motion to reopen the adjudication of the 1990 injury against his former employer. In support of its position, employer submitted a report by its medical expert advising that claimant's back injury was a temporary aggravation causally related to his 1990 injury and that a CT myelogram would be an acceptable diagnostic procedure to assess claimant's injury.

¶6 After hearing the evidence on claimant's request for temporary total compensation and medical expenses, the trial judge denied the claim.

The order denying the claim, found and ordered:

-1.-

THAT claimant did not sustain an accidental personal injury arising out of and in the course of claimant's employment with the above named respondent, as alleged in the claim for compensation filed herein.

-2.-

THAT it is therefore ordered that claimant's claim for compensation be and the same hereby is denied.

¶7 Claimant timely requested three-judge panel review. In his request, claimant contended that the decision of the trial court should be modified to reflect that he suffered a new accidental personal injury arising out of and in the course of employment or in the alternative that he suffered a worsening of his adjudicated 1990 back injury. The three-judge panel determined that the trial judge's order was not against the clear weight of the evidence nor contrary to law, affirmed the order, and denied claimant's motion to open his case in chief.

¶8 Claimant timely initiated this review proceeding. In his brief in chief, claimant complained that the trial judge failed to specifically find whether his temporary total disability and need for medical expenses resulted from the 1990 back injury or the 1997 [1 P.3d 984] back injury. In its answer brief, employer countered that the order of the trial court denying the claim was proper and supported by competent evidence.

¶9 Relying on Benning v. Pennwell Publishing Co., 1994 OK 113, 885 P.2d 652, the Court of Civil Appeals reversed the trial judge's order for lack of decretal specificity. In reversing the WCC, the Court of Civil Appeals determined that the trial judge should have entered more explicit findings as to "whether there was or was not a new disability and/or need for medical treatment, and, if so, whether it was caused by a new work-related injury or change of condition of a previously adjudicated injury".

¶10 In addition, the Court of Civil Appeals opinion set forth a procedure to be followed whenever an employer resists a claim by contending that the injury was incurred during other employment or is the result of a change of condition for the worse of a previously adjudicated injury for which another employer is liable. The procedure set forth in the opinion requires the trial judge to "(1) direct that an alternative claim(s) - or motion(s) to reopen for change of condition - be filed against all other potentially liable employer(s)/insurer(s), and (2) order the claims consolidated for trial disposition, including any appeal to a three-judge panel."

II.
THE TRIAL JUDGE'S ORDER IS SUFFICIENTLY DEFINITE
AND CERTAIN TO ALLOW FOR MEANINGFUL JUDICIAL REVIEW.

¶11 On certiorari, employer attacks the Court of Civil Appeals' finding that the trial judge's order was too indefinite and uncertain for meaningful judicial review.

¶12 On certiorari, employer contends that the only issue before the trial judge was whether claimant sustained a new and separate injury on May 1, 1997. Employer argues that its assertion at trial that claimant's back condition is related to the 1990 injury is not an affirmative defense that must be pleaded under 85 O.S.1991, § 11, thus, whether claimant suffered a change of condition was not an issue to be decided. In essence, employer contends that issues of fact in compensation cases are framed by the pleadings. This contention is without merit. Fact issues in workers' compensation cases are formed by the evidence. Benning v. Pennwell Publishing Co., supra.

¶13 Settled law requires the WCC to determine the value of conflicting evidence and resolve the fact issues and to enter an order that is sufficiently definite to enable the appellate courts to review it intelligently. Leffler v. McPherson Brothers Transport, 1964 OK 225, 396 P.2d 491; Bray v. State Industrial Court, 1964 OK 70, 393 P.2d 232. In this regard, the Workers Compensation Court is required to make specific findings of the ultimate facts responsive to the issues formed by the evidence upon which an award or denial is based. Benning v. Pennwell Publishing Co., supra. When specific findings resolving the factual issues are not entered and the trial judge's resolution of a factual issue cannot be comprehended from an award or denial of a claim, the appellate courts will not hypothesize about the evidence upon which the trial judge may have relied. Benning v. Pennwell Publishing Co., 885 P.2d at 655; Brookshire v. Knippers Plumbing Co., 1964 OK 67, 390 P.2d 887. Such an order is too indefinite and uncertain to allow for meaningful judicial review and will be vacated. Id.

[1 P.3d 985] ¶14 The appellate record reveals that a singular factual issue was formed by the evidence, i.e., whether claimant's present physical difficulties with his lumbar spine were caused by a new injury or a worsening of a previously adjudicated injury. Claimant alleged that his back condition was the result of a new injury that occurred on May 1, 1997, and submitted medical evidence in which his surgeon stated: "It is my opinion that his recent complaints are actually a new injury to an already pre-existing condition." Employer responded that the claimant's back condition was a result of the 1990 injury and submitted medical evidence that claimant's back injury was causally related to the 1990 injury. The summary of the employer's medical expert stated:

It is, therefore, my opinion as stated I do not believe Mr. Clayton has sustained a new injury that has occurred while in the employ of Fleming Foods on or about May 29, 1997. I believe the difficulties he has experienced with his lumbar spine are causally related to the prior injury of December 11, 1990.

(Emphasis added.)

¶15 Although the trial judge's November 6, 1997 order did not expressly answer the singular factual issue formed by the evidence, we need not remand this cause for more specific findings. Implicit in the denial of the claim is the trial judge's finding that claimant's back injury resulted from a worsening of the previously adjudicated 1990 injury. Lanman v. Oklahoma County Sheriff's Office, 1998 OK 37, ¶10, 958 P.2d 795, 800; Kinser v. Western Sands, Inc., 1969 OK 80, ¶7, 454 P.2d 305, 307.

¶16 Accordingly, we hold that the trial judge's November 6, 1997 order is sufficiently definite and certain to allow for meaningful judicial review. The order is supported by competent evidence and will be sustained. Carpenter v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 1966 OK 218, 420 P.2d 911, 912 syl. 2, (Whether a claimant sustained a new injury or a change of condition of a prior injury is a question of fact to be decided by the WCC and the decision will not be disturbed if it is supported by competent evidence.)

III.
THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS EXCEEDED ITS AUTHORITY
IN MANDATING A PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED
IN ALL FUTURE "CASES OF THIS SPECIFIC NATURE."

¶17 At the conclusion of its opinion, the Court of Civil Appeals expressed a concern that similarly-situated claimants will be faced with piecemeal loss of their claims by being forced to take inconsistent positions in separate cases relating to the causation of a work-related injury. Accordingly, the Court of Civil Appeals fashioned a procedure to be followed "in cases of this specific nature", i.e., cases where an employer resists an accidental injury claim by contending that the injury was incurred during other employment or resulted from a worsening of a previously adjudicated injury for which another employer is liable.

[1 P.3d 986] ¶18 We are mindful of the Court of Civil Appeals' concerns about fairness in situations similar to the one presented here. However, the Court of Civil Appeals exceeded its authority in fashioning the procedure it did. The authority to adopt reasonable rules of procedure for effecting the purposes of the Workers' Compensation Act is statutorily vested in the Workers' Compensation Court. 85 O.S.Supp.1999, § 1.2(E).

¶19 The procedure fashioned by the Court of Civil Appeals went beyond merely establishing new rules. The second requirement imposed upon trial judges in the opinion effectively amends Rule 27 governing consolidation of cases.

IV.
THE THREE-JUDGE PANEL'S OVERRULING OF
CLAIMANT'S MOTION TO REOPEN HIS CASE IN CHIEF
WAS NOT REVERSIBLE ERROR.

¶20 The Court of Civil Appeals did not consider claimant's preserved and briefed error in the three-judge panel's overruling of his motion to reopen his case in chief. Hence, we will decide the issue.

¶22 In his brief in chief, claimant argued that the three-judge panel should have granted his motion to reopen the evidentiary record to provide him with an opportunity to present evidence that was omitted at the trial. He correctly contended that it is the duty of the WCC to grant a full and complete hearing to the parties before [1 P.3d 987] making or denying an award. Independent School District No. 1 of Tulsa County v. Albus, 1977 OK 241, 572 P.2d 554; Carpenter v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 1966 OK 218, 420 P.2d 911. In defense of the panel order, employer argued that claimant failed to comply with Rule 18A, Rules of the Workers' Compensation Court, 85 O.S.Supp.1999, ch. 4, app.

V.
SUMMARY

¶24 In summary, we find that the trial judge's November 6, 1997 order denying the claim, affirmed by a three-judge panel of the Workers' Compensation Court, is sufficiently definite and certain to allow for meaningful judicial review and that it is supported by competent evidence. We also find that the Court of Civil Appeals exceeded its authority in mandating a procedure to be followed by the Workers' Compensation Court in all future cases where an employer resists an accidental injury claim by contending that the injury was incurred during other employment or resulted from a worsening of a previously adjudicated injury for which another employer is liable. We further find that the panel order overruling claimant's motion to reopen his case in chief was not reversible error.

CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED;
OPINION OF THE COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS, DIVISION 4, IS VACATED;
ORDER OF THE JUDGE OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COURT
DENYING THE CLAIM AND ORDER OF THE THREE-JUDGE PANEL
AFFIRMING THE TRIAL JUDGE'S ORDER ARE SUSTAINED.

¶25 SUMMERS, C.J., HARGRAVE, V.C.J., and HODGES, LAVENDER, WATT, BOUDREAU, and WINCHESTER, JJ., concur.

¶26 KAUGER, J., concurs in result.

¶27 OPALA, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

FOOTNOTES

1 Claimant sustained a compensable back injury on December 11, 1990, while working for Scrivner, the predecessor of Fleming. The injury necessitated surgical procedures in April of 1992. He had a L4-5 discectomy and a fusion from L4 to S1 utilizing segmental stabilizing hardware. By order entered April 18, 1994, in Claim No. 91-17890-X, claimant's permanent disability resulting from the 1990 back injury was adjudicated at 40% to the body as a whole.